TIIE .A:M:ERICA.N

~GAZINE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A union of the Amej'ican HOTticu~tural Society and the AmeTican HOTticultural Council 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST. WASHINGTON 2, D. C.

For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural intOTmation

B. Y. MORRISON, Editor Directors Terms Expiring 1961 JAMES R. HARLOW, Managing Editor STUART M. ARMSTRONG Maryland Editorial Committee JOH N L. CREECH . Maryland W. H . HODGE, Chairman WILLIAM H. FREDERICK, JR. Delaware JOH N L. CREECH FRANCIS PATTESON-KNIGHT FREDERIC P. LEE Virginia DONALD WYMAN CONRAD B. LINK Massachusetts CURTIS MAY T erms Expiring 1962 FREDERICK G . MEYER FREDERIC P. LEE WILBUR H . YOUNGMAN Maryland HENRY T . SKINNER District of Columbia OfJiceTS GEORGE H. SPALDING California PRESIDENT RICHARD P. WHITE DONAlJD WYMAN Distj'ict of Columbia Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts ANNE WERTSNER WOOD Pennsylvania FIRST VICE· PRESIDENT Ternu Expiring 1963 ALBERT J . IRVING New l'm'k, New York GRETCHEN HARSHBARGER Iowa SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT MARY W. M. HAKES Maryland ANNE WERTSNER W ' OOD FREDERIC HEUTTE Swarthmore, Pennsylvania Virginia W . H. HODGE SECRETARY-TREASURER OLIVE E. WEATHERELL ALBERT J . IRVING Washington, D, C. New York

The Ame"ican Horticultural Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will he furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galley proof is returned by the author: One hundred copies-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $12.10; 8 pp $25.30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12. 10.

Entered as second class matter in the post office a t Baltimore, Maryland, in aCC0rdance with the Act of August 24, 1912. Additional entry for Washington, D.C .• was authorized July 15, 1955. in accordance with the pro· visions of Section 132.122, Postal Manual. A subscription to The American Ho,ticultu.ral Magazine is included as a benefit of membership in the American Horticultural Society, Individual Membership dues being $6.00 a yea r. OCTOBER • 1961

THE A..l'LERIC.A.N

FORMERLY THE NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE VOLUME 40 • NU MBER 4

Contents

Some Shade and Ornamental Maples. Part l. ClJR TIS MAY ______303

Bougainvillea Culture JOHN POPENOE -----______319

The Seed Collection, United States Department of Agriculture P AU L R lJ SSELL ______.. ______325

A Unique Ornamental Bamboo ROBERT E. PERDUE) JR., AND JOHN L. CREECH .______334 A Book or Two ______341

The Gardeners' Pocketbook Dragon Tongue. ISABEL B. BUSBEE .______344 Pittosporurn glabratum. B. Y. MORRISOK ______344 Jojoba-An Overlooked Ornamental Shrub of the Arid Southwest. W. H. HODGE ______._ _ 346 Franklinia alatamaha. D. TODD GRESHAM ______.______347 Chilean Guava. FREDERICK W. COE. ______. 348 Chinese Quince. LYNN LOWREY ______.______348 Tropical Fragrance in the Annonaceae. G. A. C. HERKLOTS __ . ______349 Zephyranthes smalli in North Carolina. ELIZABETH LAWRENCE ______352 A Fabulous Bromeliad. ALEX D. HAWKES .______. ______352 Osmanthus "San Jose". B. Y. MORRISOK ______354 Ha brant hus. ELIZABETH LA WRENCE.______354 Xanthoceras sorbitolitlm) a rare shrub of merit. FREDERICK G. MEYER 355 Indoor Culture of Bougainvilleas. FREDERICK G. MEYER ______356 A Hybrid Victoria. D. G. HUTTLESTON .______356

OCTOBER COVER ILLUSTRATION A seed of the Chinese Waterchestnut contributes the thick, bony bull's head with i,ts opposite, long recurved horns. Witchweed, a newly introduced parasitic herb, has a nutmeg-like seed which might be the smai1est known seed. The seaurchin-like figure is the seed head of Uncarina peltatum; while the other three giv­ ing close-up views of this capsule may also bring other sea crea­ tures to mind. They are but three of the 17 ,000 species of seeds cll rated in the Seed Collection of the U. S. Department of Agri­ culture. See Page 325

Co pyright, © 1961 by The American Horticultura. 'Society, Inc. WATER COLOR DRAWING-G. A. C. HERKLOTS

Canangium odomtum (See page 349) Some Shade and Ornamental Maples Part 1

CURTIS :lVIAY*

Maples are among the best known, Of the over one hundred recognized commonly planted, and widely distrib­ species of maple, only thirteen are native uted shade, street, park, and ornamental to the United States, but several exotic trees in the United States. A report of species have been widely planted and the Shade Tree Laboratory of the Uni­ many others may be found in botanic versity of Massachusetts attests their pop­ gardens or special collections. In North ularity by stating that about seventy-five America maples are native from Cen­ per cent of the trees planted in 1956 by tral America northward to Coastal Alas­ oyer two hundred cities in Massachusetts ka and Canada. They occur in western were maples. Donald Wyman states that Europe and eastward across southern Eu­ the Arnold Arboretum has a hundred rope to Turkey and India and in south­ and fifty-six varieties, that about two east Asia. Many species are native to hundred and fifty are available in arbore­ China and Japan. tums and botanical gardens of America, Maples will grow on a variety of soil and that over a hundred species and types, but most will grow best on a rich, varieties are commercially available from well-drained loam. They will grow on American nurseries. The American Asso­ moderately acid, neutral, or slightly alka­ ciation of Botanical Gardens and Arbo­ line soils. They commonly produce many retums recently published a booklet by roots just beneath or at the surface of Brian O. Mulligan entitled Maples Cul­ the ground. Roots of large maples may tiva ted in the United States and Canada interfere with smooth operation of the (13).** In this work, Mulligan listed spe­ lawn mower. Grass may not grow well cies and varieties known to be growing under large maple trees because their in arboretums and botanical gardens in shallow roots absorb much water from North America and their locations. near the surface of the soil and also be­ The genus Acel" holds much promise as cause the tree casts heavy shade. Roots a source of acceptable shade and orna­ of Red Maple and Silver Maple often mental trees. Its many species, varieties, grow through tiny openings in sewers and cultivars deserve more attention and drain tile systems and then plug the than has heretofore been given them. pipes by their vigorous growth. Buttress More exploration, wider testing, and dis­ roots of maples planted too close to the tribution are in order. Only a few of the pavement often heave and crack side­ better known maples are discussed in this walks. article. Maples rank high in economic value. l\tlaples range in size from the large In addi tion to their worth as shade, orna­ Red, Sugar, and Sycamore Maples, which mental, and timber trees, they provide often reach heights of seventy-five to a food and cover for wild life. Also one hundred and twenty feet, to the small cannot forget the delicious syrup and Japanese Maple, which rarely exceeds sugar obtained from Acel" saccharum. thirty-five feet and is usually less than Leaves of most species of maple are twenty-five feet tall. A few species are simple and lobed with each lobe more shrubs. Crowns of maples vary in form or less pointed, but leaves of a few spe­ from wide spreading to pyramidal or cies are compound with three to five columnar. The foliage may be dense and pairs of leaflets. Leaves are opposite on dark green, as on Norway Maple, or the twigs. Those of most species are de­ thinner and light green, as on Silver ciduous in autumn. Figures 1, 2, and 3 :lVIaple. Varieties of maple with reddish, illustrate the great diversity of forms of purplish, or variegated foliage are avail­ maple leaves. Leaves of some species de­ able. velop gorgeous orange and red colora­ tion in autumn; others turn pale to bril­ · Palhologist, Crops Research Division, Agricu]tural liant yellow. But leaves of some species Research Service, United States Department of Agricul. ture, Beltsville, Maryland. pass directly from green to brown. "·See literature citations concluding this art icle. Leaves of some selections of the Japanese Part 2, concluding this discuss ion of the maples for Maple are red when they expand in the home grounds, will appear in an ea rly issue of th e u'lagazine. spring, gradually become green with the [303] 304 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL l'vIAGAZINE

CURTIS MAY

R

c c

£:

CURTIS l'v(AY £ Figure 1 \

A. Bigleat B. Black Figure 2 C. Norway D. Silver A. Hempleat E. Sugar F. Sycamore C. A. cissitolium

E. A. mandschuricllm OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 305

B . Hornbeam A . Boxelder B. Japanese D . Rocky Mountain C. David D. Nikko F. A. miyabei E. Amur F. Paperbark

C. Hedge H. Red

11

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CURTIS i\'1A Y r;: ,-~ .. Figure 3 306 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE advance of summer, and turn red again (Kirchn.) Rehel.) taken on July 20 and in autumn; but leaves of other selections placed under interrupted mist for twen­ remain red throughout the summer. In ty seconds in every five minutes had one experiment, leaves of R.ed Maple rooted by September 6. Cuttings of A. seedlings (A. TubTum) grown m a warm sacchaTinum L. (Silver Maple) made greenhouse throughout the year devel­ from wood of the current season and oped typical brilliant red, orange, and collected on July 20 also had rooted by yellow autumnal colors when they be­ September 6. All cuttings were dipped came senescent. in a rooting powder containing indol­ Maples have ancient lineage. Fossil butyric acid. F. G. Meyer in a personal imprints of their leaves have been found communication stated that cuttings of in rocks of the Eocene epoch. Sugar Maple (f. monumentale) taken Only rarely do all flowers of individual May 15 in St. Louis rooted under mist. maple trees have both functional stamens Coggeshall (5) reported considerable and pistils or only functional stamens or success in rooting several species of Asi­ pistils. Flowers are borne in clusters pro­ atic maples from cuttings taken in sum­ duced from separate lateral or terminal mer and stuck in sand after treatment buds and expand in spring before, at the with Hormodin No.3. The cuttings same time, or after leaves develop, de­ were kept under a polyethylene plastic pending upon species. The fr~it

Age of No. No. Date Parent (years) Cuttings Rooted Made A. barbinenJe 39 100 87 8/ 8 A. buergeTianum 19 100 II 7/ 6 A. capillipes 37 100 91 8/ 17 A. carpinifolium 37 100 69 512 3 A. cissitolium 37 100 72 5/ ll A. tataTicum 26 100 63 8/ 16 A .. tegm entosum 31 75 67 8/ 15 A. tTiflorum 33 100 0 7/ 9 A. tschonoskii 39 100 36 8/ 15 OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUIVIE 40, NUMBER 4 307

ARNOLD ARBORETUM

Figure 4. Acer ginnaZa) the Amw' Maple

Selected Species a specimen small tree or for a screen planting. The cultivar Durand Dwarf is shrubby. Leaves are lY2 to 3 inches long and Amur Maple (Acel" ginnala Maxim.) have serrated margins and 3 lobes (Fig. (Fig. 4) was brought to the United 3-E). The terminal lobe is longer than States about 1860. It is native to central the lateral lobes. Leaves turn red or and north China, Manchuria, and .J a­ scarlet in autumn. pan. It is hardy in plant zone 2. In The fragrant, yellowish Rowers are Montana it will grow at the lower produced in long peduncled panicles. elevations. It is semi-hardy under dry The bright-red young fruits contrast in land conditions in North Dakota but summer with the green leaves. needs extra water on dry upland sities. Seed ripens in late summer. The aver­ Amur Maple is not recommended for age number of seed per pound is 15,000. shel ter bel ts there. For spring planting, seed should be This species grows to about 20 feet in stored for 150 days or more at 41°F. Seed height and forms a dense-branching, up­ may also be sown outdoors in autumn. right, rourided crown. It can be used as Seed wi ll germin ale at 50 °F. Average 308 THE AIVIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE germination is 85 to 90 percent. Seed sown after ripening in autumn. (See usually exhibits double dormancy, that Sugar Maple for seeding practices.) is, the embryo is immature when the Bigleaf Maple casts dense shade and fruit ripens and the seed coat is im­ makes a heavy demand on water and soil permeable to water. Coggeshall (3) re­ ferility. It is difficult to grow grass be­ ported in the proceedings of the 5th neath Bigleaf Maple and it is somewhat Annual ?-deeting of the Plant Propaga­ dirty as a lawn tree. But it is good for tors Society that approximately 90 per­ rural roads and country homes. Its cent of softwood cuttings from forced shallow roots often raise sidewalks when plants rooted. trees are planted close to them. Because of its vigorous growth, frequent pruning may be required to keep it from interfer­ ing with utility lines that may be near it. Bigleaf Maple (Acer macmphyllum The maximum life is 150 to 200 years_ Pursh) is native to western North Ameri­ Sprouting from stumps is common. Big­ ca from Alaska to California. It grows leaf Maple does not thrive in eastern along streams at elevations up to 5,000 United States. feet in the Sierra Nevada and also along Bigleaf Maple is susceptible to verti­ streams in coastal ranges. In Washing­ cillium wilt and is frequently attacked ton and Oregon, it grows from sea level by aphids, which produce an abundance to 3,000 and in California to 6,000 feet. of honeydew. A twig blight of unknown It is a handsome tree with rounded cause has been observed in the Pacific crown and may attain a height of 100 Northwest. Nevertheless, in the Pacific feet or even more. Trees 65 to 75 feet Northwest Bigleaf Maple is a desirable in height at maturity are more common, shade tree where the planting site is however. The species makes its best adequate for its development. growth on rich alluvial river bottom Bigleaf Maple will produce sugar soils in 'Washington and Oregon. Mag­ equal in quantity and quality to that of nificent Bigleaf Maple trees grow on Acer saccha1'um Marsh. according to Van the Olympic Peninsula. Bigleaf Maple is Dersall (17). This maple is browsed by hardy in plant zone 6. deer. The wood is used for furniture. The trunk often reaches 2 feet in Large burls provide figured wood. A diameter and sometimes may be 5 feet in columnar cultivar, Seattle Sentinel, has diameter at the breast height. Bark is been selected and is growing at the Uni­ gray-brown, thin, and relatively smooth versity of Washington Arboretum at at first but becoming deeply furrowed. Seattle. The paired, cordate leaves have 3 to 5 lobes and are 8 to 12 inches broad. Leaves are dark green on the upper sur­ face and pale green on the lower sur­ Black Maple (A. nigrum (Michx.) face (Fig. I-A). In mass the foilage may L.) is sometimes considered a variety appear bluish green. In autumn the of Sugar Maple. Black Maple is native to foliage turns yellow to bright orange. the eastern part of the central Great Milky sap exudes from petioles when Plains and Northeastern United States leaves are broken off. and adjacent southern Canada. It may In late spring the yellow, fragrant reach 120 feet in height. It has dark to flowers are produced in pendulous pani­ almost black bark. Bark of branchlets is cles 4 to 5 inches long. Staminate and orange-colored. The usually 3-lobed, pistillate flowers occur on the same tree. heart-shaped leaves are 4 to 6 inches Wright (20) gives 26 as the 2N chromo­ broad with the sides of the blades droop­ some number. ing (Fig. I-B) . The lobes have short The 1 Y2 - to 2-inch long fruits, which points and are sparingly, coarsely, and are produced in pendulous clusters 4 to bluntly toothed. Leaves are green and 6 inches long, mature in autumn but pubescent on the lower surface. They hang on the tree until late winter. The turn bright yellow in autumn. wings may spread at right angles or Flowers are yellow, about ~ inch may be nearly upright. long, and borne on slender hairy pedi­ Of the 2,700 to 3,100 seeds per pound, cels about 2Y2- to 3-1nches long. Stami­ up to 90 per cent may be viable. Seed nate and pistillate flowers may be found may be stored at 41°F for 60 to 70 days. in the same cluster or in separate clus­ Nordine (14) states that seed should be ters, on the same tree or on different OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 309 trees. T he 2N chromosome Humber is Seed may be sown in autumn or re­ 26, according to Wright (20). frigerated at 41 °F. uIltil early spring. The fruits, which ripen in early Seed will germinate at 50 °F. night and autumn, have widely divergent wings 77 °F. day temperatures. Y2 - to I-inch long. Seeds are smooth Boxelder can also be propagated, by and bright reddish-brown. rooting hardwood cuttings. Black Maple grows best on a fertile. Boxelder grows rapidly under the well-drained soil. (Refer to Sugar Maple favorable conditions of a well-drained for discussion of culture.) but moist, fertile soil but it will also grow on relatively dry sites. It is useful on the Great Plains for shelter belt planting because it will survive droughts Boxelder (A cer negundo L.), also and low temperatures. The root system known as Ash-leaved Maple and Mani­ is commonly shallow but may be deep toba Maple, is a native American species on gravelly soils. Trees may live for widely grown for shade. The cultivars 60 or rarely, 100 years. Arizona, New California, Inland, and Boxelder is in less favor now than Texas are available. Cultivars of the formerly because of its tendency to be Violet Boxelder (A cer negundo var. relatively short-lived, and its suscepti­ violaceum (Kirchn.) J aeg.) , the young bility to decay and consequent wind- and branches of which are violet-bluish, are ice-storm breakage. It is also a free-seed­ Curly leaf, Goldedge, Goldspot, New ing species. Use of male trees only would California, Silverleaf, and Yellowleaf. eliminate the seedling nuisance. Box­ Boxelder is native to the eastern and elder bugs, which feed on the foliage and Central States, to the Southwest and to in autumn often invade houses, can be California. It is hardy in eastern Mon­ controlled by spraying the trees with an tana and northeastern Wyoming. insecticide. Boxelder roots sometimes Under favorable conditions, Boxelder grow into sewers and clog them. trees may reach a height of 75 feet but Boxelder in nature is browsed by deer. m ature trees about 50 feet in height are Some low-grade sugar is made from its more commonly seen. The crown usual­ sap in Pennsylvania. The wood is used ly is compact and rounded and the trunk for crates, slack barrels, pulp, fuel, and usually short, often divided, and crooked. similar items. The wood is creamy white Old bark is pale gray and has narrow, soft, close-grained, and weighs about 26 flat-topped ridges, which crack horizon­ pounds to the cubic foot. The pink tally to form scales. YOl'mg bark is green­ stain sometimes present in boxelder ish to purplish, and has many prominent wood is caused by a fungus. lenticels. Bark of twigs often has a powdery white bloom. Leaves are compound with 3 to 5 ovate or oblong lanceolate leaflets. Leaflets Coliseum Maple (A cer cappadocicum have coarsely toothed margins or may Gleditsch.) (Fig. 5), native to eastern be 3-lobed and comparatively smooth Europe and to Asia, is hardy in plant and are 3 to 5 inches long (Fig. 3-A). zone 4, and grows to a height of 50 feet. Leaves may be pale green or chlorotic Its leaves are 5 to 7 lobed, 3 to 6 inches on some alkaline soils. broad, light green, and Ius trollS. They Flowers appear with or before the turn yellow or remain green until they leaves in April or May. The light-green fall in autumn. They have milky sap. staminate and pistillate flowers are borne Greenish flowers are borne in upright on different trees. The staminate flow­ peduncled corymbs. This species re­ ers are borne on pendulous corymbs, the sembles the Norway Maple. Wright (20) pistillate flowers in pendulous racemes. gives the 2N chromosome number as 26. Wright (20) reports that the 2N chrom­ A variety A . c. rubrum (Kirchn.) Rehd. osome number is 26. wi th redness in leaves of terminals is The 6- to 8-inch long cluster of fruits used as a street tree in Vienna, Austria. ripens in laJe summer and hangs on the Leaves of the cultivar aureum are yellow tree into the following spring. The in spring and autumn. A . c. f. tricauda­ wings of the keys are broad at the apex tum (Rehd.) Rehd. has 3-lobed leaves, and narrow at the base where they join each lobe long and pointed. Coliseum the pointed nutlets that contain the Maple should be tested more widely in seed. Seeds average 11 ,800 per pound. streetside plantings. 310 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

