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Power Quality Seminar December 6, 2011

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Power Quality Seminar December 6, 2011 Power Quality Seminar December 6, 2011 Alden Wright, PE, CEM Senior Engineer Mark Stephens, PE, CEM Senior Project Manager EPRI Industrial PQ and EE Group Seminar Outline 8:30 – 9:00 Registration and Breakfast 9:00 – 9:10 Welcome and Introduction 9:10 – 9:30 Session 1: Defining Power Quality 9:30 – 10:30 Session 2:Grounding 10:30 – 10:45 BREAK 10:45 – 12:00 Session 3: Surge Protection 12:00 – 1:00 Lunch 1:00 – 2:45 Session 4: Voltage Sags 2:45 – 3:00 BREAK 3:00 – 3:45 Session 5: Case Studies 3:45 – 4:00 Wrap Up/Questions © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Session 1: Defining Power Quality • Our electric grid is a based on an overhead system that can experience Power Quality related upsets for various reasons. – In this session, the basic types of power quality issues will be briefly covered. – This session will set the background to better understand the remaining sessions. © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Session 2: Grounding • Improper Grounding can lead to equipment damage and problems with communication and control equipment. – In the grounding session, the basics will be covered as well as proper bonding for communications, control, and electrical power systems. – This session will also cover scenarios where remote equipment may be fed from separate sources. © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Session 3: Voltage Surges • Voltage Surges are often caused by lightning and capacitor switching transients. – Current swells can be caused by reduced voltages during voltage sags. – In the surge protection session, various protection technologies and standards will be reviewed to help the student understand the causes, effects, and solutions for making their equipment more tolerant of this phenomenon. © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Session 4: Voltage Sags • Voltage Sags can cause electrical equipment to shutdown if not properly mitigated. – In the voltage sags session, the causes of these events will be presented along with the concepts of indices for measuring the number of events that occur at various levels. – When equipment is made robust to voltage sags, it is said to ―ride through‖ the event. – Ranging from small inexpensive circuit changes and power conditioners, to larger equipment and panel level solutions, proven ―ride-through‖ technologies will be presented that can improve equipment robustness. © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Session 5: Case Studies • The best way to illustrate concepts and success stories is through Case Studies. • In the final session of the day, customer case studies will be presented related to grounding, voltage surges, and voltage sags. © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Session 1: Defining Power Quality Generation Transmission Grid Step-Up Transformer 69kV to 765kV Generator Plant 20kV Industrial Service 4,160 Volts Sub-Transmission Grid 3 Phase 35kV to 138kV Industrial Service 2,400 Volts and 277/480 Volts 3 Phase Transmission Substation Distribution Grid Commercial Service Home Service 7.2kV to 34.5kV 120/208 Volts 120/240 Volts Farm Service 3 Phase Split Phase 120/240 Volts Split Phase © 2010Distribution Electric Power Research Substation Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 In The News • We hear about the stories in the news • We know that our businesses are tied to use of electricity • Seemingly power quality is important • Customers are looking to utilities for solutions © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Power Quality • This is what some people think about power quality © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 outage??? © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Power Quality Terms • Outage (Interruption) • Terms to Avoid • Momentary Interruption • Blinks • Voltage Sag • Blips • Voltage Swell • Impulsive Transient • Brownout • Oscillatory Transient • Blackout • Steady State Voltage Variation (over/under) • Dips • Single-Phasing • Spikes • Voltage Imbalance • Dirty Power • Voltage Harmonics • Glitches © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Understanding Dirty Power: Outage/Service Interruption • Key Power Conditioning Technologies – UPS – Generator • Key Outage Parameter – Duration of outage and frequency of outage • Battery sizing • Generator Fuel Requirement © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Understanding Dirty Power: Voltage Sag/Swell • Key Power Conditioning Technologies – UPS – Capacitor Based UPS – Dip Proofing Inverter – Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT) – Dynamic Sag Corrector • Key Parameter – Duration milliseconds to seconds – Voltage 10%-90% of nominal (Sag) – Voltage 110%-170% of nominal (Swell) • Most voltage swells are 120-130% of nominal Voltage swell Voltage sag © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 IEEE-1159 © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 What is PQ? •The concept of powering and grounding sensitive equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment. •Remember that reliability and power quality are not necessarily equal. Source: IEEE P1159 © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 What is a PQ Problem? Any occurrence ... manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations ... which results in failure or misoperation ... of customer end-use equipment © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 The Importance of PQ • Power Quality issues increase as – facilities are becoming more automated with the use of electronics – emphasis on power system efficiency and maximum utilization increases – productivity pressure increases © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 The Cost of PQ DuPont: Saved $75 Air Traffic Control: Lost million/annually by control at a major airport implementing PQ can cost $15,000/minute solutions Automotive Industry: Momentary interruptions cost some $10 million/year Compressor Manufacturer: Sags and interruptions cost some $1,700,000/year Paper Industry: Billinton study determined cost of 2 second outage to be approximately $30,000 © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 PQ on Both Sides of the Meter Utility Customer Custom Power Distribution End-Use Power Quality Application of Power Application of Power Electronics Technology in Electronics Technology within the Utility's Distribution the Customer's Electrical System Distribution System © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 PQ Players • Utilities, the end users, and manufacturers must share the responsibility Power Conditioning Standards Equipment Organizations of ensuring power quality Manufacturers (IEEE, ANSI) • Standards organizations, research organizations, Utility Research Consultants Customer Organizations architect/engineer firms Manufacturer (EPRI) also influence power quality Monitoring Equipment Architects/Engineers Manufacturers Facility Designers © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Compatibility The target we all are aiming for. Susceptibility Characterization Compatibility © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Session 2: Grounding Purposes of Grounding T 1. Safety 2. Performance reduce fire hazard control stray currents prevent electric shock create equal-potential plane avoid equipment reduce communication noise damage 3. Lightning and Surge Mitigation control transients remove static charge bond between all services equalize surge reference points © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Power and Grounding Standards in IEEE • NEC (National Electric Code) • IEEE 141 - Industrial Power Distribution (red) • IEEE 142 - Grounding (green) • IEEE 446 - Emergency & Standby Power (orange) • IEEE 1100 - Powering & Grounding Electronics (emerald) • IEEE 1159 - Monitoring Power Quality • IEEE 1250 - Service to Critical Loads • IEEE P1346 - System Compatibility in Industrial Environment © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 Grounding-Related Definitions (from NEC) • Ground: A conducting connection (intentional or accidental) between an electrical circuit or equipment and the earth, or some conducting body that serves in place of the earth. • Grounded conductor: A system or circuit (current carrying) conductor that is intentionally grounded. The neutral wire. White Wire • Grounding conductor: A conductor used to connect equipment or the grounded circuit of a wiring system to grounding electrode(s). Not intended to conduct current. Green Wire • Premises wiring: Interior and exterior wiring, including power, lighting, … … from service point of utility or a separately derived power source. © 2010 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Premises Grounding Techniques (Service Entrance at 60 Hz) NEC Ground Bus Table Building 250- Steel 94 N-G Bond Neutral Bus Main Electrical Panel Underground At Least #6 AWG Cold Water Concrete Pipe Encased “ Earthing” At least #4 AWG Electrode Grounding Electrode Ground Ring 250-54 Use one common grounding electrode for all enclosures and equipment within a building. 250-81 Bond all elements of grounding electrode
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