E. H. SCAN LO N

Figure 5. Acer cappadocicum, the Coliseum Maple

David Maple (Ace?- davidii Franchet), grows satisfactorily around Los Angeles, native to central China, is a handsome California, and is planted in southern tree reaching a height of 50 feet. It is Europe. It is native to the Himalayas hardy at least as far north as Boston, and to ·West and Central China. Massachusetts. Young branchlets are slender and green or greenish purple, be­ coming yellowish to brown with age. Florida Maple (Acey bal-batum £. Leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate, 21;2 fioyidanum (Chapm.) Pax) is native to 8 inches long. They have pointed from southern Virginia southward in lobes and the base of the leaf is more or southeastern U ni ted States and is hardy less rounded. Young leaves are green in plant zone 9. Florida Maple rarely with rufous hairs along the veins on the reaches 50 feet in height. The normally underside but become smooth later (Fig. rounded crown bears dense foliage (Fig. 3-C) . They turn golden yellow or purple 6) . Bark is smooth and pale gray becom­ in autumn. Flowers are greenish. yellow. ing dark and furrowed at the base of the The fruit ripens in autumn. Seed trunk of older trees. Leaves are mostly sown in autumn will germinate the fol­ 3-lobed, truncate at the base, and 11;2 to lowing spring. Propagation is by seed. 3 inches wide. At maturity leaves are dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and pale on the lower. They turn yellow and scarlet in autumn, The Evergreen Maple (Acey oblongum base of the petiole is enlarged and nearly Wall. ex DC.) develops pink young encircles the branchlet. Flowers, which foliage just before or at the time the old expand with the leaves, are borne on leaves fall. Leaves are entire, oblong­ long, slender, · slightly hairy pedicels in lanceolate. The crown is oval to round, many-flowered corymbs. The yellow less shapely when old. Evergreen Maple calyx persists under the fruit. Fruits are OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 311 green and % to % inch long. Seeds results as a screen hedge from Long are bright red-brown, ~ inch long, and Island southward. It will grow on rela­ mature in autumn. Florida Maple grows tively dry soil. The variety A. c. com­ best on a well-drained but moist site in pactum is usually a compact shrub. A. c. full sun. It is sometimes considered a var. austriacum (Tratt.) DC. is usually a variety of the Sugar Maple. round-headed tree. A. c. f. postelense Lauche ex Schwerin has golden ye llow leaves when young. Hedge Maple (Acer campestre L.) usually is less than 50 feet in height at maturity but the variety austriacum may Hempleaf Maplc (Acer argutum l'vlax­ reach that height. It is hardy in plant im.) is a small tree which reaches a zone 4. This native of Europe and west­ height of about 25 feet. Leaves are ern Asia was brought here in early broadly ovate, 5- or 7-lobed, 2 to 3Y2 colonial times. The crown is moderately inches long, and pale green (Fig. 2-A). dense with dull green foliage. Bark on Staminate flowers are borne in short the trunk is grayish and produces corky racemes from lateral leafless buds; pistil­ flakes on branches. late flowers in peduncled, multi-flow­ Leaves are 3- to 5-10bed lY2 to 3Y2 ered, pendulous racemes. This graceful inches long, and dull green. Margins of .J apanese species was introduced in 1879. leaves are smooth, but the central lobe It is winter hardy at the Arnold Arbore­ may be slightly 3-sectioned (Fig. 3-G). tum and presumably in zone 5. A milky sap may exude from the base of the leaf when it is removed from the tree. Autumn leaf color is yellow and green. Hornbeam Maple (Acer carpinifolium Flowers are produced in erect, hairy Sieb. & ZUCc.) , native to Japan, was corymbs. Seeds mature in late summer. brought to the United States in 1881. It They should be stored at about 40°F. has grown well at Washington, D.C., and for a year before planting according to at the Arnold Arboretum. It is reported Nordine (14). to be hardy in plant zone 5. Hornbeam The 2N chromosome number of vege­ Maple grows to a height of about 30 tative cells is 26 according to Foster (8). feet. The crown is more or less vase­ Hedge Maple can be used with good shaped with numerous stems from the

CURTIS MAY

Figure 6

Acel" barbatwn f. (101'idanum) the Florida Maple 312 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE base. The acuminate and doubly and sharply serrate shape of the 3- to 6-inch long leaf resembles closely that of the hornbeam (Fig. 2-B) . Leaves turn brownish yellow in autumn. The staminate flowers have no petals and are produced on few-flowered racemes. The pistillate flowers have petals and are borne on longer racemes. The chromo­ some number of vegetative cells is 52, according to Foster (8). Seed may be sown outdoors in autumn or may be stored under refrigeration and sown in the spring. Coggeshall (5) re­ ported 69 per cent rooting of cuttings taken from a 37-year-old tree on August 10.

Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum Thunb.) is one of the most beautiful and widely used small ornamental trees. (Fig. 7) . The striking red colors of the leaves in spring and again in autumn, and of some selections throughout the CURTIS MAY growing season, are outstanding. Figure 7 This maple, native to Japan and Korea, was brought to the United States Pendent clusters of staminate in 1820. The species is hardy in plant flow ers of A ce?' palmatum) the :cone 5, but some selections are doubtful­ Japanese Maple) are produced ly hardy in the northerly part of the when its leaves expand zone. Frosts in early autumn and late spring may kill the ends of the branches Japanese Maple may be propagated and disfigure the trees, especially selec­ from seed. Seed may be stored over ti ons with variegated leaves. winter in a cool place such as a kitchen Mature trees commonly are low and refrigerator and planted the following shrubby, but some grow into small trees spring. Seed planted outdoors in au­ up to about 20 feet in height. At least tumn will germinate the following one variety has somewhat pendulous spring. The seed may also be stratified branches. Multiple trunks are frequently in slightly moist sand in a can buried produced. The bark is dark gray. Foliage in the earth. The container should have is dense on trees in full sun but may be a loosely fitting lid that will exclude thin on those growing in shade. water and rodents but permit some aera­ Leaves are 5- to 9-lobed and up to 4 tion and should have drainage holes in inches in width (Fig. 3-B) . The leaves the bottom. Seed stratified in this man­ of some varieties are conspicuously deep­ ner will germinate promptly at the end ly indented, incised, or serrated; the edge of cold weather and must be planted of leaves of other varieties are smooth. promptly after germination. The early­ Color of leaves varies from green through emerging seedlings should be protected light red, scarlet, bronze red, to deep red from spring frosts. Seed from special or purplish red. The fron t cover of the varieties may produce some seedlings October 1958 issue of The National Hor­ like the seed source tree; but most of tiwltural Magazine illustrates leaf forms the seedlings will be different. The of 7 varieties of Japanese Maple. purple-leaved and the red-leaved varie­ The samaras mature in autumn and ties are said to produce many seedlings should be collected then if seed is de­ true to color. Varieties are usually pro­ sired. pagated by budding and grafting. Vegetative cells contain 26 (2N) Wells (18) in his book, Plant Propa­ chromosomes according to Foster (8) . gation Practices) states that seed collected OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 313 just before it is fully ripe and sown im­ If only a few plants are needed they mediately in outside beds will germinate may be propagated by inarching of seed­ evenly the following spring, but if al­ lings to the desired plant in August and lowed to ripen on the tree and then cutting them apart the following spring. dried before sowing, some seeds will F. L. Smith described the technique in germinate the first and some the second the January 1954 issue of T he National spring after sowing. Dry seed will germi­ Horticultural Magazine (15). nate more evenly if soaked in warm In the greenhouse with 16-hour illumi­ water (llO°F.) for 48 hours before it nation daily, lO-month-old seedlings is planted according to '!\Tells. broke dormancy 2 weeks after removal Young seedlings out-of-doors should of their old leaves on November 30,1955. be shaded with half-lath during their Seedlings stored at 35° F. for 60 days first. ~rowing season. Two applications of broke dormancy soon after they were set fertIlIzer per season will promote vigor­ on the greenhouse bench and exposed to ous growth. One application may be 16-hour daily illumination. Such treat­ made in late spring and another in late ments may be useful in stimulating un­ summer about the time of the second derstocks into growth for earlier season flush of growth. grafting. Japanese Maple has widely varying Va~ieties are usually propagated by growth habits, leaf forms, color, and col­ buddmg. and gra~ting onto seedlings of the speCIes. Graftmg may be done in the or retentiveness. greenhouse in March or April, or in the Atropw-pureum (Vanh.) Schwerin has field in early August. Two- or three­ mostly 7-lobed deep red leaves which year-old actively-growing seedlings should retain color throughout the growing sea­ be used for stock plants. Scion wood mav son. The variety dissectum (Thunb.) be one or two years old and collected Miquel has green leaves deeply dissected when needed or taken in autumn and almost to the base and divided into 5 held in cool moist storage. For summer to 9 lobes. Omatum (Carr.) Schwerin grafting, well-ripened wood of the cur· has deeply incised leaves which retain rent season's growth should be used for their red color or become bronze-red as scions. Side grafts are commonly made, the season advances. Other attractive but other types of grafts have been suc­ selections are listed in nursery catalogs. cessful. Stems having a diameter of one­ Krussman (10) describes 40. Mulligan quarter of an inch or somewhat larger (13) lists Japanese names of selections are easier to handle than smaller stems. and gives their English equivalents. Union of grafts is usually made in about Plants of any size can be successfully three weeks. Hold back top growth as transplanted. Large, old plants should much as possible until union is made be­ be moved with a ball of earth around tween scion and stock. In the greenhouse the whole root system. Transplanting 65 OF. is a satisfactory temperature until may be done in autumn after the leaves union is made. Budding may be done in. have dropped or in the spring before the August. buds expand. Trees can be transplanted Propagation by cuttings and by layer­ while in full leaf if precautions are ing has been reported but does not give taken to move them without disturbing uniformly satisfactory results for most the functioning of the root system. varieties. Some softwood cwttings taken Transplanted Japanese Maple recovers in March from forced plants will root. more rapidly if the weaker twigs and Wells (19) reported that softwood cut­ branches are pruned. The vigor and tings of the variety atropurpweum tak­ color of old trees with weak, twiggy en in June in southern New Jersey rooted growth will often be improved by well when fogged abundantly. The root­ pruning. ing medium was acid peat. Cuttings Japanese Maple grows best in well­ were 8 to 10 inches long, were treated drained, fertile soil relatively high in or­ with 2 percent indobutyric acid in talc, ganic content and in light shade but will and were wounded at the base. Rooting also grow satisfactorily in full sunlight. began in 2 weeks; in 5 weeks 6,500 of In heavy shade the plants tend to grow 10,000 cuttings had rooted and were pot­ tall and have sparse branches and thin ted. Eventually 8,000 of 10,000 cuttings foliage. Red-leaved varieties in den e rooted. shade tend to become bronzy green. 314 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Good internal soil drainage is neces­ Nikko Maple (Acel' nikoense Maxim.), sary for best growth of the trees. If free brought to the United States in 1881, is water accumulates and remains for sev· native to Japan and central China. It eral days in the soil in which the tree is is hardy in plant zone 5. Eventually planted, the roots will gradually die trees of this species may reach 40 feet in from insufficient oxygen. Poor internal height and have a round crown (Fig. 8). soil drainage results in gradual deteri­ Bark of new growth is reddish brown oration of the crown or in sudden drying and hairy. Older twigs have light-brown and dying of the leaves and tree during bark with lent-icels and are less hairy the growing season. than new growth. Bark on older parts Applications of fertilizer generally of branches and trunk is light brown to promote vigorous growth. Any good gray brown, slightly roughened with a garden fertilizer may be used. Japanese pattern of fine fissures. l"laple trees usually have some roots Leaves are compound. Leaflets are near the surface of the ground. These oblong-elliptic, short-stalked, and point­ roots may be damaged if the fertilizer ed and have smooth or obtusely toothed is hoed or spaded into the soil. Applica­ margins. They are 2 to 5 inches long tion of fertilizer to lawns benefits J apa­ and hairy on the lower surface. They nese Maple trees growing on them. Roots redden in autumn. Dried leaves are will be deeper in a well-drained soil pleasantly, but mildly, fragrant. The than in a poorly drained clay. Fertilizer hairy petioles are % to 11'2 inches long may also be applied in holes punched (Fig. 3-D). Flowers are borne in a cor­ about 8 to 15 inches into the soil. Two ymb and open in spring. pounds of fertilizer per inch of trunk Fruits are carried on nodding pedicels. diam~ter is a safe rate of application. Wings of the samaras are upright and curved inward. Nutlets are thick and hairy. Mountain Maple (Acel' spicatum Nikko Maple with its brilliant scarlet, Lam.) is a shrub or small tree rarely at­ red, or purple foliage is outstanding in taining a height of 30 feet. It is native autumn. from Labrador to Saskatchewan to Iowa Nordine (14) reported that the seed, and in the Appalachians, south to Geor­ which ripen in autumn, require a year gia. It is hardy in plant zone 2. The of cold treatment before they will germi­ trunk is usually short and branches are nate. upright and straight. Trees often devel­ Chromosome number of vegetative op in clumps. cell is 26 according to Foster (8). The 3- or slightly 5-lobed leaves are Nikko Maple is not a fast-growing 2Y2 to 4 inches long and have coarsely tree, but it is attractive and suitable for serrate margins. Leaves turn yellow and use where space is limited. scarlet in autumn. Flowers are produced in long, dense, upright racemes after the leaves have Norway Maple (Acel' platanoides L.), formed. Often the staminate flowers introduced into the United States in open at the tip and pistillate flowers at early colonial times from Europe, has the lower part of the raceme. The im­ found here wide acceptance as a shade mature fruits are bright red in summer. tree. It is hardy in plant zone 3. It nor­ The fruits ripen in autumn. mally has a short trunk bearing numer­ The average number of seed per ous ascending branches that form a pound is 22,200. Seed may be sown in rounded crown and carry an abundance early autumn or stored for 90 to 120 days of dark-green foliage. Exceptionally at 41°F. For best germination the seed large trees may reach 100 feet in height. coats should be scarified. The bark is dark gray and has narrow rvlountain Maple will grow in part ridges and furrows. Winter buds are shade and on moist rocky hillsides and oval and reddish brown. bordering ravines. In nature it is found Leaves of the species are dark green, on acid soils. 3 to 7 inches in diameter, with 5 lobes rvlo untain Maple is uncommon as an each with several marginal points (Fig. ornamental. It is food for deer, rabbit, I-C). A milky juice exudes from the and for moose and beaver in the absence petioles of green leaves when they are of poplar. broken from the tree. Some selections OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUIVIBER 4 315

C:URT1S 1\ IA Y

Figure 8. Acer nikoense, the Nikko Maple have leaves with white blotches, some 90 to 120 days. Mature seed may be have leaves with pale yellow or white planted at once out-of-doors. Seed plant­ margins, and some have reddish to pur­ ed in autumn will germinate the follow­ plish leaves. Some selections have 3- ing spring. Norway Maple may be prop­ lobed leaves. Leaves turn yellow before agated from seed. See Sugar Maple for they fall in late autumn. Because of the additional information on handling and abundant foliage, the tree produces rela­ planting the seed. tively dark shade. Varieties are propagated by budding Vegetative cells have 26 chromosomes to seedling stock of the species. Budding (Meurman (12) and Wright (20». practices for Norway Maple differ among The clusters (corymbs) of greenish­ experienced nurserymen. McGill (11) yellow flowers expand in late winter or reported that in the Pacific Northwest early spring before the leaves. Staminate budding is done from late July to the and pistillate flowers may occur in the middle of August when the seedling same fl ower cluster, and some flowers stock is growing vigorously and there is may haye both stamens and pistils. enough sap so that the buds slip easily Staminate flowers are shown in Fig. 9. under the bark. The bud unites with The paired, 1 Y2- to 2-inch long fruits, the seedling during the second flush of which haye wide-spreading wings, ma­ growth in late summer. ture in autumn. The bud stick should be taken before There are about 2,600 seeds per the terminal bud has formed and while pound. Seed may be stored at 41 ° F. for the top Vs is so soft that it must be dis- 316 THE MvIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

W. H. HODGE Figure 9. Yellowish-green flowers of Acer platanoides, produced just before or at the time the leaves expand carded. The stick should snap when Numerous special selections of N or­ bent. Budwood should be used immedi­ way Maple are available. The cultivar ately if possible or within 48 hours after Drummondi has leaves with a border of it is taken. whi te surrounding the green central por­ The leaf should be cut from the bud tion of the lea£. The leaves of A. p. f. before it is inserted, but a short length Schwedleri (K. Koch) Schwerin are red­ of petiole should be retained. This dish-purple when they expand in the shades the bud some and helps to keep spring but gradually become green with the bark of the stock from growing over advance of the season. Bud scales of this it. All wood should be removed from variety are reddish-brown on the inner the bud before it is inserted. Rubber side, and the color is repeated on some bands may be used to hold the bud in petals of the flowers. Schwed leTi is re­ place. The top of the stock should be ported to be less subject than other ma­ cut off above the bud just before growth ples to poor foliage color on alkaline starts in the spring following budding. soils. The cultivar Crimson King is said Budding in spring has given less satis­ to retain the red color of the foliage factory results. Flemmer, in the Proceed­ throughout the summer. Other cultivars ings of the Second Anmwl M eeting of with light to deep-red foliage are Golds­ the Plant PTOpagators Society, stated that worth Purple and Faassen's Black. in the East budding is done in July from Leaves of the cultivar Stollii are pur­ fall-planted stock and that a spring surge plish when they unfold. Leaves of A. p. of vigorous growth is important in ob­ £. variegatum (Weston) Rehd. h ave white taining satisfactory results. blotches. Leaves of A. p . f. aUTeomargi- OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4. 317

E. H . SCAN LON

Figure 10

Acer platanoides 'Cleveland', an erect, ascending selection of the Norway Maple 31 8 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

natum Pax have a yellow margin. The cultivars Alm ira, Charles F. Irish, and A . p. f. lorbergi (Overeynder) Schwerin Figure 11 are globe types. Cultivars Cleveland (Fig. 10), and the forms erectum Slavin W M . L. G. EDSO N (Fig. 11), undulatum (Dieck) Pax, lacini· atum (Lauth) Schwerin, and columnare (Carr.) Schwerin are erect, ascending se­ lections. Krussman (10) lists 43 varieties. Norway Maple trees of any size can be transplanted successfully. The spe­ cies tolerates a wide range of soil types, withstands unfavorable soil and atmos­ pheric conditions in cities and is moder­ ately resistant to damage from alkaline soils. On streets the normally dense, low head commonly must be raised by prun­ ing the low branches. The broad crown of the species makes it unsuitable for use on narrow streets. Pruning the lower branches to raise the crown is helpful if one attempts to grow grass in the dense shade cast by a health y Norway Maple. Young trees should be pruned to devel­ op good trunk form. Norway Maple is widely planted in the East and on the West Coast. In the Pacific Northwest it is a useful shade tree that grows somewhat more slowly and is somewhat smaller at maturity than Bigleaf Maple. In the Rocky Mountains the species is suited to high plateaus but is not recommended for the Gila River drainage. Because it has proved to be too subject to injury from cold weather in some localities in the Rocky Mountains, it is advisable to con­ sult local authorities about its hardiness. In the Rocky Mountains it is less sub­ ject to snow damage than Silver Maple. The species is satisfactory in interior and mountain valleys in California. Norway Maple is useful in Idaho and is hardy in most of Montana. It will grow with 20 inches of water but in the northern Rocky Mountains irrigation should be stopped by about the middle of August. In one hurricane many Norway Maple trees in Rutherford, New Jersey, were destroyed. Their shallow roots gave them less firm anchorage than trees with deeper roots. Nevertheless the Norway Maple is generally resistant to damage by wind and ice storms. It is suitable for Another erect form of the Norway planting near the seashore. In the North­ Maple, Acer platanoides f. erectum east vertical cracks in the bark and wood of the trunk result from freezing. The wood is strong but not durable in con­ tact with moist soil. Bougainvillea Culture*

J OHN POP EN OE '~'x'

Bougainvilleas are natives of South Although bougainvilleas thrive on neg­ America and are members of the four lect, they generally need to be fertilized o'clock family or NYCTAGINACEAE. They and watered to become established. are grown for the showy bracts which en­ Young plants in Florida should be fer­ close the flowers, not for the flowers as tilized regularly with a complete fertili­ such. Bougainvilleas are named after the zer, such as 6-6-6-3 mixture (6% nitrogen, French navigator Louis A. de Bougain­ 6% phosphate, 6% potash, and 3% mag­ ville (1729-1811) who discovered these nesium oxide) . This should be applied plants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The several times during the first year. A name of the plant was originally spelled quarter pound of this mixture per plant buginvillea, but the spelling has now per application should be adequate. Es­ been changed to agree with the spelling tablished plants should be fertilized only of de Bougainville. Bougainvilleas are in late spring and summer. If fertilizer grown in Florida, South Texas, Southern is applied after September or October California, Hawaii, and throughout the there is likely to be vegetative growth tropics of the world. and little flowering. Although nineteen or more species are In Texas and California, soils are gen­ known, only two are commonly grown. erally richer than in Florida and nitro­ Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., h as pur­ gen may be the only fertilizer element ple flower bracts and thorny stems. The required. Sometimes bougainvilleas de­ other species is Bougainvillea glabm velop a chlorosis in spite of being fer­ Choisy, which has less thorny stems and tilized with a complete fertilizer. This rose-red flower bracts. In addition to may be caused by.a minor element defi­ these two species there are many inter­ ciency. Manganese deficiency has been mediate forms in many colors. Many of identified on bougainvilleas. Most minor these forms are distinguished as botanical element deficiencies can be corrected by varieties and some as horticultural va­ sprays on the foliage. Minor element rieties. sprays containing manganese, copper, Bougainvilleas are propagated from and zinc are commercially available and hard wood cuttings. Medium diameter instructions on the label should be fol­ stem sections six to twelve inches long lowed. Iron chlorosis, if found, can be make the best cuttings. They can be controlled by applying chela ted iron to taken any time during the year but the the soil. best time is probably in late spring or Bougainvilleas can be grown in al­ early summer after the vines finish flow­ most any soil and are moderately salt tol­ ering. Cuttings can be made conveni­ erant for areas along the sea coast. They ently during this period because it co­ are among the most beautiful plants incides with the time of heavy pruning. grown on the Florida Keys. Some of the The cuttings can be rooted in sand or varieties can be trained as shrubs, while other media. Some varieties are more others grow vigorously and must be al­ difficult to root than others and should lowed to climb on a trellis or other sup­ be rooted under mist. With these more port. They do best when planted in full difficult varieties, commercial rooting sun and will do poorly if the shade is hormones are beneficial. The length of very dense. Established plants need to time necessary to develop roots on cut­ be pruned. The climbing types (as indi­ tings may be as long as two months. cated on the variety list) need to be Bougainvilleas do not ordinarily make pruned to stay on the trellises provided seed under conditions prevailing in the for them. Sometimes they are allowed to United States. climb up into a large tree and then very • Agricultural Experiment Stat'ons, Coll ege of A p: ri. little pruning is needed. The bush types cu lture, University of Florida, Journal Series N o. 1266 . need to be pruned to maintain good ... · Dr. Popenoe is associate horti c: ulturist at Florida's Sub·Tropical Experiment station at Homestead. shape. Some of the varieties, including [3l9] 320 T H E AMERICAN H ORT ICULTUR AL MAGAZINE

J. C. NOO:'\A N

BOltgainvillea 'Betty Hendry' trained on a trellis to serve as a screen OCTOBER 1961, VOLUlvIE 40, NUMBER 4 321 the bush types, are well adapted to hedg­ moth. Partially eaten leaves and leaves ing. Pruning of all types should be done rolled and tied together give plants an after flowering and during the summer. unsightly appearance. Some varieties are Pruning after September and during the attacked more severely than others. flowering season will greatly reduce the These insec ts can be controlled with lead amount of bloom obtained. Frequent arsenate or DDT. Several of the newer light pruning or pinching out of grow­ insecticides should also give good con­ trol. Instructions on the labels of these ing tips is often the best way of main­ insecticides should be followed. Repeat taining the bush types. applications may be needed after three Comparative freedom of bougain­ or four weeks, especially when the plants villeas from serious diseases and insect are growing rapidly. Heavy fertilization pests makes their culture easier than of the plants is likely to be followed by with many plants. This factor is of im­ rapid plant growth and possible increase pOl-tance where widespread plantings are in infestations by the insect. made and it encourages increased plant­ A powder post beetle, Amphicel-us cor­ ing. nutus Pallas, has been serious in some The bougainvillea caterpillar, Ascio­ bougainvillea plantings on Key Largo, des gOl·dia lis Guen., is the most common Florida. Beetles burrow into the larger pest of bougainvillea in Florida. It feeds parts of the plants, starting in the on the leaves and sometimes on the flow­ crotches of twigs and branches. Burrows ers. The larvae are difficult to observe are about three-eighths inch in diameter because they are green and blend in with and may extend several inches in length. the leaf colors. The larvae spin silken A drench, wetting the larger branches threads which tie the leaves together and and stems with BHe (Benzene hexa­ then they feed within this enclosed area. chloride) or lindane is recommended for Other leaves are rolled around the lar­ control. A second application should be vae. The adult is a light tan colored made three weeks after the first.

Bou.gainvillea parviflora trained as a shru.b at the entrance to a house

J. C. NOO NAN Flowering branch of Bougainvillea glabra 'Crimson Lake' displaying showy bracts enclosing small paired flowers

Otttstal1ding specimens of bougainvillea trained as standards H ope Gardens Kingston jama,ica

W. H. HonCE 1322] OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 323

Species and Varieties

The following is a partial list of Bougainvilleas grown in the U. S., their col­ ors and form. *

Variety Color* '~ Form Afterglow yellow-orange climber Barbara Karst bright red bush or weak climber Betty Hendry pinkish red climber brasiliensis (same an p;ectabilis) California Gold golden-yellow Cienfuegos wine-rose Crawford's dark purple seedling true-purple Crimson Lake bright red "~cl~@ber ~ Crimson Lake, Jr. bright red bush cypheri crimson climber Easter Parade pal'e lavender climber Elizabeth Doxy white Encore rosy-pink bush Firecracker bright red Golden Glow yellow Harrisi (variegated leaves) purple climber' Harvard No. 1 rose lateritia brick-red climber Mallow Purple light purple _ Maud Chettleburg g~ll ~agenta-purple Moonlight Madonna white climber Mrs. Butt amaranth-purple climber Mrs. Richard Pope purple climber Orange Sport '­ spinel-pink Panama Pink mauve-pink Pa1 vifio?·a (everblooming) purple bush or weak climber Purity white weak climber Rosalane apricot-orange climber sa'l1deriana crimson bush or weak climber San Diego crimson climber Scarlett O'Hara red climber spectabilis deep red-purple climber Temple Fire brilliant red bush v ariegata (variegated leaves) purple climber

. ~II a n y nurseries sell bou gain villeas onl y by color. ··Colors are taken rrom variolls descriptions, including th ose in nursery ca talogs. 324 THE Ai\ fERICAN HORTICULTURAL r"IAGAZINE

C. HAMPFLER Bougainvilleas make attractive pot or tub specimens for patio, garden or conservatory. Bougainvillea X buttiana "Poultoni" illustrated. The Seed Collection United States Department of Agriculture

PAUL RU5SELL*

The seed collection of the United other agencies until his death, early in States Department of Agriculture, lo­ 1934. An interesting paper on this col­ cated at the Plant Industry Station, Belts­ lection was published by Mr. Skeels in ville, Maryland, is, I believe, the only T he National H oTticultural Magazine, large general seed collection in the October, 1932. world, that is, the only one that includes The first recorded introduction, of samples of all the important plant fam­ which a seed sample was kept, was a va­ ilies, ranging in size from the dust-like riety of cabbage received from Russia in seeds of the orchids to some that are too February 1898. (P.I. No.3) Apparently large to be placed in any glass container seed samples of introductions were kept or herbarium case. The total number of in some temporary fashion until early samples of seeds and seed-like fruits is in 1908, when the general seed collection approximately 60,000, in addition to a was established. considerable number of dried fruits of For a few years a sample of each seed various sizes that supplement these seeds. introduction was placed in the collec­ There is also a large specialized seed col­ tion, but eventually space limitations lection at the Agricultural Research Cen­ made it necessary to retain only enough ter, Beltsville. This consists chiefly of samples of crop plants and other fre­ seeds of actual and potential weeds and quently introduced species to show as crop plants, and is used mainly in carry­ many variations as possible. ing out the provisions of the Federal By this date, June 1961, approximate­ Seed Act. ly 275,000 introductions have been made, A large proportion of the plant ma­ of which about 70 per cent were received terial introduced from abroad by the as seeds. Department of Agriculture is received as Of the 299 plant families included in seeds. It is therefore important to con­ the Engler and Prantl Classification Sys­ firm the identity of these seeds as soon as tem, 251 are represented in the collec­ they arrive; and to identify, if possible, tion. The number of distinct species is any that arrive without botanical names. now about 17,000. 1£ this can be done, it makes possible a The size of the sample determines the prompt and more intelligent placing of size of the glass vial or jar in which it can the seed material for testing, usually at be filed. By far the greatest number of one of the Department's plant introduc­ samples are in vials that measure % -inch tion field stations. Utilization of the in diameter. Others are in vials or small large general seed collection already jars that measure % -inch, 1 ~ -inches, mentioned is, of course, the chief means 1% inches or 2~ inches in diameter, all for such identifications. with metal caps. Specimens, mostly Like a large reference library, this seed fruits, that are still larger are filed in collection is open to anyone who cares to black, cardboard boxes of various sizes. consult it, and for many years it has been Each of these series of containers is so used. filed by families arranged according to The idea of a general seed collection the Engler and Prantl system, with the appears to have originated with Homer genera and species arranged alphabeti­ C. Skeels, who started such a collection cally within each family. in 1908 while on the staff of the Office of There is a very remarkable range in Taxonomic and R ange Investigations, the size of the seeds, varying from the Bureau of Plant Industry. He continued smallest, represented by the almost pow­ in charge of the collection in this and dery seeds of some of the orchids, or the minute (.008 in.) seeds of the witchweed " Before his retirement in 1960, the author served for many years as Botanist in charge of the seed and fruit (St1'iga asiatica), to the huge seeds of the coll ection of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, palm known as the Coco de M er, or dou­ Agricultural Research Service, Crops Research Division , BcltsviU e, Maryland. ble coconut (Lodoicea maldivica), native [325] 326 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U. S. DEpARTMENT OF AGRJCULTURE'"

"

Most samples are fil ed in small glass vials as shown in the tTay above. OtlUTS aTe in caTdboaTd boxes of va'rious sizes. The largest sample} Lodoicea maldivica} shown below} Tests atop a herbarium case.

U. S. DEPARTM E:"lT OF AGRICULTURE OCTOBER 1961 , VOLU1'vIE 40, NUMBER 4 327

u. S. DEPART~tENT OF AGRICULTURE REGI N A O. HUGHES

The smallest seeds hnown may be those of the recently intTOduced parasitic herb hnown as the witchweed, Striga asiatica. These are only 1/5 mm. (.008 inch) long. One plant may p1"oduce fitty to five hundred thousand seeds. The witchweed, native to Old W01"ld tmpics, attachs corn, sorghum, Su.gaTCane, and other grasses. 328 THE AMER1CAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

MElOC ANN A BACC IFERA

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGR ICULTURE

The fnt.it of the bamboo, Meiocanna baccifem, is the la,rgest in the family of the grasses.

to the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Grass Family Ocean. These two-lobed seeds are some­ times a foot in diameter, and when fresh From the economic point of view, the may weigh as much as fifty pounds; they grasses (POACEAE) are the most impor­ are top large for any standard container, tant family of plants. It is therefore not and the one specimen in the collection remarkable that seed samples of grass rests on top of a herbarium case. introductions occupy about one and a Not all the samples represent acces­ quarters cases of the !jig -inch vials, and sioned introductions. A small percent­ sections also of cases of the % -inch and age, from various sources, has been in­ 1 ~ -inch sizes. More than 280 genera of cluded for reference purposes. These are grasses are represented. Most of the grass seeds and seed-like fruits from herbarium seeds (caryopses) are rather small, but a collections, botanical gardens, and vari­ few larger ones such as the large-kerneled ous collectors throughout the world. Cuzco (Peru) corn require % -inch vials. A complete card catalog of the speci­ Also, one species of bamboo (Melocanna mens arranged alphabetically by genera baccifem) from India, has obovoid-coni­ and species is maintained; this is incor­ cal seeds up to 4 inches long and 2 inches porated with the general index to all the wide. Included also are the hard, shin­ introductions made since the beginning ing gray, ellipsoid seeds of the grass of the plant introduction project in 1898. known as Job's tears, sometimes used in Certain of the plant families repre­ the tropics as beads and for rosaries; a sented deserve special considerations be­ soft-seeded form is eaten like rice in the cause of their size and importance. Philippines. The several thousand spe- OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 4·0, NUMBER 4 329 cies of grasses include not only the well­ Color known grains (wheat, corn, rice, oats, One of the first impressions gained etc.) but also a very large number of from looking over a large general collec­ forage plants. tion of seeds is that so many are brown­ Pulse Family ish, grayish, or black. But a further search will reveal that all, or nearly all, The pulses or legumes (LEGUMINOSAE) colors appear. In some varieties of corn, are a close second to the grasses in eco­ for instance, the kernels run just about nomic importance. Here are found many the entire gamut of colors, including of the staple foods of the world, such as some colors very uncommon among common and oriental beans, peas, and seeds. In somewhat the same category soybeans, and of course many important are varieties of the common bean (Pha­ forage plants like alfalfa, sweetclover, seolus vulgaris), with a very wide assort­ vetches, and numerous clovers. The num­ ment of colors, ranging from pure white ber of genera of the legumes in the seed through yellow, brown and reddish collection is 270, nearly as many as those brown to purplish and black. The same of the grasses. is true of the lima bean (Phaseolus luna.­ One very interesting legume is Dimor­ tus). In neither of these last two groups, phandTa megistospe1"ma; this is a large however, are there any of the true pri­ timber tree from Panama and has prob­ mary colors. ably the largest dicotyledenous seeds Among the more interesting colored known. These are roughly kidney-shaped seeds are those of two species of Raven­ and measure up to about 7 inches long ala, because of the silky aril that partly and 4 inches wide. covers the seed. That of the Madagascar Rose Family Traveler's Tree (R. madagascariensis) is A large proportion of our well-known bright blue, whereas the aril of the edible fruits, such as the apple, peach, South American counterpart (R. guyan­ cherry, and plum, belong to the rose ensis) is bright scarlet. The woolly aril family (ROSACEAE). This family also in­ of the seeds of one of the South African cludes many of our most popular orna­ bird-of-paradise flowers, (Strelitzia alba), mentals like the roses, flowering cherries, is likewise bright scarlet, at least when and crabapples. While there are only 86 they are fresh. Both of these genera be­ genera of ROSACEAE included in the seed long to the banana family (MUSACEAE). collection, the number of species, espe­ Deep-blue seeds are produced by the cially in such genera as Rosa, Rubus and blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictro­ Prunus, is rather large. ides), a barberry relative from the east­ ern United States, and also by a legume, Other Families an undetermined species of Rhynchosia There are, of course, other families from Kenya. Blue kernels may be found less impressive because of size, but never­ in some corn varieties, such as one found theless of great importance. Such are the in Guatemala. rue family (RUTACEAE), including the cit­ Half-red and half-black seeds have al­ rus fruits; the cabbage family (BRAssI­ ways had a strong popular appeal, and CACEAE); and the gourd family (CUCUR­ have been commonly used as beads and BITACEAE), including pumpkins, squashes, necklaces. One of the best known of and melons. The economic importance these is the tropical Asian rosary-pea or of these is reflected in the large number crab's eye (Abrus precatorius), now wide­ of samples in the seed collection. ly distributed throughout the American Some families are represented by only Tropics. The small, bright-scarlet and two or three genera, and a few by only blacks seeds, with the hilum or seed scar one sample, such as the NAIADACEAE, in the black part of the seed, though RAPATAcEAE, SCYTOPETALACEAE, and deadly poisonous if eaten, are made into MARCGRA VIACEAE. These, as well as some necklaces or mats and sold throughout families entirely absent, are of little or the Tropics of both hemispheres. The no economic importance. pega palo (Rhynchosia pymmidalis) of A survey of the collection, outside of Hispaniola, a plant that recently was the few families already considered, dis­ publicized because of the alleged rejuve­ closes a number of genera and species of nating power of an infusion of its roots, special interest b~cause of color, shape, also has very similar red and black seeds, surface characters, or some other reason. but in this genus the hilum is located in 330 THE AI'vIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Seeds of a nWl1ber of t?"Opi ca l plants m'e widely used as beads in necklaces, mats, 01' in ?"Osaries. Above (1) aTe gray nickars (CaesaZpinia bonducella); a mixture (2) of red-and-black crab's eyes (Abrus pTecatoTius) and dyed-black seeds of L eucaena leucocephala; (3) lal'ge red-and-black seeds of the neck­ lace tTee (Ormosia monospenna); (4) b1'Own seeds of Leucaena leucocephala; (5) one type of "sea bean," (Mucuna wens); (6) bluish gray job's tears (Coix lac1"yma-jobi); (7) the blackish china-berry (Melia azedamch); and (8) thl? scaTlet cOl'a l-b em! (A denanthem p~vo17ina). OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 331

=v. S. DEPARfM E:-\T OF AGRICULTURE REGI NA O. HUGHES

,One of the most l'emarkable winged seeds is that of an East Indian cucurbit vine ( Macrozanol1ia mo.cTOcarpa) with a flat seed one inch across) and a wing at each end .about three inches long and two wide. Commonly called the airplane seed since it .describes a sjJiml about twenty feet wide when fa lling from the high-climbing vine.

The species of Strophanthus from tropical Asia and Africa have seeds that resemble the dandelion seed, with a long) slender beak that is densely feathered with fine hairs .along the upper half. From the seeds of certain species (Stwphanthus gmt us) illus­ tmted) sarmentogenin is derived; this contributes to the synthesis of em-tisane) a possible remedy for arthTitis.

U. S. DEPARTME NT OF AGR:Ct:l TC~E THE Al\IERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

the red portion of the seed. Similar to MACEAE have hi ppocrepiform, or horse­ these are the handsome red-and-black shoe-shaped, seeds. This type of seed also ovoid seeds of the West Indian Ormosia occurs in the mignonette family (REsE­ monosperma, about half and inch long, DACEAE) and in species of TernstTOemia, often used as watch charms. tropical evergreen shrubs and trees. Red seeds are not uncommon. The Many people are familiar with the lens-' dark-red form of the ''''est Indian sword­ shaped seeds of the lentil (Lens culina­ bean (Canavalia gladiata) is a well-known ris) and the brown, shiny, ellipsoid-flat­ example. Seeds of some varieties of the tened seeds of flax (Linum usitatissi­ common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) range mum). from pinkish to dark red, and two ori­ The common bluets (Houstonia caenl­ ental species of Phaseolu.s, the adsuki lea) and other species of Houstonia, have bean (P. angularis) and the rice b ean curious cup-shaped (acetabuliform) seeds; (P. calcaratus), have garden varieties with some species of speedwell (VeTOnica), also maroon seeds. The bright-red, lens­ a few species of navel wort (Omphalodes) , shaped seeds of the bead tree of tropical attractive annuals and perennials of the Asia (Adenanthem 1)avonina) have been borage family show the same structure. used by jewelers as a standard of weight The monkey-puzzle tree of Chile because each seed weighs almost exactly (Araucaria aTaucana), cultivated in the 4 grains. In the ''''est Indies, where the warmer portions of the United States, has bead-tree has been naturalized, the seeds chestnut-brown wedge-shaped seed-like are very popular for making mats and scales nearly 2 inches long; the short, necklaces. crescent-shaped seeds of the well-known A good example of clear-gray seeds are cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) those of the West Indian knickernut have an odd, monkey-like appearance. (Caesalpil1ia bonducella) ; these are The large reddish brown cola nut (Cola rounded-ellipsoid and about % inch nitida), source of cola used in numerous long. Seeds of some varieties of the com­ soft drinks, resembles the lobe of a chick­ mon bean, as well as a few species of the en liver. velvet-bean (Stizolobium spp.), also are One species of Eu.calypttlS (E. calophyl­ gray. la) has seeds that bear a striking resem­ Clear-green seeds are represented by a blance to miniature Eskimo kayaks, with very well-known oriental bean (Phaseolus a light-colored spot where the paddler atLTeus), the mung bean of commerce. might sit. Perhaps the most attractive seeds, from A small gourd from the Himalayas the color standpoint, are those in which (Trichosanthes himalensis) has most re­ two or more colors are intermingled by markable cylindrical seeds; each one ap­ ~arbling or mottling. Castor beans (Ri­ pears to have a belly-band around its cznus communis) furnish an excellent ex­ middle. Seeds that are decidedly flat are ample; another is seeds of the Para. rub­ especially common among monocotyle­ ber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). dons. ''''ell-known examples are seeds of Seed~ with smooth, very shiny surfaces, Lilium, Tulipa, Yucca, and Agave. found 111 a number of families, are con­ Snail-shaped (cochleate) seeds are spicuous in a collection. The well-known found in a few families. Good examples lamb's-guarters (Chenopodium album) are the MELASTOMATACEAE, a family of has small, black, very shiny seeds. Other mostlv tropical trees and shrubs, and the good examp~es, also ~ith black, shiny COCH~osPERlvrAcEAE, also tropical and seeds, are Pzthecellobzum grandifloTum woody. A slight change in the cochleate (LEGUMINOSAE) and Dodonaea hexandm shape becomes kidney-shaped or reni­ (SAPINDACEAE) , handsome tropical trees form; seeds of this form are found in and shrubs. many families, such as the pink family (SILENACEAE), the mallow family (MAL­ Shape VACEAE), and the potato family (SOLANA­ Perhaps the most common shapes en­ CEAE). countered in seeds are more or less sub­ globose or ovoid, but there is almost no Surface Characters limi.t to the range in shape in a large col­ An interesting seed character of certain l~ctlOn. _ F?r example, seeds of some spe­ genera is the presence of hairs on the sur­ Cles of mdlgo (Indzgofera) are miniature face. These may occur as a short tuft or cubes_ Many of the genera of MENlsPER- coma attached to the end of the seed, as OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 333

in the milkweed family (ASCLEPIADACE­ Nearly all the genera of the bignonia AE), the dogbane family (ApOCYNACEAE), family (BIGNONIACEAE) have flattened and the tamarisks (Tamarix spp.). Or seeds, with wings on both ends, some­ the hairs may cover the entire seed, as in times even surrounding the seed. The most species of cotton (Gossypium), ka­ large genus Rhododendron (ERICACEAE), pok (Ceiba) , and milkwort (Polygala). of which there are several hundred spe­ Some hairy-seeded species of morning cies in the collection, has thin, flat seeds, glory (Ipomoea) closely resemble cotton usually winged all around. seeds, so much so, in fact, that occasion­ Probably the largest winged seed ally they have been confused. known is that of j'v1.a c1'Ozanonia 11U£O·O­ There are also certain genera where carpa, a high-climbing cucurbit vine na­ the seed itself is not hairy, but is con­ ti ve to Java; the seed is abou t 1 inch nected by a slender stem with a feathery across, with a wing on each side about 3 appendage, designed to float in the wind. inches wide. This has been called the Some grass seeds, like needlegrass (Stipa), airplane seed, since it describes a spiral and seeds of Strophanthus (ApOCYNACEAE) about 20 feet wide when falling to the are thus equipped. Seed-like fruits, also, ground. It h as been studied by aeronau­ like those of the dandelion (Tamxacum tical engineers in teres ted in possible spp.) are very similar, with a very slen­ adaptation of its shape to airplane or der beak supporting the large pappus. glider wings. The surfaces of some seeds or seed-like In general, one may expect to find ex­ fruits are specially adapted to aid in their amples of winged seeds among all sizes dissemination. The seed coats of one of of seeds, including those scarcely Y4 inch the plantains (Plantago fastigiata) and across, among the orchids. also a number of species of butterfly-pea If seed-like fruits in the collection are (Clitoria) are so viscid that they are easily also considered, several with wings could attached to the hair of passing animals. be cited. Most plants with winged fruits There are several other species and genera are either trees or lofty climbers. The whose seeds possess viscidity, such as maples (Acel· spp.), the ashes (Fraxinus the garden cress (Lepidium sativttm), al­ spp.) , the elms (Ulmus spp.) , and the fileria (Erodium cicutarium), and some birches (Betula spp.) are well known for species of flax (Linum), Peperomia; pep­ their winged "seeds." Several tropical per (Piper), and rush (funcus). genera of legumes represented have One of the commonest methods by winged fruits varying greatly in size and which plants disperse their seeds is shape, from nearly orbicular (Pterocar­ through various types of wings, by which pus indicus), to elongate and samaroid, the wind carries the seeds often for great and in size from about I inch across to distances. Some of the best-known seeds the large 6-inch long pod of CentTO­ of this type are in the pine family (PLN­ lobium paraense that strongly resembles ACEAE), such as most of the pines, the a huge maple key. spruces and firs, with samamid seeds re­ In this group there are several sembling the so-called seeds (keys) of the equipped with bristles or hooked spines, maples, which botanically are fruits. designed to aid in their dispersal. Only The. popular crape myrtle (Lagentro­ a few of these such as the tick-clovers emza zndzca) also has samaroid seeds, (Desmodium spp.), the beggar-ticks (Bi­ which are rather small; in several other dens spp.), and the agrimonys (Agri­ less-known genera this same type of seed monia spp.), need be mentioned. occurs. If any of our readers are seeking an The large genus Dioscorea (true yams), interesting and profitable hobby, a col­ with more than 60 species in the collec­ lection of properly identified seed sam­ tion, has winged seeds. In most cases the ples could be the answer, especially for seed is winged on both sides and the those working with little-known groups wings are thin and papery. of plants grown from seeds. 334 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U. S. DEpART"'IENT OF AGRICULTTlRE..

Figure 1. A grove of Phyllostaehys pubeseens near Kyoto, Japan. Most of the eulms in this grove are 10 to 15 em. in diameter A Unique Ornamental Bamboo

ROBERT E. PERDUE, JR., and JOHN L. CREECH*

Most bamboos are characterized by self. Now that the ability of the plant tall slender segmented culms with very to reproduce vegetatively is recognized, distinct horizontal nodes (Fig. 1). Al­ a new effort will be made to introduce though many abnormal culm forms are this form into the United States. If it described in the bamboo Ii terature, is successfully introduced, it will provide these are largely of passing interest for an interesting addition to American hor­ most appear only rarely and when trans­ ticulture. It should be well-adapted to planted do not vegetatively reproduce the environment of the southeastern their type. Among the curious culm states. forms that have appeared is a bizarre The lowermost internodes of normal form of the edible bamboo, Phyllostachys culms of Phyllostachys pubescens are pubescens Mazel ex H. de Leh. (P. edulis about as long as the diameter of the culm H. de Leh.) (Figs. 2-4) . The lower nodes (Fig. 1). The 7th and 8th internodes and of this unique bamboo are arranged ob­ those above are 2 to 3 times as long as liquely rather than horizontally. The the diameter of the culm. Normal culms leaves and upper section of the culm are attain heights as great as 25 m. typical of P. pubescens, but the ultimate The nodes of the bizarre forms (Figs. height is greatly reduced. 2-4) are arranged obliquely in zig-zag According to all available information fashion, each merging or nearly merging from China, the original home of Phyllo­ on one side of the culm with the node stachys pubescens, the bizarre form ap­ below and on the opposite side with the pears rarely in normal groves. When node above. In many culms each node rhizomes bearing the bizarre culms are forms a right angle with the nodes imme­ excavated and transplanted, they pro­ diately above and below. Alternate nodes duce only normal culms. In Japan, are parallel. The septa follow the align­ where bamboos are widely cultivated for ment of the nodes. They are usually their utilitarian as well as ornamental complete but in some culms are not con­ value, both authors visited small groves tinuous with the wall at the upper part near Kyoto in which the bizarre form of the node and thus do not completely was well established and reproducing its separate the internodal chambers. The type. Here, this bamboo is esteemed as distorted internodes of the lower part of an ornamental and culms from some the culm are reduced in length and be­ groves are marketed. cause of the oblique continuous arrange­ Six plants of this bamboo with oblique ment of the nodes, are asymmetrical. On nodes were purchased by the U. S. De­ one side of the culm they are less than 1 partment of Agriculture in 1931 from cm. long or may be indistinguishable; the Yokohama Nursery Company and in­ on the opposite side of the larger culms, troduced into the United States as P. 1. they are 8 to 12 cm. long. The long No. 93224. One of the plants survived dimension of the internode is about 1.5 in the Barbour Lathrop Plant Introduc­ times as long as the diameter of the culm. tion Garden at Savannah, Georgia, until Cells of normal internodes are longer the early 1940's but failed to produce than those of abnormal internodes. Ta­ new culms. No other introduction was kenouchi (6)** found that the average attempted since all available informa­ length of cells from a normal internode tion indicated that the plant was a rare 1l.6 cm. long was 80 microns. The aver­ freak and incapable of reproducing it- age lengths of cells from abnormal inter­ 'Crops Research Divis ion, Agricultural Research Serv­ nodes 1.6 and 2.8 cm. long were 21 and ice, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Mary­ 22 microns, respectively. land. The writers acknowledge with appreciation courtesies extended to each, during separate trips to Rhizome buds of phyllostachyoid bam­ Japan, by Dr. Koichiro Ueda, Professor of forestry, Kyoto University, Director of Kamiga mo Experimental boos initiate development during fall Forest of Kyoto University, a nd J apan's outstanding a uthority on bamboo forestry. "See References cited a t end of paper. [3351 33 6 THE Ai\lERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U. S. DE pARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Figure 2. A small commercial grove of Buddha's face bamboo (bntsumen-chiku) n ear Kyoto, Japan. The nm-mal culm in the foreground is a length of Phyllostach)ls bambllsoides used heTe as a jnop. and become greatly enlarged during the or where several nearly normal inter­ following winter. During this period, nodes are separated by single distorted the nodal-internodal arrangement that internodes. The lower axes of the culms. will be expressed in the culm to be pro­ are usually vertical; the upper axes, duced during the following spring, be­ where nodes are normal or nearly so, are comes completely or almost completely often oblique. The change in direction differentiated. Swollen buds of the bi­ of the axis is especially pronounced zarre type collected just before they elon­ where a completely normal internode is. gate and appear above the surface of the adjacent to a distorted node, less pro­ soil, when split longitpdinally, show the nounced, sometimes almost unnoticeable distorted arrangement of the nodes and where the transition from abnormal to internodes in "embryonic" form. A lon­ normal nodes is gradual. Most of the gitudinal section of such a young bud is unique culms are 3 to 6 m. tall but culms. illustrated by Takenouchi (6). This illus­ up to 13 m. are recorded in the litera­ tration shows a number of abnormal ture. The abnormal culms are more septa near the base of the bud. The up­ strongly tapered from base to apex than per septa are normal. are normal culms. The basal diameter of the obliquely Apparently, because of stresses set up noded culms is 6 to 12 cm. The distort­ by the unequal length of internodes on ed nodes and internodes, restricted to opposite sides of the culms, the lower the lower .4 to 2 m. of the culm, may abnormal nodes are commonly weaker number from as few as 4 to as many as than normal nodes and are easily broken 36. The nodes and internodes of the by heavy wind. Growers reduce the risk upper part of most culms are normal. of wind damage by cutting off many Between the lower completely distorted branches and the upper parts of the section of the culm and the upper nor­ culms. mal section may occur a transitional area The Japanese distinguish two forms of where the nodes are only partly distorted the obliquely noded bamboo on the basis. OCTOBER 196 1, VOLUME 40, N UMBER 4 3J i

{', S. DEPARTMENT OF ..\CR rCULTTJ RF. Figure 3_ A small ornamental planting of tortoise-shell bambop (kikko-chiku) in a farmer's garden in Saitama Prefecture, ]anqn, ' 1138 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZll'\E

.-' ~. U. S. DEP;\RT;\rENT OF AGR TCULTURE :'" "? .-~ Figure 4. Natural and artificidlly stained tulms of Buddha's face bam­ boo on display in a Tokyo department store. The package of cigarettes on the stand in the foreground is 5.7 cm. wide. OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 339

~£ the shape of the internodes. The long planted to gardens .may live for many dimension of the internodes of the Bud­ years. This observatIon IS based on long dha's face bamboo (butsumen-chiku) experience in China ~nd is in ag~eement (Fig. 2) bulges conspicu0l!sly. In con- with other observatIOns made m that trast, internodes of the tortoise-shell bam­ country. Unquestionably, the unique boo (kikko-chiku) (Fig. 3) do not forms cultivated in Japan can repro~uce bulge; the culms are nearly cylindrical. their type by vegetative reproduc.tlOn. It has been presumed that the narr:e The tortoise-shell bamboo culms Illus­ " tortoise-shell bamboo" was adopted m trated in Fig. 3 were growing in a small allusion to the convex surface of the in­ grove established in a farmer's garden ternodes which in one form closely re­ in Saitama Prefecture as an ornamental. sembles ' the shell of a tortoise. This This small grove developed from three name is a direct translation of the J ap­ separate propagules and each was pro­ anese name "kikko-chiku." "Kikko," J ap­ ducing culms of the bizarre type. In the anese for tortoise-shell, li terall y means illustration 8 tortoise-shell culms can be "6-sided" and was adopted in allusion to seen. Several normal-type culms were the hexagonal segments character~stic present, but their origin is not known. of the middle portion of the tortOise's Fig. 2 shows a portion of a small com­ shell. The name "tortoise-shell bamboo" mercial grove of the Buddha's-face bam­ is not descriptive of the convex tortoise­ boo near Kyoto, from which culms are shell-like shape of the internodes but al­ harvested [or sale. This grove included ludes to the hexagonal appearance of many culms of the bizarre type. The the internodes, which resemble the seg­ tops of the culms had been cut 3 to 4 m. ments of the tortoise's shell. above the earth. The slender normal culm visible in the foreground is a length Buddha's-face bamboo and tortoise­ of Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. &: shell bamboo are not to be confused with ZUCCo used as a prop. In the Kyoto area, Phyllostachys aUTea A. &: C. Riv., the in 1959, farmers received as much as Hotei-chiku of the Japanese. Satow's (5) 1000 yen for the best pieces of the Bud­ inclusion of the name Buddha's-face dha's-face bamboo, equivalent to $2.77 bamboo with his description of Hotei­ (U. S.). chiku is incorrect. Many culms of P. A small planting of the Buddha's-face aW'ea have one or more internodes near bamboo at Kamigamo Experimental the base much reduced in length and ir­ Forest of Kyoto University provides a regularly inflated, and occasional culms good example of reversion to normal­ have several oblique nodes. The J apa­ type culms. A short rhizome with culm nese name applied to P. aUTea alludes to attached, planted several years ago, gave the corpulent image created by Japanese rise to 2 new rhizomes on opposite sides. artists of the god Hotei, one of the seven One rhizome produced obliguely noded Japanese gods of good luck. culms like the transplant. The other The bizarre form of Phyllostachys pu­ rhizome produced normal Phyllostachys bescens is apparently very r~re in ~ain­ pubescens culms. Each of the new rhi­ land China, all reports referrmg to smgle zomes branched and the branches con­ culms growing in normal groves. Porter­ tinue true to type. field , who has published a large number In the bamboo nursery at Kamigamo of papers on bamboo with special em­ Experimental Forest, several small plots phasis on the Chinese representatives, of the Buddha's-face bamboo have been first observed the bizarre form in 1924 established. Most of the culms that de­ after a period of residence in that coun­ veloped since the plots were planted in try of some 6 or 7 years (4). Were t~e 1956 are normal. These may represent bizarre form of frequent occurrence m another case of complete reversion to China it is unlikely that this unusual normal or they may be "juvenile" forms bamboo might be overlooked for a single produced by rhizomes that will later pro­ culm with conspicuous obligue nodes duce culms of the unique type. 'would stand out "like a sore thumb" in a The origin of butsumen-chiku and grove of normal culms in which all lines kikko-chiku now cultivated in Japan is are ei ther horizontal or vertical. not known. These forms may have been According to McClure (3), authority introduced directly from China but it is on the taxonomy of Phyllostachys, the bi­ more likely that they arose independent­ zarre form of P. pubescens does not re­ ly in Japanese groves of normal Phyllo­ produce itself although culms trans- stachys pubescens. 3iO THE Al\lERIC.-\N HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

In China, where the obliquely noded it when he established P. pubescens as bamboo is most widely known as Lohan the correct epithet for the plant that had Chu, it is highly revered and receives an been widely known as P. edulis (2). honored place as an object of worship in shrines (3). It is also valued for its medi­ References cinal and magical properties. In Japan, butsumen-chiku and kikko-chiku are cul­ " 1. Freeman-Mitford, A. E.: The Bam.boo Ga'r­ den. Macmillan. London. 1896. tivated for their ornamental value and 2. McClure, F. A.: New species in the bamboo are used for decorative purposes. Com­ genus Phyllostachys and some nomenclatural plete culms or longitudinal sections cut notes. Jour. A Tn. Arb., 37 (2) : 180-196 (1956) . through a culm are commonly used in 3. McClure, F. A.: Bamboos of the Genus Phyl­ lostachys Under Cultivation in the United flower arrangements or in decorative ar­ States. U. S. Department of Agricul"bure. rangements in combination with dry Agriculture Handbook No. 114, June 1957. leaves, branches, fruits, and so forth. The 4. Porterfield, W. M.: A freak bamboo, a case '

Flowers and Botanical Subjects (rom landscape planning through basic garden­ on Stamps ing problems to special chapters on lawns, trees, shrll bs and vines, annuals, perennials, bulbs, Shirley C. T ucker and Claude Weber, Amer­ roses, iris, houseplants, and fruits and vegetables. ican Topical Association, Milwaukee, Wiscon­ A general garden calendar is provided with sin. 1960. 162 pages. Illustrated. $6.00. sugg.ested month-by-month gardening chores ou tlll1ed. Thou O"h gardeners may not realize it, plants :are sec~ld only to people as subjects on the Pictures are not used in the book, but it is l)ostage stam ps of the world . Over 50,000 stamps illustrated by means of line drawings which are feature fl owers or other plant organs as part of effective. Defin itely of value for the home gar­ their design . Many of these stamps will be fo und dener in the arid areas. 1isted and illustrated in this handbook (No. 30) E. R. TENSEN prepared b y the members of the Biology Unit of the American Topical Association, 3306 North 5 0th Street, Milwaukee 16, Wisconsin. Consid­ ering the problems involved in correctly identi­ fying plants fi gured by artists and engravers on il'lodern Indoor Gardening paper the size of postage stamps, this spiral­ Including Window Boxes bound volume appears to be remarkably accu­ rate, no doubt due to the fact that the a uthors G. F. Gardiner. Macmillan and Company, ·are both professional botanists with university Limited, London, England. Distributed by affilia tions. St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, Since this volume is primarily for philatelists, New York 10, New York. 196 1. x+150 pages. ~tamps are listed first by major groups (with Illustrated. $4.50. (Library) representatives featuring such plants as algae, R ecognizi ng the handicaps of high tempera­ fungi, fe rns and seed plants) and then by the tures a nd low humidity in modern h omes, the families of flowering plants which appear alpha­ a uthor has met a need for specifi c ~nformation betically. The usual details about stamps l·e­ on indoor culture of a wide range of plan ts. quired b y the collector are coded succinctly, in­ So me of the British terms may be unfamiliar to duding an indication of the part of the plant American readers but it is not difficu lt to under­ shown, as well as h ow featured (main design, stand their meaning. border deSign, stylized design). As cross refer­ Approximately one third of the book is de­ ences there are indices to major fam ily names in voted to clear but concise information on the E nglish and to countries. care of plan ts indoors and describes various Philatelists using this volume cannot fail to methods of propagation. The balance of the become more interested in plants in general. As volume is devoted to specifi c information on an for the gardener, here is a fine way perhaps to extensive list including the usual house plants, while away those winter hours with a hobby holiday gift plants and many tropicals which are related to horticulture. becoming increasingly popular for use in homes "W . H.H. and offi ces. The weakest part of the book is the author's treatment of insect and disease problems of house plants. There are ninety good black-and­ Southwest Gardening white photographs which are well related to the text. Rosalie Doolittle, in collaboration with H ar· VIOLET K. THOMAS riet Tiedebohl. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico . 1959, R e­ vised Edition. 222 pages. Illustrated. $5.00. (Library) A book for the home gardener, es peciall y for Roses- Growing for Exhibiting the newcomer to the sou thwest, with its alkaline Harold H . Allen. D. Van Nostrand Company, soils, winds, low rainfall, and dry air. Inc., 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, New The writing is informal, with very few techni­ J ersey. 196 1. xvi + 176 pages. Illustrated. ·cal terms. It is interesting reading which pro­ $4.95. (Library) vides cultural informaation and the benefits of p ersonal experience in southwes tern gardening. Mr. Allen made a commendable contribution The book gives a wide cove rage of ga rdening, to all rose growers when he wrote this book. It

( Books available for loan to the JVlembership are designated: (Lib?·a,.y). Those not so designated a?·e in p?·ivate collections and a're not available tor loan. Books ar:aliable for sale to the Memb~r ­ ship are designated with the special reduced price and a.re subJect to the usua! change at pr!ce without notice. Orders must be sent through the Amencan Horticultural SOCiety accompanied by the proper payment. Please allow two to three weeks tor delivery. Thos~ not designated tor sale to the Membership at ,·edu.ced prices can be pur~hased .through the Socl.ety, however, at the I-eta il prices given. In these instances the full profit IS received by t~e Society to be used tor increased se r-u ices and benefits at the Membe1·s1up.) [341] 342 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL lVIAGAZINE

qualifies as an invaluable guide for newcomers to which certainly is the last word, reviewing alii. the enchanted world of exhibiting prize winning that should be known and said abou t the bot­ blooms and is a ready reference and reminder to any, cultivation and utilization of the pineapple' rose growers of long experience. . throughout the world. The author, for a num­ As I reviewed the book, I was convlllced that ber of years, was geneticist and acting director it is, also, an excellent presentation of facts for of that center of pineapple lore and science, The everyone who would experience the thrill of Hawaiian Pineapple Research Institute at Hon­ growing better roses to improve his home olulu. grounds. . ... W.H.H .. The title suggests growmg only for exhibitIOn, but rose culture is described that would be of interest to any grower. The author tells about Driftwood in the Home buying roses, preparing soil and planti~g, ~ater­ Florence M. SCHaffer. Hearthside Press, Inc.,. in"', fertilizin", and general care. Prunmg IS de­ scribed with ~l",gestions to aid in timing for a 118 East 28th Street, New York 16, New YOl-k. show date. Pest controls are given as well as in­ 1960. 128 pages. 111 illustrations. $3.95. formaation on mulching and winter protection. (Library) The second half of the book is devoted to a The author explains that the name "drift­ careful discussion of the production of exhibi­ wood" is actually a misnomer, since it has now tion quality flowers and their care and handling become a general term to cover many types of from the plant to the show table. weathered wood. The fiust chapter is a very Home gardeners will be encouraged and in­ thorough coverage of the various woods and spired by the step-by-step instructions and ad­ different methods of finishing them. vice. There are chapters on many uses for the odd CHARLES C. MONTGOMERY shaped pieces of weathered woods, such as "Driftwood for Accent and Line;" "Tables, Lamps, Fireplaces;" "Candles and Candelabra,'­ The complete book of and so on. These are presented in a very usable way-an illustration with the text alongside, de­ Wedding Flowers and Decorations scribing the method used to prepare the wood, with a section on etiquette then the arrangement. placpment and acces­ sories. Virginia Clark. Hearthside Press, Inc., 118 Many readers will not care for all of the de­ East 28th Street, New York 16, New York. signs and uses of the wood, but there is enough 1961. 160 pages. Illustrated. $5.95. (Library) variation to have some appeal for everyone. THe title tells everything! This book is really G. P. W. complete, although rather leaning to the more elaborate wedding. There are some excellent line drawings which Cacti can be most helpful, and the index is quite good. enabling one to turn immediately to the phase E. Shurly. Abelard-Schumann, Publishers, I) interested in at the time. West 57th Street, New York 19, New York. A word of caution to the bride-to-be using this 1959. 160 pages. Illustrated. $4.50. (Library) bood as a guide: DO REMEMBER that sim­ This book is mainly concerned with the cul­ plicity is always in the best of taste, and DO ture of cacti. The introduction and first chapter consult with your own clergyman before making deal with the history of the cactus family and too many plans. Most clergy prefer to stress the its ecology. This enables the reader to better sacrament and play down elaborate decorations. understand the chapters that follow, except G. P.W. that some of the facts concerning history are no longer generally accepted. The second chapter pertains to general cactus cultivation while the remaining chapters cover The Pineapple. Botany, Cultivation, specific cultural information: from soil prepa­ and Utilization rations and propagation to diseases and environ· L. Collins. Leonard Hiil Books, Limited, mental controls. J. Although few in number, the diagrams and Eden Street, London, N.W.!, England. Dis­ color plates are well done. tributed by Interscience Publishers, Inc., 250 I feel that this book will be of help to grow­ Fifth Avenue, New York I, New York. 1960. ers in this country. The book was written. how­ xviii+296 pages. Illustrated. $9.75. (Library) ever, by a grower in the British Isles where the This title is another addition to the World climate is quite different from that in most of Crops Series of handbooks published by Leonard this coun try. Hill-Interscience under the general editorship PAUL W. SHAW of Professor Nicholas Polunin. Most people consider the pineapple to be the most important contribution of the western hemisphere to the galaxy of world fruits. Un­ The Lily Yearbook of the known to Europeans before that November day North American Lily Society in 1493 when Columbus on his second voyage Number Thirteen, 1960 first. saw. and tasted this delicacy on the West Indian Island of Guadeloupe, it had already George L. Slate, Editor. North American been in cultivation since prehistoric times by Lily Society, 21 Oakland Street, Lexington 73, aboriginal peoples in the American tropics. Massachusetts. 1960. 166 pages. Illustrated. The discovery and history of the pineapple, $4.00 (Membership). Library) though amply covered, constitute but a minor The yearbook of a predominantly amateur so· part of this well illustrated reference volume, ciety should be a balanced blend of sound scien- OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 343 titlc and horticultural information with what eighteen from Mrs. Arendale. It also represents may be called "horticultural gossip." Too much the combined interests of a great number of of the former will drive away the newly initiated individuals who believe in what it contains and while a predominance of the latter will defeat the merits of the two persons represented by one purpose of any horticultural group-that of the book itself. instruction and improvement of its member­ Mr. Vines' approach is rather that of the nat­ ship. uralist than the taxonomic botanist, though he The thirteenth yearbook of the North Amer­ has made use of every finding that they have ican Lily Society meets these requirements well. recorded and of their personal assistance as well. The informative articles are, for the most part, His plan of presentation is in accord with the easil y read and cover a broad array of topics basic structure of botany, bu t there are no ma­ from new sales methods through recent develop­ jor "keys" and few shorter ones, only rather ments in lily breeding to lily hunting in the full texts with the ever useful, but not always Philippines, and nematode control. Of particu­ present paragraph under the heading of Re­ lar interest in its portent for the fu tu re is the marks, and Mrs. Arendale's fine drawings. It is address given by Jan de Graaff at Haarlem, Hol­ aU supported by an extensive list of acknowl­ land, on the present status of lilies in commerce. e-dgments, bibliography, two indices and a long His outline of sound commercial procedure and list of patrons. its effect on the future of the hybrid lily trade should be read by all who buy lilies. In another While the strict taxonomic botanist may re­ article Mr. de Graaff describ'es the procedures gret there are no keys, they cannot fail to ad­ and goals of his hybridization program with spe­ mire his full descriptions, and the additional cific reference to hybrids of Lilium auratum. data, ecological, horticultural, and such refer­ The production of hybrid lines in quantity and ences to wild life as related to the plant undel' of quality is perhaps the most significant ad­ discussion. The amateur, on the other hand, vance in the genus in recent years. The tech­ should be as much pleased as if he had just niques used by Mr. de Graaff merit study by received a spectacular new plant catalogue. His those working with any group of ornamental only disappointment may come when he realizes plants. that if he wishes the plant, he may have to RICHARD i 'V. LIGHTY retrace the thousands of miles Mr. Vines has travelled to find it. For the person who is merely interested in A Fresh Herb Platter plants, it is a thriller, a word not often used in connection with such works, and used here Dorothy Childs Hogner. Doubleday and as an accolade. Company, Inc., 575 Madison Avenue, New The reviewer, who is a gardener, knows that York 22, New York. 1961. 240 pages. Illus­ his chances of making the species that intrigue trated. $3.95. (Library) him most, happy in the moist climate of the Here is a delightfully written as well as a very Mississippi Gulf Coast are practically nil, but useful book for anyone who has been affected by that does not lessen his interest in what he sees the current popularity of growing and using here. And when he comes to the description of culinary herbs. About the only aspect of herbs Esenbeckia Runyoni, "known only from 4 speci­ that is not covered is their identification. The mens in the lower Rio Grande Valley" he knows book opens with four chapters devoted to plan­ his one small plant is a particular treasure, and ning, preparing and planting herb and vegetable hopes for the best. Having just acquired the gardens. This includes a chapter on growing not included Choisya ternata known from Cali­ herbs in boxes and containers. The fifth chap­ fornia days, he hankers for C. dumosa illustrated ter covers the use of herbs including harvesting, here, even if the chances for success are limited, freezing and drying, and lists utensils, additional were it available. One might continue almost seasonings and wines that would be useful to indefinitely. have on hand. Since the area treated includes the SCates of About half of the book is essentially a cook­ Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma book containing many recipes for vegetable, and Texas, there is a wide range of plant types, meat and fish dishes, salads, and desserts, all of from those that are related to the plants of the which call for herbs. I would like to be able to southeast on one hand, and those to Mexico say that I have tried many of them as they do and our southwest on the other; some from sound delicious. low elevations, some from high; some from The book closes with a chapter on preparing cold-winter areas, some from near tropics. The the garden, the herbs and the vegetables for win­ illustrations give good details, sometimes as if ter. There is a very inclusive index. The occa­ from fresh material, sometimes as if from sional illustrations are very attractive drawings herbarium sheets. The impressions are unusual by Nils Hogner. in some cases, as for example, Acacia fa'me­ D. G. H. siana is shown flowering without leaves; here it is evergreen or nearly so and blooms with the leaves, a climatic result. Since the author states clearly and sharply, Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines of precisely what he intended doing, with definite the Southwest limits of the plants to be treated, and definition& of all dubious words, the result is excellent; and Robert A. Vines. University of Te;xas Press, Austin, Texas, 1960. 1104 pages, illustrated, if one has any regrets, they are on the limits. specially by Sarah K. Arendale. $25.00. self-imposed. A book for browsing indefinitely, then for starting into action, to find what one This large volume represents more than twen­ must have! ty-five years of work on Mr. Vines' part and B. Y. WI , The Gardeners' Pocketbook Dragon Tongue porch, the side of which faced the street There is a plant that has been in my along which was '.' a fence with a flo'wel: family for about a hundred years, and I border just insiae. It was here that the h ave never heard of anyone else in the Dragon Tongue was planted, On the world ever having had one, though there first day of bloom we would see the peo­ must be others. Someone sent it to my ple walking by the fence out on the grea t grandmother back in the middle of street sidewalk, and as they came near the last century. I say a plant, but it is the flower they would suddenly grab really a corm, and, of course, the orig­ their noses and peer over the fence, look­ inal corm has long since died, and many ing very much puzzled, but I doubt if of its descendants have died, for as each they ever suspected that handsome flower one grows to maturity and blooms for as being the offender. The corms in my a number of years, it puts out offshoots ~arden have bee~ moved from their orig­ of small cormlets. These reach maturity mal spot four times, but they continue and begin to bloom by the time the old to bloom. Last year the flowers (there one dies. So, in all these years, as well were two of them) were very small, not as anyone in the family can remember, more than eight or ten inches long. I there has never been a spring in which think it was because it was a very dry there was not at least one bloom. spring. This year (March 1961) there are This flower was known in the family two plants coming up, and I hope they as the Dragon Tongue. No one ever will do better, though they are both knew its botanical name until last year rather small. when B. Y. Morrison identified it for me, I wonder if anyone has ever seen this with the help of a Kodak picture and a plant. I would be glad to hear from description. He said he was sure it was anybody who is familiar with it. My "Dmcunculus vulgaris/ ' a member of the friends ask me, "What do you want with Arum Family. So then I looked it up in such a plant?" 'Why, I wouldn't be with­ Bailey and there it was, with not only out it for anything, I consider it an heir­ a perfect description, but a picture. It is loom, and I am very fond of it. It cer­ a handsome plant, just one straight shoot tainly is a curiosity, if nothing else, and out of the ground, about two feet tall, it is a handsome plant and flower.-IsA­ with a mottled surface like a snake skin. BEL B. BUSBEE, Raleigh, North Carolina. It has large deeply cut leaves, the lobes of which come off a curved base and the whole leaf extends on a small stalk from the main stalk made up of enfolded leaf Pittosporum glabratum bases, from the center of which comes Among the many gibes at landscape the flower. On a well developed corm plantings in the South, are those that the flower is from twel ve to fifteen have to do with the ubiquitous Pitto­ ~nches long, perhaps as much as eighteen sporum tobira which is used with a mo­ mches. It has the shape of a calla lily, a notony that is not unlike that of the deep purplish maroon, wi th a large black Japanese barberry or Van Houtte's spirea tongue in the middle, in other parts of the world, Since the The chief thing about the Dragon genus is fairly large and more species are Tongue is its odor. For the first 24 hours used in California, it has been a puzzle after it opens, you would swear there is to know why other species have not been a dead rat close by, I have seen buzzards tried in the South, or of their failure if alight on the fence above where it was they have been studied. Just as many growing, but they could never find what viburnums have only minor beauty, ~hey thought they were looking for. Dur­ many pittosporums are easily damned mg the first day the inside of the flower with faint praise, but memories of tall is covered with green flies. After the odor hedges of P. undulatum and specimens dissipates, the flower stays in bloom sev­ of p, eugenioides continue in the ~di­ eral days. Then it slowly withers and tor's memory, the whole plant withers and disappears, As yet, no report can be given on P. When my sisters and I were children 1lndulatum as the two plants on hand and it was growing in my grandmother's are still in pots in the cool greenhouse, garden, we loved to sit on the front but while standing outside this summer [344] OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUIVIBER 4 345

G. HAMPFLER

Dracunculus vulgaris they made excellen t growth, one flow­ The original description of P. glabm­ ered and set seed. Some visi tors from tum, which Mr. Paul Russell copied for Florida looked and shook their heads, me, reads: but offered no comments. Bushy shrub, 4 to 8 feet; leaves The same visitors and others, however, somewhat whorled, 2 to 5 inches long, were interested in the old plant of the narrowly obovate slender-pointed cu­ species named here which has been grow­ neate, margins uneven, shining green. ing more than ten years without acci­ Flowers dullish yellow, fragrant, 1;2 dent, while P. daphniphylla in a slight­ inch long, in terminal clusters of 6 to ly less favorable place died after some 10 ; flower stalk Y2 to 1 inch long, May. years of indecision. China, 1845. 346 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAlINE

Our plant, intreduced under P. I. No.. Simmondsia chinensis is an evergreen 105620, is grown frem seed sent over xerophyte with leathery, perennial from China, cellected by Albert N. Stew­ leaves. Because of its evergreen habit ard and H. C. Chee, "in a valley at 1,100 and the relatively large size of its per­ ft. altitude, near Tatsehtsuen, Yung sistent drought-resistant leaves, it is ex­ Hsien, Kwangsi Province, in Octeber ceptional among the desert plants of 1933." The collecter's note reads: "A North America where the great majority small evergreen tree about 10 feet high of woody perennials have small and eph­ with glebese capsules." emeralleaves. Its root crown is large and The species is not mentioned either in woody, bearing a number of tough stems Bailey's Cyclopedia nor Hortus II, and producing very attractive mounds of as it is enly now apparently ceming into. foliage. Like the hollies (!lex) the jojoba propagatien, that is understandable. is dioecious with plants being either Nothing has been done to. prepagate male or female. The flowers are incon­ from eur plant, which has net flewered spicuous. Female flowers lack petals and or fruited as yet, but Clarke B. Wilsen appear in solitary fashion usually at al­ tells me that he had no difficulty in reet~ ternate leafaxils. Male flowers, on the ing cuttings at his nursery near Gulfport. other hand, are more showy, being clus­ All broad-leaved evergreen shrubs and tered in pale greenish-yellow axillary trees are welceme additiens and this heads. plant with its thick bushy habit, and In nature the jojoba occurs widely in glossy green leaves that hang with seme­ the Sonoran Desert (principally around thing ef the same grace that one sees in the upper two-thirds of the Gulf of Cali­ the camp her tree, is apparently geing to fornia) and at its northern range extends be a staple item ence it is spread abeut. to central Arizona and southern Califor­ It will tolerate pruning and grews in a nia, where it is seen to best advantage in mixed shrub border clese to. the house the transition zone between the so-called so that rain from the roof falls in show­ Sonoran Desert Scrub and California ·ers at times, altheugh there is no. drain­ Chaparral. It apparently finds its best age or runeff preblem. If it can new be development in relatively frost-free areas persuaded to. flewer and fruit, it will be having ten inches or more of annual aver­ a complete success. Certainly its habit age precipitation and seems to favor will make a stunning contrast to that of coarse, well-drained alluvial soils on ·commonly grown evergreen viburnums, slopes in valleys throughout its range. euryas, cleyeras, and ligustrums!-B. Y. In general habit of growth jojoba re­ MeRRIsoN) Pass Christian) Mississippi. minds one ef the cemmon bex (Buxus sempervirens), which is a close relative in the same family (BuXAcEAE). Like box, jejoba is evergreen and its numer­ eus branching stems preduce attractive lojoba- An Overlooked Ornamental hemispherical meunds ef gray-green Shrub of the Arid Southwest foliage. Because ef the similarity ef its During the past quarter-century there grewth ferm Simmondsia might well be has been recurring interest by chemur­ used herticulturally as a seuthwestern gists in the jejeba (Simmondsia chinen­ substitute fer bex. Under normal condi­ sis), a native shrub of the arid south­ tiens ef grewth it should require little er west whose acorn-sized fruits-varieuslv no training, theugh the compact habit called bushnut, coffee-berry, goat-berry, weuld also. lend itself to judicious clip­ goat-nut, pig-nut, etc.-have been shewn ping er shearing as required to. keep the to. contain an unusual liquid wax having plant within beunds. The lew growth many potential industrial applicatiens. habit sheuld fit in well with ranch-type Apparently everleoked-as is so. eften hemes which are so. widespread in the the case with native species-is the erna­ southwest, while the dreught-resistant mental character of this plant, which nature ef the plant indicates that it -should make it a useful shrub in horti­ sheuld thrive with a minimum of wa­ culture fer southern Arizona and adja­ tering. cent parts of California, er anywhere for Although the jojeba is net yet recog­ that matter where a mild Mediterran­ nized as a potential subject for erna­ ean-type climate with wet winters and mental horticulture, specimens may be dry summers prevails. seen in a few southwest gardens. Several OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 347

W. H . HODGE

Male flower clusters and leaves of Simmondsia chinensis

fine plants are cultivated in the succu­ Franklinia alatamaha lent collection at the Huntington Gar­ den, San Marino, California. Plants I believe flowering trees are the sum­ growing under natural conditions occur ma bonum of gardening endeavor. at the Boyce Thompson Southwestern To plant a small switch, bare of leaves, Arboretum, Superior, Arizona. Jojoba and over the years endow it with the plants apparently must be grown from constant care necessary to realize its full­ seed. Since a strong taproot is soon pro­ est flowering development, requires a duced, older plants are said to be diffi­ deep devotion to the principles of gar­ cult if not impossible to transplant. dening, and in turn provides a stabiliz­ Young plants may also require some pro­ ing influence, so necessary to meet the tection from frost though it appears that, trials of modern life. once established, they are more tolerant In my life span I have marveled at the of temporary sub-freezing temperatures. abandon of Malus floribunda) so com­ -w. H. HODGE) Longwood Gardens) pletely covered with spring finery its Kennett Square) Pennsylvania. branches were obscured; stood in awe of 348 THE AMERICAN HORTlCULTURAL MAGAZINE

Magnolia campbelli's pure rose chalices Chilean guava standing stark against naked limbs; beat This evergreen shrub was one of my rhythm with the fluttering white doves favorites when I first saw it and smelled of Davidia; warmed to the glowing crim­ the strawberry-like odor of its fruit. I son lanterns of TTicuspidaTia lanceolata. decided that when and if I ever lived in Each one, and many more, have pleased a climate where it would grow I would and .repaid me for their being. have a hedge of it. Now that I do live And yet, jf I must cb"Q~se to live with in California I have a low hedge started one, I would unhesitatingly ask to be of this ornamental and useful plant. allowed the seasonal p1easure of my lvly?-tus ugni or Ugni rnolinae is a na­ Franklinia grove. To this planting of tive of Cl'i·jle and has been known since twenty trees, I am attracted every day of J.844, before the middle of the last cen­ the year. tury. Queen Victoria had a great fond­ In early spring, after a warm rain has ness for jam made from the berries and encouraged the glistening striated grey saw to it that she had a supply on hand branches to erupt in crimson pin point when it was available. growth buds, these followed by tender, In appearance it is a fairly compact bronzy green terminal leaf tufts. growing evergreen with ovate dark green Summer foliage is deep glossy green leathery leaves about % inches long,. with red midrib, providing ample cover whose upper surface is convex and at­ for sassy bluejay and sweet songed mock­ tached by a short pedicel to the branch. ing bird. The new growth is reddish in appear­ Formation of the cool green marble­ ance, while the flowers have waxy pink­ like buds begins in July. There is a fas­ ish white petals shaped to form a globose cination in the slow development of the corolla. These flowers are fragrant and buds, one nestled in the axil of each up­ are replaced in a few weeks by the equal­ permost leaf. In August the embracing ly fragrant fruit which are dull reddish guard petal relaxes its protection, and brown berries about Y2 inch in diameter. the pearly ball opens into a chastely As a hedge it can be clipped very suc­ beautiful five petaled white cup, with cessfully and kept to a moderate height, sumptuous boss of orange stamens, and probably 5 feet or more. It will grow up delicate perfume. to 8 feet but does need shaping to stay There is a constant progression of compact. these appealing three-inch blossoms star­ It will stand temperatures down to 18 0 ring the trees for many weeks, climaxed or 20 0 but probably would not stand this. in November. Then, with chill nights, over a prolonged period. Last winter and the lustrous green foliage of each tree this winter a night temperature to 230- becomes a conflagration of autumn color. caused no damage at all.-FREDERICK "V. Gold, bronze, orange, scarlet, burgundy, COE, Ross, CalifoT11ia. throwing into bold relief the snowy white flowers. It is a friendly tree, named by a Phila­ delphia Friend, John Bartram, for his Chinese Quince good friend, Benjamin Franklin. Easily our rarest and most distinguished native Chaenomeles sinensis is a small fruit flowering tree, its history is unique. tree well adapted to the deep south. The Discovered growing on the banks of dark green, finely serrate, oval leaves the Altamaha River in 1765 by Bartram, turn bright red in fall. The very large the site was last visited in 1790. Since (6" long) oblong fruit is high in pec~in that time Franklinia vanished, and has and acids, making it useful to blend with never been found growing in the wild. apples and milder fruits for jelly. It is. Legend has it that all existing trees are too hard and strong tasting for most peo­ a part of the seedling transported by ple to eat out of hand. The ft~uit is so Bartram in his saddlebags from the orig­ aromatic it is sometimes placed JO rooms. inal grove to his botanical garden in for the odor. i'hiladel phia. The tree has a picturesque crooked That John Bartram was chosen by fate growth habit and smooth bark. The to preserve this thing of beauty ·for gar­ pink flowers while not as large a~ those deners, I am thankful.-D. TODD GRESH­ of flowering quince (C. lagenana) are AM, Santa Cruz, California. attractive. OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 349

According to the 1937 Yeal'book of well known fruit. To a botanist the fam­ Agl'icultul'e the tree is hardy as far north ily is of especial interest in that the as Philadelphia. In the lower south sepals and petals of the flowers are in where many of the pome fruit varieties threes, a feature which is associated with are not adapted, the Chinese quince the monocotyledons, whereas fours and grows well. It seems little troubled by fives are commonplace in the dicotyle­ fire blight in Houston. dons. The fruits are unusual. They may In late summer when flowering consist of numerous berries in rows ap­ quinces are raggedly foliaged, the leaves pearing like threaded beads of different on Chinese quince are still neat appear­ colours or they may be aggregated to a ing and dark green. lesser or greater ex tent, this achie\'i ng its It is hard to understand why such a maximum in the edible fruits of An­ useful small tree is so little known. It nona. The flowers of one genus 11'[ ana­ should not be considered for the same dora, from Tropical Africa, are both un­ uses as flowering quince because it is an usual and beautiful and appear like entirely different type of plant. It is hanging Japanese lanterns made of yel­ typically a sturdy, single, trunked small low, red and purple lace. The flowers of tree instead of a low branched shrub. It most of the other genera are less showy, is sometimes used as an understock for many in fact dull and inconspicuous, Photinia serrulata which seems to be an pendant strips of twisted green and yel­ undeserved fate. low ribbon. But what the flowers lack in The tree has been used so little that beauty they amply repay by their fra­ much could probably be done with it. grance. Illustrations and short descri p­ Will it hybridize with common quince tions of three examples are included (Cydonia oblonga) or the other Chae­ here to whet the appetite for the bi zarre nomeles species? I don't know if that and exotic! has been done but even in its present form it is a versatile small tree. Desrnos cochinchinensis Loureiro is a Down here they grow very easily from woody climber native of South China, seed planted in the ground in winter. common in Hong Kong, with flowers -LYNN LOWREY, HOtlston, Texas. opening in June. They are exceedingly fragrant and may be recognized by smell at a distance of several yards. The scent is like that of orange blossom but more aromatic. A single flower when at its Tropical Fragrance in the most fragrant stage will fill a car with Annonaceae perfume; both the very young and the There are still people in England, and very old flowers are scentless. The pen­ doubtless also in the U.S.A., who believe dant flower, 3 inches long, consists of that East of Suez flowers have no per­ 3 small sepals and 3 plus 3 petals; it is fume. 'Whilst it is true that herbaceous solitary at' the end of a long, thin stalk flowers of the tropics are less fragrant in the axE of a leaf towards the end of than those of temperate regions, the same a short lateral shoot. Sepals and petals cannot be said of the flowers of many of are at first green when they are incon­ the trees, shrubs and woody climbers. spicu('JUs but they change t~ a cl.ear, Those who think on this will recall the light, golden yellow-often with bnght genera kno'wn to them, possibly seen red marks at the base of the petals. As only on visits to heated greenhouses, the flower fades the segments change to with flowers renowned for their fragrance a uniform rust-red colour. The fruits -Gardenia from S. China, Michelia are unusual and conspicuous. From the from India, .Jasrninurn from tropical end of the flower-stalk are produced a Asia and Africa and Plurneria from Cen­ series of carpels which radiate outwards. tral America and the West Indies now Each contains from one to se\'en seeds so widely cultivated in the tropics. I about the size of a pea and in between wonder how many will think of the AN­ each seed there is a constriction. At first NONACEAE in this connection. This fam­ these fruits are green but in the autumn ily is best known for its edible fruits and months they change from green to yel­ species of Armona and Rollinia are cul­ low, from yellow to orange and red and tivated through the tropics and subtrop­ finally from red to deep purple or al­ ics yielding the cherimya, soursop, bul­ most black. These yellow and red and lock's heart, custard apple and other less red and purple clusters of fruit are very 350 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

WATER COLOR DRAWI NG-G. A. C. HERKLOTS Desmos cochinchinensis noticeable during the early winter and thicker, waxy in appearance, at first months. The fruits are ripe in December. green becoming pale yellow. As the spe­ Artabotl'YS odoratissimus R. Brown is cific name implies the flowers are ex­ a large woody climber native of S. E. ceedingly fragrant. In the northern Asia and frequently cultivated by the tropics it flowers from May to July. Chinese in their gardens and near their Al·tabotTYs is from the Greek and means temples in S. China. It is also cultivated "suspended grapes" in reference to the in other parts of the tropics as for ex­ fruits. They differ from those of Desmos _ample in Jamaica. The flower, I Y2 in the carpels being shorter, thicker and inches long, is similar in form to that of fewer seeded but they are still free from Desmos but the six petals are shorter one another, not fused as in Annona. OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 4 35 1

I ~ RAW J NG BY G. A. C. H ERK LOTS Artabotrys odoratissimus

The bright yellow pulp around the large tree, with its drooping branches ending seeds is just edible. A peculiar and inter­ in dangling tips weighted down with the esting feature of this climbing plant is pendant flowers and dark green chang­ the way it holds on to its supports. The ing to black fruits, is very easily recog­ flowers are borne one, two, three, or even nized. Each flower is from 3 to 4 inches four on short curved, hook-like inflores­ long with six twisted, ribbon-like petals, cences " 'hich appear to terminate the as in D esmos, at first green turning light short, lateral branches. These hooks yellow and, when mature, is exceedingly swell and become woody after each has If encircled a stem of the same plant or a fragrant. one is carried loosely in the twig of the tree up which the climber hand for a few minutes the fragrant oil, is grm\·ing. emanating from the flower as a result of Con(l llgillm odm-alum Baill. is a large the warmth, penetrates the skin and tree, often attaining 100 feet, but more causes the hand to become and remain frequently half this height, and is a na­ fragrant for hours. There are two pro­ tive of S. E. Asia from Burma through longed flowering seasons each year so the the ?lI alay Archipelago to New Guinea tree is more often in flower than not. and X Queensland in Australia. It is There is a dwarf variety from Thailand perhap most commonly associated with which remains a bush flowering freely at the Philippine Islands where it is culti­ 3 feet; the flowers have very curly petals. vated expressly for its flowers from which This shrub is quite suitable for cultiva­ an oil is distilled and made into scent. tion in hot houses in temperate coun­ The oil is called ylang-ylang oil and is tries. Canangium is from the Malay one of the ingredients of Macassar-oil. Kenanga. Ylang-ylang is a Philippine The flowers are produced in great abun­ word meaning fluttering, with reference dance in clusters in the axils of the to the flowers.-G. A. C. HERKLOTS, Kath­ leaves on the older part of the twigs. The mandll, N etJal. 352 THE A1VIERICAN HORTICULTURAL lvIAGAZINE

Zephyranthes smalli in of approximately 8,300 feet above the North Carolina sea. Because of this exceptional-for Nicaragua-elevation, one encounters on 1\11r. Morrison wants to know how the upper slop~s of El. Picach? a most many flushes of bloom there are. ~n exuberantly vaned and InterestIng forest Zephymnthes (or CoopeTia) smallz In flora, one of the most unique in this part one season. I am sorry to say that I have of Central America. not made a note of them, in spi te of the fact that my two little bulbs are planted Our ascent of this fascinating moun­ right outside my studio window. When­ tain was greatly facilitated by the fa~t that not too long before, a group of engI­ ever I look up from my work and see neers from the United States had done that scrap of yellow, all I would have to some surveying work from the summit, do would be to draw their card from my and had, during their operations, broad­ file and make a note. I know there are ened and cleared the principal trail lead­ thr~e flushes, and I rather think there ing up from the base. Despite this, how­ are four or maybe five. The first two ever, upon entering the weird "moss for­ flowers, they are usually in pairs, gen­ est" which covers the uppermost parts erally appear about the middle of Au­ of the peak, it seemed that for every step gust, but once they came in mid-July. forward we made on the saturated, moss­ There is one in bloom today, the fifth covered path, we took two lurching steps of October. backward. I read about this amaryllid in Her­ bertia 1953. Fred Jones wrote that he I shall not at this time burden my was driving along in southern Texas one readers with explicit detai~s of all .the marvelous wealth of bromehads, orchIds, afternoon in July about two-thirty, and and other epiphytic growths we encour;t­ saw some rain lilies just opening, and tered as we worked our way up thIS one of them proved to be Z. smalli. The mountain; my purpose just now is to .in­ next spring I found it on Wyndham troduce to you one of the bromels "vhl~h Hayward's list and it has bloomed in my we discovered on El Picacho, a speCIes garden ever siNce, delighting me by its which ranks, in my opinior;t, with. t~e habit of beginning to open punctually very finest in the entire famIl1'! ThIS IS at two-thirty. You can almost tell time VTiesea montana, illustrated In the ac­ by it. The color of the flowers is near companying figure; this is apparently t?e Ridgway's Amber Yellow, with a red­ first photographic record of ~he speCIes dish flush on the b ack of the petals. ever to be published. The dIscovery of They are practically scentless, and their this bromel represents yet another new stems are tall, eight to twelve inches, record of a plant of the BROMELI:~CEAE for their diameter, about an inch and for the Republic of Nicaragua, tillS spe­ one-haH. The lax, rat-tail leaves are cies previously being known only from a little longer than the stems. Though Honduras and Guatemala. there are lots of seed, I have never had VTiesea montana is not a p articularly any seedlings; the original bulbs do old species, having first been describ.ed not seem to have multiplied much.­ in 1938 by our contemporary a ~thonty ELIZABETH LAWRENCE, ChaTlotte, N. C. on this family, Dr. Lyman B. Smith, un­ der the name of Thecophyllum mon­ tanum. The type specimen was found in Honduras' Department of Comayagua. It was transferred to Vl-iesea in 1953, by Smi th and Pi ttendrigh. A Fabulous Bromeliad The first specimen of this extraordi­ During my most recent botanizing trip narily attractive VTiesea which I encoun­ to Nicaragua-at the end of 1959, and tered on EI Picacho grew on a mossy the beginning of 1960-1 was privileged, li ana by the trailside, almost hidden by through the courtesy of my good and the graceful yet eerie dripping tes toons learned friend, Don Leo F. Salazar, of of the mosses and beard-like li chens Santa Maria de Ostuma, near Matagalpa, which hung on every available inch .0£ to make an ascent of one of the Repub­ space. I had stepped off the path t.o in­ lic's highest mountains, El Picacho. spect more cl~sely ':l splendid specIlneI?­ This peak overlooks the city of Mata­ of the odd epIphytIC viney shrub, Thz­ galpa, and is reputed to attain a height baudia, of the Heather Family rEf\ICA- OCTOBER 1961, VOLUME 410, NUMBER 4 353

Y riesea montana (shown in the lower right, with two large plants of an unidentified bromeliad, on summit of El Picacho, Nicmagua)

ALEX D. HAWKES

CEAE], ·with masses of intricate waxen, ter, please note, as is generally charac­ blush-pink and scarlet flowers. teristic of bromeliads. This lateral flow­ A flash of lacquered blood-red so vivid ering-habi t is typical of the species, inso­ it made me think of a parrot drew my far as I have noted it, and does not seem attention to the bromeliad's rosette. to have been previously mentioned in Carefully I stripped away some of the the Ii terature. chilly, sponge-like mosses which envel­ The extreme summit of El Picacho, oped the plant, and felt a thrill run as I have mentioned, is relatively flat. through me that had nothing to do with Considerable clearing had taken place the cool temperature of this highland here, though a few gigantic trees still re­ forest! mained where they had been felled, This bromeliad measured upwards of though they were largely stripped of eight inches in diameter, with a consid­ their branches. On everyone of these erable number of broad, very glossy limbs, on the trunks themselves, and on lea,:es placed close together in a very the rock outcroppings of the peak sat graceful, somewhat ascending rosette. In literally thousands of bromeliads! The color they were basically a lustrous principal species was a large and very green-almost a lime-green hue-with a attractive plant as yet unidentified (see fantastically complex system of trans­ illustration) a massive, dense, crateri­ verse, irregular lines and hieroglyphs form rosette often three feet across, yet (shaped much like those found on the only a foot or so high, made up of nu­ popular Brazilian Vriesea hieroglyphica, merous broad, solidly pale-green leaves. in fact) of this marvelous rich blood-red And scattered among these "unknowns" -which had first caused me to take notice were dozens and dozens of my lovely of the plant. The leaf-sheaths (or leaf­ Vriesea montana, often growing so close­ bases) were found to be solidly of this ly packed against one another on a sin­ red shade, heavily lacquered, when I gle branch that I could scarcely distin­ pulled down a couple of the older leaves. guish the host's bark. (Smi th, in his description of this species, Because of their sudden and total ex­ -states that the leaves are "transversely posure to the tropical sun-due to the marked with broad purple wavy bands," cutting down of the trees and removal but the Nicaraguan specimens all boast of all normal shade-in many instances this glorious blood-red color instead.) almost all of the ordinary green colora­ This was evidently a mature specimen tion of the foliage had changed to a dull 'of Vriesea montana, since the stubby rem­ red hue, against which the cross-mark­ nants of a flower-spike protruded from ings stood out Wit11 startling and spectac­ one side of the rosette-not from its cen- ular clarity. A few of these bromels still 354 THE A~ IERIC AN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE bore the remains of old inflorescences, slender erect habit of tragrans with much with their stout, mahogany-red scapes better branching. It responds well to and small but dense, rather nondescript pruning, and some pruning is advisable flower-clusters, surrounded by sizeable to induce even more branching. The roundish bracts. serrations on the leaf margins are more Since many of these Vrieseas already like those of to'rt1.tn ei than those of ilici­ showed signs of dying through over-ex­ tolius, and the flowering, while like that posure, I gathered quite a few of them­ of tmgmns, is much more abundant. and though our collecting-bags. were a lre~dy comes in one splendid mass in late Octo­ packed to the brim with botal1lcal ber, lasting into November, rather than "goodies" found during the ascent of ~he in the intermittent burgeoning of tm­ mountain-and took them back with gmns. The scent is delightful, and per­ me. I brought in five of these specimens vasive, like that of twgrans, and yet un­ when I returned to Florida, but because like it. The writer has not flowered ilici­ of the severe fumigation they received tolius here and so can make no compari­ upon their arrival here, not one of them son and memory provides no thing, as survived. ilicitolius blooms so late in the year in VTi esea montana is, unfortunately, one "Washington, D. c., that no fragrance of the very numerous kinds of bromeli­ was noted, and it cannot be compared aceous plants which will never, I fear, to that of the native O. arnerica'l7LlS which become a frequent inhabitant of our col­ flowers once a year, late winter, en masse, lections. It inhabits, insofar as I know, but only in such years as it may please. only very restricted areas at high ele~a­ It too has a delightful scent, suggesting tions (usually on the extreme summits the fruit of lemons, not their blooms. of mountains), and grows under highly Whether or not its behavior here is specialized conditions which are almost typical cannot be stated, but all of the impossible to emulate in cultivation. plants grown here have not flo1l'ered un­ The combination of such integral fac­ til they had made a considerable growth, tors as consistently chilly temperatures up to eight or ten feet in height. Since (even though the sun is fiercely hot), ex­ then blooming has been annual; no fruit cessively high humidity, copious rain and has set. nocturnal dews during the dry season, As yet there are no plants here of: and quantities of fresh, free-moving air, a1'matus, aUTantiacus, tOTtunei or Se1Tll­ can never be accurately reproduced arti­ latus, but a new plant of what used to fici ally. be O. dela vayi, now removed to its own It seems possible, though, that for genus, Siphonosmanthus delavayi ap­ those plantsmen fortunate enough to pears to thrive, has flowered sparingly own an a ir-conditioned greenhouse such after its move, and will make an exce l­ as that specially designed for housing lent addition, as its habit is more spread­ "alpine" epiphytic orchids, such as ing and the leaf characters as distinct odontoglossums, cochliodas, and milton· from its one time fellows as are the ias, might conceivably enjoy some suc­ blooms.-B. Y. MORRISON, Pass Christ­ cess with this glorious Central American tian, lVlississippi. VTi esea 'montana, and the others of its alliance which occur in this fabulous part of the world. Perhaps at some fu­ Habranthus ture date, we can again attempt the in­ troduction of our "parrot-colored" beau­ I was interested in what Mr. Morri­ ty from the high mossy mountain-tops of son wrote about H abranthus. He said Nicaragua, and hope for better luck next that Habmnthus bmchyandnls does not time.-ALEx D. HAWKES, Coconut Grove, like his soil or climate; yet it comes from Florida . southern Brazil, and you might think it would prefer the Gulf Coast to my gar­ den and Canon Ellacombe's. "I h ave rather a nice thing in flower now-H ip­ peastrv,m b1·ach)landnLm. Do you know Osmanthus "San Jose" it?" the Canon asked Mr. Bartholomew, This hybrid O. ilicitolius X O. tm­ in a letter dated November 14th. "I ad­ g1'ans, apparently the reverse cross from vise you to get it. Mine came from some that of O. tortunei, makes an excellent out-of-the-way garden in Berkshire, so tall evergreen shrub, that carries the yo u will have no difficulty." OCTOBER 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUl'vIBER 4 355

1 have no clue as to the year this letter daintier and pinkish lavender. It came was written, but it must have been about into bloom on the nineteenth of Novem­ the turn of the century, as Habmnthw ber, and on the twenty-eighth she wrote b1'a chyandTUs was not in culture in Eng­ that it was still fresh though there had land before 1890, and the Canon died in been temperatures down to 25 degrees 1916. I would dearly love to know more F. for four nights, and the Sasanquas had about the performance of this still rath­ been nipped. She said I had sent the er uncommon amaryllid in the garden bulb to her, but without a label. Ne1'ine at Bitton Vicarage, but there is no com­ undulata is the only bulb of that de­ ment on it in either of the Canon's scription that I know of that blooms in books. November, but I have no recollection of In North Carolina H . bmchyandnls having sent it, and certainly wouldn't has never bloomed in November, but re­ have expected it to survive, much less to cently it has taken up flowering in Octo­ bloom, in Mrs. Sheets' garden, which is ber. These late blooms are much the much colder than mine, for it is uncer­ loveliest, as they open wider and last tain and short-lived here. But it is just longer than those that bloom in the hot like a member of the Amaryllis fanlily weather. I have grown it, in Raleigh to hop up and bloom when you least and in Charlotte, for twenty years or expect it.-ELIZABETH LAWRENCE, Cha1'­ more, and have found it the most stead­ lotte, North CaTOlina. fast of its family, though it is slow of in­ crease. Occasionally it blooms in June, and usually there are flushes in July, August and September. Yet it is recom­ Xanthoceras sorbifolium, a rare mended only for the Far South. shrub of merit Habmnthus 1'obustus, which is con­ I have been praising Xanthoceras S01'­ sidered much hardier, bloomed faith­ bifolium as a shrub of merit since my fully in Raleigh, but suddenly disap­ first acquaintance with it in the Missouri peared from my Charlotte garden after Botanical Garden where I first saw it in it had become well established. Once it flower nearly twenty years ago. But out­ bloomed in May, and at times there were side of a few gardens such as this, most no flowers before July, but more in Sep­ people have never seen the plant or even tember. Usually there were flushes in know of its existence. Nurserymen con­ June, July, and August. tinue to neglect it, possibly because the Plants from Chile are not apt to take plant is not easy to strike from stem cut­ to North Carolina, but the Ox-blood tings, and it is not a heavy seed producer, Lily, which came to me as Habmnthus although two young plants in my own minifltus, and is now (by some) called garden were grown from seed. The Rhodophia la bifida, blooms profusely quickest method of propagation known and multiplies almost alarmingly. Dr. to me is by layering or root cuttings. Traub suggested that I try Habmnthus Xanthocems comes from northern bagnoldiana (R. chilensis), which I did China and is described as a small decidu­ without success. Another bulb was ous tree. In gardens it seldom attains planted a year ago last March, and now more than eight to ten feet in height. It there are some slender leaves, twelve develops into a neatly tailored shrub inches long and an eighth of an inch ideally sui ted for the small garden. It is wide, lying flat on the ground beside the long-lived. The plant belongs to the large label. But they look suspiciously like Soapberry Family which includes the those of a nearby Nothoscordum that well-known and much-appreciated Gold­ Miss Willie May Kell sent me from en-rain-tree, Koel1'eutej-ia paniculata. In Texas. April, the pure white flowers with a gold­ I have a theory that amaryllids in gen­ en-yellow eye are produced in panicles eral don't care much whether they are six to ten inches long as the new leaves wet or dry (within reason) or in sun or are unfurling. The flower panicles are shadow, but that they have some private remindful of horsechestnut, to which it reason for blooming or not blooming. is not too distantly related. The large, This fall Mrs. Sheets wrote that she had smooth capsules borne in clusters resem­ in bloom in her garden in Reidsville, ble those of the same plant. Only the North Carolina, a bulb with a flower flowers of the terminal racemes are fer­ like those of Lycoj-is mdiata, bu t smaller, tile and seed bearing. The smooth black 356 THE AMERICAN HOR T1CULTURAL MAGAZINE seeds are the size of small marbles. The flower well. Full sunlight is an impor­ pinnately divided leaves, five to eight tant cultural requirement for best flow­ inches long, retain their lustrous sheen ering of bougainvilleas indoors. throughout the summer, a feature which All long shoots of the previous year further recommends this shrub. should be pruned off as in other vines The cultural requirements of Xantho­ and all weak shoots removed, leaving cems are of the simplest. It should only strong wood. be grown in full sun for best flowering . A satisfactory planting medium con­ and preferably in well-drained soil. It Sl~ts of 3 parts turf loam, I part leaf-soil, will wi thstand zero temperatures, ex­ with a copious amount of sharp sand. treme heat, and drought. As suggested The heavier the loam the greater the above, the plant may be propagated by amount of sand needed. Fertilizers seeds or by layering, from root-cuttings should be added only in liquid form taken in February and brought into a after the plants are in growth_ To pro­ warm room or greenhouse to force into mote flowering, the ni trogen content growth the adventitious buds. The young should be minimized in favor of a rela­ plants are ready to set out after ninety tively higher percentage of phosphorus. days into the garden or nursery. In my BoulSainvilleas a:e easily propagated by own experience, young plants grown from cuttIngs of half-npened wood under mist root cuttings were no more difficult than in midsummer. These plants may be used other material propagated in this man­ for summer bedding in warmer areas.­ ner, such as Aesculus parvifloTa, a plant FREDERICK G. MEYER, New Cmps Re­ often propagated from root cuttings. By search Bmnch, Plant Industry Station, the layering method, young plants Beltsville, Maryland. should start to flower in about five years. Only two or three nurseries are listed in A Hybrid Victoria the Plant Buyers Guide as sources of Xanthocems in this country.-FREDERICK During the summer of 1960 Mr. Pat­ G. MEYER, New Crops R esearch Branch, rick Nutt, who is in charge of the water­ Plan tIll cl ust?')' S ta tion, B eltsvi lie, NI a ry­ lilies at Longwood Gardens, pollinated la nd. Victoria cruziana with pollen from V. amazonica and obtained seed. One plant from this seed has been growing in the Indoor Culture of Bougainvilleas pools at Longwood this summer along Bougainvilleas may be grown in pots with a plant of each of the parents. It or be planted out in the corner of a is clearly intermediate, but also displays greenhouse or conservatory. In a green­ a remarkable degree of hybrid vigor house, the best plan is to allow the plants which promises to make it far superior to scramble freely along the roof or along to the parents for display purposes. The the upper part of a back wall, where leaves grow much more rapidly and they will flower from April to November, reach a larger size. Even by August 1st, producin g flowers on new growth. Plants leaves had attained the diameter of 6 should never be shaded by other tall feet 5 inches, whereas the greatest leaf shrubs growing in the greenhouse. Bou­ di ameter preYiously obtained here by gainvilleas when grown in pots are start­ V. amazonica, the larger of the parents, ed into growth in brisk heat after being was 5 feet 3 inches in September of 1960. kept dormant in a cool place of about The flower also is larger and opens 50°F. from about December until March. earlier in the evening. Bougainvillea glabra 'Sanderiana' will Longwood Gardens expects to give flower successfully with a night temper­ this hybrid a cultivar name, 'Longwood'. ature of 60 °F., but B. spectabil£s 'Crim­ This will be done after the current grow­ son Lake' and other cultivars of this spe­ ing season when all the records are in.­ cies reg uire relatively high night tem­ D. G. H UTILESTON, Longwood Gardens, peratures of the upper 60's and 70's to Kennett Square, Pennsylvania_ VOLUME FORTY

196 1

WASHINGTON , D . C. © COPYRIGHT

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC., 1961 Index To Volume 40 llluslmtion ?'efe'fences a?-e set zn italics

A lacinia t um, 318 A xonopus sp" 204 A book or two, 226,281,341 IOTbe?'gi, 318 Azalea Sh innyo- no-tsuki in Abies pindrow X A , pinsapo, schwedleTi, 316 northeastern Alabama, 230 276 Stollii, 316 Te ligiosa, 293 undulatwn, 318 B X vosconcellosiona, 276 vaTiegatum, 316 Bamboo, a unique ornarnental, A bTUS precalO1'ius, 329, 330 TUbnun, 303, 305, 306 334 Acacia armata, 27 1 sacchm'i17um, 303,304, 306,318 Bam boo "ars" 334-340, 334, 336, dealbala, 262, 276 saccharum, 303, 304, 306, 308, 337, 338 st?'icta, 276 309, 311 , 314 Bambusa hele1'Ocycia, 340 A W', 303-318, 313 111onumentale, 306 Banksia integritolia, 276 a?'gutum, 304,3 11 spicatum, 314 Barry, J r., David: bm'batum tataTicum, 306 Palms for house and green­ floTidanum, 310,311 tegmentosum, 306 house, 166 barbinerve, 306 triflorum, 306 Begonia maxima, 273 buergeTionum, 306 Ischonositii, 306 paulensis, 267 compestre, 305, 311 Achimenes grandifloTa., 257 Bellingra th camellia garden, 236 aus/1'iacum, 311 lanata, 257 Be'rbeTis juliane, 259 compactum, 311 longiflora, 257 Betula, 333 postelense, 311 Adenanthem pavonina, 330, 332 Bidens, 333 capillipes, 306 Aesculus hippocastanum, 253, 257 Bignoniaceae, 333 cappadocicum, 306, 309, 310 parviflora, 356 Book reviews, 226, 28 1, 341 aUTeum, 309 Agathis robusta, 275, 276 Botanica l gardens, parks, and rubrum, 306, 309 Agrimonia, 333 nurseries in Spain and Portu­ tricoudotum, 309 Agrostis, 20 1 gal, 250 carpinifoliurn, 305, 306, 311 alba, 203 B ougainvi Ilea cissitoliwn, 304, 306 1Jalust?'is, 199, 201 Betty H endry, 320, 323 davidii, 305, 310 Penncross, 20 1 culture, 319 ginn ala, 305, 306, 307, 307 Seaside, 201 glabul, 319 Durand Dwarf, 307 tenuis, 20 1 Crimson Lake,322, 323, 356 griseum, 305, 306 Astoria, 203 Sanderiana, 323 , 356 grosseri Colon ia l, 203 parviflora, 321, 323 heTSii, 306 Highland,203 spectabilis, 319, 323 macaTOphytium, 304, 308, 318 New Zealand, 203 spp., 322 Seattle Sentinel, 308 Alocasia macrorhiza va rieties, 323, 324 mandschuricum, 304, 306 v01'iegata, 254,255 Brassicaceae, 329 miyabei, 305, 306 1J01'tei, 254, 255 B romeiiaceae, 352 neg-undo, 305, 309 A Isophila australis, 295 Bromeliad, a fabulous, 352 Arizona, 309 cooperi, 295, 296, 297 Bryan, L. W,: Inland, 309 Amaryllis, for hardiness, Palms for H awa ii , 182 New Califo rnia, 309 grow yo ur own, 235 Buddleia, 259 Texas, 309 Q ueen Superiora, 235 Busbee, Isabel: violaceum A nacardium occidentale, 332 Dragon tongue, 344 Curleyleaf, 309 Annona, 349, 350 Butia capita la, 23 1 Goldedge, 309 Annonaceae, tropical fragrance BllXUS, 253, 264, 268, 269, 270, Goldspot, 309 in the, 349 344 New Cali fo rnia, 309 Anthu1'ium andreanwn, 294 Silverleaf, 309 digitatum, 269 c Ye]] owleaf, 309 warocqueamun, 293, 293, 294 Cabbage, 325 nigTUm, 304, 309 Apocynaceae, 333 Caesal1Jinia bonducel/a, 330, 332 n ikoense, 305, 314, 315 Apollonias canariensis, 269 Caladium, 293 oblongwn, 310 Aquilegia jonesii, rare m iniature California redwood, 233, 259, 292 1Jalmatum, 303, 305, 312, 312, columbine, 229 California, palms for, 177 313, 314 Araucaria araucana, 332 Callistemon, 224 at'ropurpurewn, 313 bidwillii, 269, 275 Callitris cllpressitormis, 276 dissectum, 313 excelsa, 269, 275 tasmanica, 276 ornatum, 313 heteTophylla, 276 Camellia tratema, 289 platonoides, 303, 304, 309, 314, montana, 276 jatJonica, 236, 262, 265, 265, 315, 316, 316, 317, 318, 318 A raujia se'ricite1'a, 255 267, 269, 289 Almira, 318 A1'butus u nedo fruit, I eat one, Arejishi, 236 aUTeomarginatum, 316, 318 292 Augusto Leal Gouveia Charles F, Irish , 318 Archonto1Jhoenix alexandrae Pin to, 267 Cleveland, 317, 318 beatricae, 274 Camurca, 267 columna're, 318 CtI nninghamiana, 276 cultivars, 264 Crimson King, 316 A recastrum 1'omanzo[fianum, 269 Daikaguras, 236 Drummondi, 316 Arranging palms, 170 Dona Herzilia de Frelas erectum, 318, 318 Arlabolrys odomtissim us, 350, Magalhaes, 267 Faassen's Black, 316 351 Dona J ane Andresen, 267 Goldsworth P urple, 316 Ascelpiadaceae, 333 Dr. Ballazar de Melo, 2G7 [359] Duarte de Oliveira, 267 Convolvullis ma1l1'Uanicus, 253 Ericaceae, 333, 352 :\Iathotiana, 262 Cooperia smaili, 352 Erodium cicutarium, 333 Portuellse, 265 Corn, Cuzco, 328 Er)'thaea armata, 269, 274 Prillceza R eal, 267 Comus capitata, 276 Erythrina corallodendTon, 272 Prof. Sargent, 236 Cover illustrations: Eucalyptus caloph),lla, 332 R ai nha Santa Isabel, 265 Back: ficifolia, 267 Saudade de Martins Branco, Phoenix dactyli/em, j an, globuills, 262 265 Sa?Tacenia flava, A P"il maculata citriodora, 269 var, September Morn, 236 Ceropegia woodi, j u ly X Little Princess, 288", 288, Franklinia a.ltamaha, Oct, F 289 Front: Fagus sylvatica, 262 ,'eticLllata Veitchia merrillii, j an. Tortuosa, 271 Ca ptain Rall'es, 262, 267 Passifio"a alato-caerulea, F atsia jajJonica, hardiness of, 234 sasanqLla April Fes tuca, 208, 209 Baronesa de Soutelinho, GaTdenia jasminoides, j uly arunclinacea, 203 , 205 265 Seeds from Seed Collection, Alta, 203 Fortune's Yellow, 265 V .S.D A , Oct. Goars, 203 ] a une, 265 Creech, J ohn L. and R obert E. elatjoT, 203 Call1jJantila americana, 277 Perdue, Jr.: ovina, 203 anciJ usiflora, 277 A unique ornamental bamboo, ,'ubra, 200, 201 , 202, 203, 205 one/reU'sii, 277, 279 279 334 Chewings, 201 barbata, 277 Crinum giganteum, 273 IlIahee, 201 celsii, 277 Cryptomeria japonica, 276 Pennlawn, 201 j ormanekiana, 277, 279 Cucurbitaceae, 329 Rainier, 201 i nctl rva, 279, 280 Cultivated Palms, 1-189 Ficus magnolioides, 268, 268 leutweinii, 280 Cupresslls lusitanica, 269, 271 Flaxman, Lois: longistyla, 280 Pendula, 272 Lycoris in Shreveport, 234 ll1irabilis, 277, 278, 280 semperoi?'ens, 253 florida, palms for northern and jJatu la , 280 Cyat hea, 269, 2'73, 276 central, 175 jJelia, 277 , 280 Cycas revolu ta, 268 Flower arranging, 170 ?'eiSeTi, 280 C)l11odon dac ty lon, 199, 200, 202, Forsythia, 259 ?"tltJes tris, 277, 280 203, 204, 205, 208, 209 Arnold Dwarf, 192, 196, 197 sartori, 280 Cytislls multifioTus, 253, 262, 265 Arnold Giant, 192, 196, 197 Campanulas, biennial, 277 Beatrix Farrand, f-191 , 192, Campsis X tagliabuana, D 193, 196, 197 i\Ime, Galen, 255 Dacrydium cupressinum, 276 ettTOpaea, 191, 192, 193, 194, Canada hemlock, 292 Daffodils, 210-220 197 Canangitll71 odm'atum, t-303, 35 1 Dahlia, 257 giraldiana, 192, 193, 197 Canavalia gladiata, 332 Dahoon holly, 229 intennedia, 191 , 192, 193, 194, CQ1'jJObrotus, 253 Darden, Mrs. Richard N ,: 197 Carya catiJayensis, 243 Concerning tazettas, 294 Aurea, 193 Ca tli01JiJy ll ti m tha. /i ctmides, 329 Davidia, 348 Densifiora, 191, 193, 197 Ceiba, 333 De Leon, Nat J ,: Mertensiana, 193 Cellis allstralis, 257, 258 Viability of palm seeds, 131 Nana, 192, 193, 197 Centrololi Ll m jJa raense, 333 Desmodium, 333 Ces t rum /ascicu latum, 274 Desmos cochinchinensis, 349, 350 Primulina, 191, 193 , 196 , 197 Cenis si liq uastrll1n, 267 350, 35 1 Spectabilis, 191, 193 , 196, 197 CerolJegia woodi, j uly back cove?' Dickey, R. D.: Vitellina, 191, 193, 197 Cist,tl s ladini/olius, 215 Palms for northern and cen ­ japonica, 191, 194, 197 Citrus a II ran tiwn, 259 tral Florida, 175 saxatilis, 192, 194, 197 Chael10meles lagenaria, 348 Dicksonia antarctica, 267, 269, Karl Sax, 192, 195, 196 sinensis, 348, 349 273, 276 Lyn wood Gold, 192, 193, 196, Chall7a edorea, 273 Diffenbachia, 293 197 ChamaerojJs, 23 1 Dimorphandra megistosjJe1"lna, Nyman's Variety, 196 hl.lll1ilis, 257 329 ova,ta, 191, 192, 193 , 194, 196, ChenolJoditlm, 255 Dioscorea, 333 197 album, 332 DiospY'ros texana, 290, 29 1 Robusta, 194 Chrismon, i\Irs, J. Robert: virginiana, 257, 291 Spring Glory, 192, 196 , 197 Get acquainteci with Si lenes, Diplothemium arenarium, 276 sllspensa, 191, 192 , 193, 194, 23 1 Dodonaea hexandra, 332 197 Chrysophyllum imlJeTiale, 273 Dombe)'a bW'gessiae, 272 at?'oCClulis, 191, 194, 196, 197 Clet/na arborea, 276 Double coconut, 325, 326 Decipiens, 191 , 194, 197 brasiliensis, 276 Douglas- fir, 293 tortunei, 191 , 194, 197 Cliloria, 333 Dmcaena draco, 269, 270 nana, 193 Cilisia rosea, 299 DracunCtlllis vulgaris, 344, 345 Pallida, 194, 197 Cl1eOrll111 lricoccon, 255 Dragon tongue, 344 Coch lospermaceae, 332 pllbescens, 194 Coco de :VI er, 325, 326 E sieboldi, 191, 194, 197 Cocos (Iu stralis, 23 1 EleutheTopetalum sato )"ii Variegata, 194 Coe, Frederick \'V,: conte,·tum, 274 viriclissima, 191, 192, 193, 194 , Chilea n guava, 348 EpijJremum gigantettm, 273 197 Coix 111(/ yl1l a-jobi, 330 Eremochloa ophili To ides, 200, Bronxensis, 192, 196, 197 Cola nitida, 332 203, 204, 206 /wreana, 191, 194, 197 Columbine, rare miniature, 229 Erica australis, 262 Forsythias, 190 Conifer" experiment 1I'''!1. two, lusitanica, 262 Fragrance, tropical, in the in Alabama, 292 u m bellata, 262 Annonaceae, 349 (360) Franklinia alatamaha, 233, 347, Canada, 203 belmo?"eana, 276 348, Oct. back cover KentUCky, 200, 20 1, 202,202, fO?"ste?'iana, 276 Fraxinus, 333 203 Hui-Lin, Li: excelsioT, 259 Rough, 203, 208 Ginkgo-the maidenhair tree, Wood, 203 238 G Buffalo, 204 Huttleston, D. G.: Galle, Fred C.: Bunch, 200, 203 A hybrid Victoria, 3:;6 Rhododendron p·runilolium, Carpet, 204 Hydmngea macroph)llIa 235 Centipede, 200, 203 , 204, 206 Hortensia, 269 Ga.Tcinia livingstonei, 299 Crab, 204, 209 mangostana, 299 Fescue, 208, 209 I spicata, 299 Meadow, 203 !lex cassine, 229 tinctoria, 299 R ed, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205 angustifolia, 229 Ga'rdenia, 349 Sheep's, 203 cO'rnul,a, 229 (loTida, 291 Tall, 203, 205 crenata, 229 fo? ·tuniana, 291 Grammas, 204 decidua, 229 jasminoides, july I?'ont cover, Hay, 200, 205 opaca, 229 289, 291 Love, 204 vomitoTia, 229 ?"adicans, 291 Orchard, 205 Index of palm names, 185 Gardens, botanical, etc. Rye, 198 205 Indigofera, 332 Ajuda, 269,270, 270, 271 Italian, 203 Indoor culture of Bougainvilleas, Aranjuez, 259, 260 Annual, 203 356 Arif, 253 Domestic, 203 ItJomoea, 333 Barcelona, 256, 256 Perennial, 203 J Bourguignon, 257 St. Augustine, 200,204 Jacobs, Maud R.: Bussaco, 269 Turf, 199, 200, 203 Lycoris squamige?'a and lime, Wheat, 204 Coimbra, 261, 262, 267, 268, 231 268 Zoysia, 200, 202, 203, 204, 209 jasminum, 349 Greene, M. B.: Colonial, Lisbon, 273, 274, 274 J ob's tears, 328 Companhia Horticola, 263, Bellingrath camellia garden, J ojoba-an overlooked ornamen­ 264, 265 236 tal shrub of the arid south­ Gresham, D. Todd: Estufa Fria, 262, 273 west, 346 Edward VII Park, 262 Franklinia alatamaha, 347 j ubaea spectabilis, 269 Generalife, 250, 253 Grevillea Tobusta, 258, 271, 276 j unclls, 333 La Granja, 251 Guava, Chinean, 348 j unitJe?'us chinensis, 259 Madrid, 257, 258 GunneTCI sp., 276 vi?'giniana, 259 Malaga Park, 253 H Marimurta, 255, 255 Habmnthus bagnoldiana, 355 K Monserrate, 275, 275 bmchyandrus, 354, 355 Kalanchoe faustii, 255 Montjuich Park, 253, 256 miniatus, 355 Kiem, Stanlely C.: Morrish, 251, 253 ?'obustus, 355 Propagation of palms, 133 Moreira da Silva, 267 Hankele, Ethel R.: Kiner, Nolan "V:. Oporto, 262, 264 Tree peonies from seed, 230 Palms for California, 177 Pena, 276 Hawaii, palms for, 182 Knapp, Douglas: Pinya de Rosa, 251 252, 252, Hawkes, Alex D.: Fertilization requirements (of 253, 254, 255 A fabulous bromeliad, 352 palms) ,138 Portugal, 262 Anthwriwn warocqueanum, Koel1'euteTia 1){lI1iculala, 355 Quinta de !vIeio, 266, 267 293 L Retiro Park, 253 H ebanthe tJaniculata, 269 Laessle, Albert M.: Sierra da Sintra, 262 HedeTa helix, 259 Growing tree ferns outdoors Spain, 251 Hedges, palms as, 173 in northern Florida, 295 Ultramar, 272 Hedychium ga?"dnerianu.m, 274, Lage1'St?'oemia indica, 259. 333 Villa Nova de Gaia, 265, 267 276 LamtJmnthus, 253 Viveros Castilla, 259 Heid, Graham: Lawn, making and maintaining' Genista, 253, 262 Hardiness of Fatsia jatJonica, a, 198 Cinkgo biloba, 239·249; /·239, 234 Lawrence, Elizabeth: 242, 244, 246, 246, 2-17, 248, H erklots, G. A. C.: HabTanthus, 354 265 Gardenia jasminoides, 289 I eat one A?'butus tlll edo fruit. varieties, 245, 246, 247, 248 Tropical fragrance in the 292 Ginkgo-the maidenhair tree, Annonaceae, 349 Pinckne),a tJubens, 232 238 Hevea brasiliensis, 332 Zeph)lmnthes slnalli in Glottiphyllum, 253 Hippeastrum brachyandnts, 354 North Carolina, 352 Gnidia polystachya, 269 Hodge, W. H.: Lay, Everett: Goethea st?"ictifiom, 272 Jojoba-an overlooked orna­ Azalea Shinnyo-no-tsuki in GOTdonia axillaTis, 234 mental shrub of the arid northeastern Alabama, 230 lasianthus, 233 southwest, 346 Ledin, R. Bruce: Gossypium, 333 The world of palms, I Cultivated Palms, guest editor, Grass (es) Holly, dahoon, 229 1-189 Bahia, 203 Horder, E. J.: Palms as hedge plants. 173 Bent, 201, 203, 204, 208, 209 Dahoon holly, 229 Pruning palms, 142 Creeping, 199, 201 Experiment with two conifers Leguminosae, 329, 332 Redtop, 203 in Alabama, 292 Lens culinaris, 332 Bermuda, 199, 200, 202, 203, Horticultural centers in Spain Lepidium sativum, 333 204, 205, 208, 209 and Portugal, 250 Lellcaena leucocephala, 330 Blue, 198, 198, 203, 205, 206, Houstonia caerulea, 332 Ligustrum, 259 208, 209 Howeia, 273 lucic/Llm, 267 [36 1J Limoniaslrum monopetale, 274 Paperbark, 305 N Lindsey, ~ Irs. B ..F.: R ed, 303,305,306 Naiadaceae, 329 California redwood in Missis- R ocky Moun tain, 305 Narcissus, 253 sippi, 233 Silver, 303,304,306, 318 astu"iensis, 210, 214 Liriodendron lu /ipifera, 266, 267 Sugar, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, bertoloni, 295 L ivi ng palm collections, 184 311 , 314 bu/bocodium, 210, 210, 211 , Livistona, 273 Syca more, 303, 30-1 214, 215, 220 australis, 276 Violet Boxelder, 309 citTin us, 210, 214, 215, 216, chine/lSis, 276 Maples, some shade and orna­ 217 Lintlln, 333 mental, Part 1,303 ca/cicola, 210, 214, 215 usitatissimum, 332 Marcgraviaceae, 329 canalicu latus, 295 Lodoicea ma/divica, 325, 326 May, Curtis: X N . minor, 295 Lotium. 198, 205 So me shade and ornamen tal campressa, 294 mU/lifiorum, 203 Maples, Part I, 303 concerning tazettas, 294 cyc/aminetts, 210,211 ,214,215, lJerenne, 203 McFadden, Lorne A.: 219, 267 Loomis, H. F.: Palm diseases, 144 Preparation and germination d l/ bius, 295 Mela/wca armillaris, 224 exploring for wi ld, 210 of palm seeds, 128 bmcteata, 224 Small palms for special loca­ Grand Mona rque, 295 cordata, 222, 225 Haligny, 295 tions, 161 elliptica, 222, 225 Lowrey, Lynn: H iawassee, 294 /u/gens, 225 H oI'S d'Oeuvre, 295 Chinese Q uince, 348 genisti/olia, 224 The Texas persi mmon, 291 jonquil/a, 210, 211 , 214, 218 hyperici/olia, 222, 225 jnncifolius, 215 L)'cium a/ruin, 274 /aterilia, 225, 225 L)'coris, a new, perhaps, 297 odorat us, 295 leucadendron, 221, 223, 224 pan izzianus, 294 albiflora, 234, 235 tinariifolia, 224 ca'rnea, 234, 235 poetiws, 211 , 214 nesophila, 224 maja/is, 210, 217, 218 aurea, 234 styphelioides, 224 TO diifl.orus, 211 ca/dwelli, 297 thymi/olia, 225 chinensis, 297 verbanensis, 210, 218 thymoides, 225 pseudonarcissus, 210, 211 , 214, "cinnabarina," 235 wilsoni, 225 218 in Sh revep0rl, 234 ;vrelaleucas, orna men tal, for su b- nobilis, 210, 214, 218 incarnala, 297 tropical gardens, 22 1 tortuosus, 210, 212, 212, 21 8 kiusil iana, 298, 298 Melastomataceae, 332 rupico/a, 210, 213, 213, 214, radiata. 234. 297, 355 Melia azedarach, 330 215, 220, 265 sanguillea, 297, 298 Me/ocanna bacci/era, 328,328 scaberulus, 210, 214,219 kiusi1ialla, 298, 298 Memacy/on mannii, 273 Scilly '''' hite, 294 "Sperryi," 297 Menninger, Edwin A.: seTatinus, 210, 2 11 , 214, 220 SIJrengeri,297 O rnamenta l Mela leucas for Seven Sisters, 294 squam igera, 23 1,234,235,297, subtropical gardens, 22 1 Solie! d 'Or, 294 298 Menispermaceae, 332 tazetta, 210,2 11 ,214, 220 fJU rjJurea, 235 Metasequoia, 24 1 01'ientaiis, 211 , 220 Meyel', Frederick G .: papyraceus, 211 , 220 M Explo ring for wild narcissus, IriandrLls, 210, 211 , 214, 220 210 Mac/ura jJom ijera, 257 Ce'r11LlllS, 210, 216,220 H orticultura l centers in co nca /or, 210, 220 j\i{acrownon ia macroca.1-pa, 331, Spain and Portugal, 250 White Pearl, 294, 295 333 I ndoor culture of Bo ugain­ Ne.,-ium oleander, 253 Magno/ia campbelli, 348 villeas, 356 'lIndu /ata, 355 grandiflora, 259, 267, 276 Xanthoceras sorbi/oliwn, a N ickerson color fa n , /-300 Mahollia jajJon ica, 263 fa re sh ru b of m eri t, 355 Nolina. /o ngi/olia, 27 1 Malus [loribunda, 347 M ichelia, 349 Notelaea excelsa, 255 Malvaceae, 332 M icrolepia sl rigosa Nothotaxlls, 243 Mangosteen , 299 Cristata, 27 1 N urseries, Spa in and Portugal, Maple Monod01'a, 349 c£: Gardens Amm, 305, 306, 307, 307 M onste"a, 293 o Ash-leaved, 309 Moore, J r., H arold E . Olea eLlro/Jaea Sy h'atic3, 27 1 Bigleaf, 30-1, 308, 318 Botany and cl assification of Omphalodes. 332 Black. 30-1, 308 palms, 17 Opuntia, 253 Boxelder, 305, 309 T he more commonly culti­ Oreopanax capitatlls, 272 Colise um, 306, 309,310 vated palms, 33 Onnosia monospe1'lna, 330, 332 David, 305, 310 Morrison, B. Y.: Osmanthus ameTicanus, 354 Evergreen, 310 A new Iycoris, perhaps, 297 annatus, 354 Florida, 310, 311 Camellia X "Little Princess," aurantiacus, 354 de/avayi, 354 Hedge, 305, 31 I 288 Gordonia lasianthus, 233 i /icifo/ius, 354 Hempleaf, 30-1, 3 11 Osman thus "San J ose," 354 X O. /ragTans, 354 Horn beam. 305, 306,311 Pittosporum g/abratum, 344 fortunei, 354 Japanese, 303, 305, 312, 312, Morrison, D . D.: /ragmns, 354 313, 314 For hardiness, grow your own "San J ose," 354 lI ranitoba, 309 amaryllis, 235 serrtl/a tus, 354 Mountain, 314 I\{ucuna 'til-ens, 330 p N ikko. 305, 314, 315 M usaceae, 329 Paeonies, growing tree, from Norway. 303 , 30-1,309,314, 315, Myrtus communis, 253 seed , 299 316, 316, 317, 318, 318 I.lgni, 348 su ffr u ti cosa, 299

[36~ j Palm (s) Gray Goddess, 179 Si lvertop, 32 an introduction to the 1-127 Gl'll-Gru, 3 Tucum, 6,7 a hedge plants, 173 Guadalupe, 179 WaShington, 2, 32, 120, 122, botany and classification of, H at, Puerto Ri ca n, 180 179, 181 17 Hesper, Blue, 73,179 Cali forn ia, 32 characteristics, illustrated, 9 San J ose, 179 Mexican, 121, 181 Christmas, Jan. front covel' Honey, Chilean, 2, 7, 38, 179 Wax, So uth American , 2, 18 w id tolerance of, 151 Jelly, 172 Windmill, Chinese, I , 117, 'Culti\·ated. 1-189 South American, 51, 178 163, 181 'CUlture of the, 128, 157 Kafir, 2 Wine, African, 7 diseases, 144 Kentia, 38, 167 Yatay, 178 fertilization requirements, 138 King, 46, 178 portraits, 44 for Ca lifornia, 177 Alexandra, 145, 178 products, 6, 7, 8 for Hawaii, 182 Lady, 102, 103, 104, 164, 174, propagation of, 133 for home and greenhouse, 166 180 pruning, 142 for northern and central Latania, Silver, 77 seeds, preparation and germi­ Florida, 175 Licuri. 114 nation of, 128 for special locations, small, 161 IVIacarthur, 99, 159, 172, 173 viability of, 131 in decorati\'e arrangements, Maya, 164 the more commonly cul ti- 170 Mazari, 87, 163 vated, 33 insects, 144 l\1urumuru, 7 the native, 27 land cape use of, 158 Needle, 27 , 29, 101, 163 the world of, living co ll ections, 184 Nypa, 1, 7, 163 use of, in the home grounds, Names in Culti-vatecl Palms : O il , 138 158 Botanical, see 185 African, 7, 8, 139, 141 uses of the, 158, 184 Common : Ouricury, 7, 114 Pas/Ja /um no/atum, 203 Areca, 171 , 173, 179 l)acaya, 178 Passiflom alato-cae1"ulea, A /)1'. Babassu, 7 Palmetto, Blue, 27,30, 31, front cover Bacaba, 7 180 Pe/argonillll1 (l Ce /oul, 253 Bamboo, 174 Cabbage, I , 2, 6, 27, 31, Peonies, tree, from seed, 230 Betel-nut, 6, 47 111, 112, 139, 175, 180 Pepe·romia, 333 Biscayne, 28 Hispaniolan, 113, 181 Perdue, Jr., Robert E., and Blue, \Iex ican, 179 Rio Grande, 31 John L. Creech: Butia, WOOlly, 178 Saw, 2, 27 , 29 , 31, 126, 163 A uniq ue ornamental bam- Cabbage, 7, 30, 108 Scrub, 27, 30, 110 boo, 334 Carnauba, Brazilian, 8 Texas, 31 Perovskia alrijJ/icifolia, 259 Cherry, 96, 172 Palmyra, 5, 6, 7 Persimmon , the Texas, 291 Christmas, 172 Parlor, 8, 178 Phaseo /us angll/aris, 332 Cluster, H aitia n, 123 Costa Rican, 178 a I/ reus, 332 Indones ian, 163 Grass-leaf, 179 ca/camtus, 332 Coco-de-!vIer, 4 Pea berry, Morris', lJ) /ul1attlS, 329 Coconut, 4, 5, 7, 19, 27, 37, Peach, 5, 6, 7, 50, 172 Tl'u/garis, 329, 332 65 , 138, 143 , 144, 145, 146, Pejibaye, 5 Philodendron, 293 147, 149, 150, 167, 171, 172 Petticoat, 68 Phoenix dact)'lifera, Jan. back Coconut, Double, 4, 84 Piassava, Bahia, 7 coveT Cohune, 7, 88, 171, 172 Piccabeen, 46 Phoenix canariensis, 274 Corkscrew, 30 Pot-belly, Cuban, 3, 18 1Jorphyrococca, 274 Corozo, 7 Princess, 72 Ph olinia serrulata, 276 Queen, 48, 143, 171, 172, 178 Date, I , 5, 40, 91, 138, 144, Phyllostachys, 334-340, HI, 336, R attan, 2, 8, 18,55 145, 147 , 168, 180 337, 338 R ock, 53 Canary Island, 90, 159, aUTea, 339 176, 179, 180 Royal, 3, 19, 143, 146,147 bambusoides, 336 Ceylon, 180 Caribbean, 108 edulis, 335, 340 Drooping, 91, 180 Cuban, 6, 30, 109, 147 he te1'ocycla, 340 Dwarf, 93, 162, 168, 180 Florida, 30 subconvexa, 340 Ind ian, 180 Sago, 6 1Jubescens, 334, 335 , 339, 340 Sawcabbage, 28 Senegal, 92, 173, 180 he/eroc)'c/a, 340 Sealing-wax, 71 Vi1'idis, 268 Siamese, 180 Seam berry, 28 Dende, 7 Sentry, Belmore, 71, 179 Pinaceae, 333 Desert, 32 Forster, 75, 179 Pinckneya lyubens, 232 Doum, 76, 130 Sil ver, 2, 28 Pinus halepensis, 255, 256 E\'erglade, 2. 28, 89 Florida, 162 rnonlezumae, 269 Fan, 3, 19, 33 Silversaw,28 1)inasle'r, 262, 269 Blue, 179 Solitaire, 97, 98, 162, 172, 1Jinea., 256 California, 32 180 Piper, 333 European, I, 3, 162, 174, Spindle, 172 orna/u1l'l , 257 179 Stilt, 18 Pithecellobi u In gral7difloTUm, Feather, 3, 33 Sugar, Black, 7, 34 Feather-duster, 105, 180 Tagua, 8 332 fi h-tail, 7, 57, 169 Talipot, 3, 19, 69, 70 Pi /l osporum daphniphylla, 345 Cluster, 164, 173 Thatch, 32 eugenioides, 344 Founta in, 82 Brittle, 32 g/abratum, 344, 345, 346 Australian, 179 Jamaica, 32 /wllonial7ull7, 276 Chinese, 39,81, 179 Key, 32, 116, 172 /obira, 344 Graceful, 179 Silktop, 32 llndlilatull1, 276, 344 [363) Pia/anus X acerifalia, 256, 259, S T 269 Sabal minor, 23 Tamarix, 333 arientalis, 269 Sa.lisburia adiantifolia, 240 Taraxacum, 333 Plume1'ia, 349 Sapindaceae, 332 Taxadium dis/icil1l 1il , 292 Plantago. fastigiata, 333 Samca indica, 272 Taxus baccata, 259 Poa, 198, 198, 203, 205, 206, 208, Sa'rothamnus, 253 Temst1'Oemia, 332 209 Sa1Tacenia flava, Apr. back cover Thayer, Edward F.: annua, 208 Sassafras albidum, 257 IIiIangosteen, 299 nema-raZis, 203 Schery, Robert W.: The Gardeners' Pocke tbook, 229. pal ustris, 203 Making and maintaining a 288, 344 ' pratensis, 200, 20 1, 202, 202, lawn, 198 Thecophyllum man tan um, 352 203 Schatia latifolia, 271 Thibaudia, 352 Arboretum, 200, 201 Scindapsus, 293 Tilia platyphyllas Delta, 201 Scytopetalaceae, 329 Laciniata, 257 Merion, 201 Seed Collection, The, U.S.D,A., Tarre)'a grandis, 243 Newport, 201 325 Tmchelasperm U 111 jasminaides, Park, 20 1 Seeds from, Oct. /,rant caver 290 trivalis, 203, 208 vials, 326 Trachycm'pus far/li nei, 257 Poaceae, 328 Semele andragyna, 274 Tmpa bicornis, Oct. frant caver Padacar1Ju.s mannii, 272 Senior, Robert M,: Treculia afriwna, 272 neriifolia variegatu.s, 276 Biennial campanulas, 277 Tree fern, growing, outdoors in Palygala, 333 Seq uaia sempe-rvirens, 233, 259, northern Florida, 295 Popenoe, John: 292 Tree peonies from seed, 230 Bougainvillea culture, 319 Sequaiadendl'an giganteum, 257 growing from eed, 299 PalJulus alba Pyramidalis, 259 Shinnyo-no-tsuki azalea, 230 Trichilia, 276 Portugal, horticultural centers Silenaceae, 332 Trichasanthes ilillialensis, 332 in Spain and, 250 Silene acaulis kadiak, 232 T?'icuspidm'ia lan cea/a /a , 348 P,,-unus ce-risifera Pisardii, 259 pendunculm'is, 232 Trithrinax acall/ilacoma, 276 sen'ulata Kwanzan, 268 alexis, 232 Tsu.ga canadensis, 292 Pseudalarix, 243 alpestl'is flare-plena, 232 Pseudatsuga macracarpa, 293 Bijou, 232 U Pte1'acar1Jus indicus, 333 campacta, 231 Ugni malin-ae, 348 fartunei, 232 Ulex, 262 Ulmus, 333 Q frivaldskyana, 232 haake1'i, 232 campest1'is, 259 Quercus ilex, 256, 269, 271 maritima, 232 pwnila, 259 lusitanica, 269 1Jlena, 232 spp. 256 suber, 269 arientalis, 231 Un carina pellattl m, Oct. f1'Ont Q uince, Chinese, 248 pendula 1'asea, 232 caver bannetti, 232 y R pennsylvanica, 232 Veitchia merrillii, Jan . front Rapataceae, 329 regia, 231, 232 caver Ravenala gu)'anensis, 329 schafta, 232 Vellozia elegans, 237 madagascariensis, 329 stellata, 232 Veranica, 332 Read, Robert ,,y,: virginica, 232 Viburnum 1'hy/idoj)hyllum, 259 The native palms, 27 whe1'ryi, 232 Victaria, a new bybrid, 356 Redwood, California, in Silenes, get acquainted with, 231 A malOniC(!, 356 Mississippi, 233 Simmandsia chinensis, 346, 347 Cruziana, 336 Resedaceae, 332 Siphanasmanthus delavayi, 354 Vriesea hie1'Oglyj)h ica, 353 Rhagadia, 255 Sisyrinchium, 265 mantana, 352, 353. 353, 354 nutans, 255 Smiley, Nixon: Rheedia aristata, 299 Use of palms in the home W maC1'aphylla, 273 grounds, 158 Washingtania filifera, 269, 270, Rhadaphiala bifida, 355 Smith, Dent: 272, 274 chilensis, 355 Cold tolerance of cultivated Williams, Louis 0 .. and Rua p,: Rhadadendran, 333 palms, 151 Aqttilegia jall esii, !'are minia- a,,-barescens, 235 Solanaceae, 332 ture columbine, 229 canescens, 235 Saphara japanica Dot, 256, 257 Wisteria sinensis, 255, 267 cumbe1'landense, 235 Pendula, 269, 271, 271 Witchweed, 325. 327 prunifolium, 235 Spain and Portugal, horticul- Wolfenbarger, D, 0,: Rhynchosia, 329 tural centers in, 250 Palm insects, 144 p)'ramidalis, 329 Sparaxis, 267 "Vait, Lucita H,: Ricinus cammunis, 332 S1Jiraea X vanhauttei, 259 Palms in decorative arrange­ Rabinia pseudoacacia, 259 Stenataphrum secundatum, 200, ments, 170 Rallinia, 349 204 Wyman, Donald: Ramulea bulbacadiwn, 265 Stipa, 333 Forsythias, 190 Rasa bCU1ksiae, 236 Stizolabiwn, 332 Belle of Portugal, 268 Stoke, Harvey I;.: X Rosaceae, 329 Growing tree peonies from XanthaceTas sarbi fal iul11, 355, Raupala 1JahZii, 258, 259, 276 seed, 299 356 Ruellia ciliatiflara, 274 St1'elitzia alba, 329 a rare shrub of merit, 355 Ruschia, 253 Streptacm'pus caulescens, 269 Z Russell, Paul: Striga asiatica, 325, 327, Oct. Zantedeschia, 29 3 The Seed Coll ection of the 11'On t caver Zelkava ca1'pil1ifalia, 257 U. S, D, A" 325 St1'Obiianthes kunthianllm, 274 Zeph)'mnthes sma /Ii. 352 Rutaceae, 329 Straphan thus, 333 in North Carolina, 352 {364] the PEONIES (a new book)

A buxom, fragrant favorite In grandmother's garden. Such IS the way many of us probably regard the Peony. Fewer realize that exotic and magnificent beauties are to be discovered (and easily grown by knowing gardeners) among the variations in the Family Paeoniaceae.

Amateur, professional grower, or scientist: H ere is a book you will enjoy reading, profit from reading. Authoritative, truly comprehensive, yet with interest main­ tained-you explore this family of superb plants about which so little is generally known. You m ay, or may not be familiar with names of the men and women who wrote this book. We only can say: You would search far to find people who know mOTe about Peonies-who are better able to share with others, interestingly, the results of their experiences, the findings of their research . EDITORS-John C. ' '''ister, Director, Arthur H oyt Scott Horticultural Founda­ tion, Swarthmore College; Gertrude S. Wister. CONTRIBUTORS-Silvia Saunders; P . P . Pirone; William H . Krechler; HalOld E. W olfe. Getting down to specifications of this book: It, of course, deals with both TREE PEONIES (Suffruticosa or Moutan, Delavayi, lLHea, potanini) and the more familiar HERBACEOUS PEONIES. For both, there are chapters on culture. Descriptions. Propagation. Check lists of varieties. Lists of growers. Botanical classifications. Pests and diseases. HistOl"y .. Breeding. Bibliograph y. This 200+ page book is illustrated with over 60 expertly done photographs and line drawings. Published by the American Horticultural Society, it is being offered to Members at specially reduced pre-publication prices. Cloth bound edition $4.00. "Paper-back" $2.50. You save on either edition by order­ ing before December. You must be delighted with this book or your money will be refunded-NO time limit-NO quibbling.

Send order and payment to A. H .S. Your pre-publication order will be shipped, post­ age paid, within the week the book comes from printer in early 1962.

American H orticultural Society-1600 Bladensburg Road, N.E.-Washington 2, D. C. SCRATCHnOARI) DRAWING-D. TODD GRESHAM

Franklinia alatamaha