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El Karso De Puerto Rico -- Un Recurso Vital

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El Karso De Puerto Rico -- Un Recurso Vital Departamento de Agricultura de los El Karso de Estados Unidos Servicio Forestal Puerto Rico -- Traducción - Informe Técnico General WO-65 Un Recurso Vital Julio 2004 Ariel E. Lugo1, Leopoldo Miranda Castro2, Abel Vale3, Tania del Mar López1, Enrique Hernández Prieto4, Andrés García Martinó1, Alberto R. Puente Rolón5, Adrianne G. Tossas6, Donald A. McFarlane7, Tom Miller8, Armando Rodríguez9, Joyce Lundberg10, John Thomlinson11, José Colón3, Johannes H. Schellekens8, Olga Ramos1 y Eileen Helmer1. PORTADA: Parte de la franja kárstica en la región noroeste de Puerto Rico, en una imagen captada por el Landsat Thematic Mapper en 1992 con bandas TM 7, 5, 2, en espacio de color rojo-verde-azul (RGB, por sus siglas en inglés). El área se delimita al este por el río Grande de Arecibo y el embalse Dos Bocas, extendiéndose hasta el río Guajataca y el embalse Guajataca al oeste. El río Camuy, al centro, fluye con los otros dos ríos por cañones de impresionantes pendientes casi verticales, las cuales crean las sombras visibles en la imagen. Ambos embalses, de color negro en la imagen, son de importancia crítica para los abastos de agua de toda la isla. El área del bosque aparece como un manto verde oscuro que divide las lomas del karso y representa parte de la zona propuesta para conservación. Las áreas que varían desde rosa pálido a blanco representan las zonas urbanas, que incluyen la ciudad costera de Arecibo, visible en el cuadrante superior derecho de la imagen. Las tierras agrícolas y pastizales aparecen de amarillo intenso a verde pálido. El Karso de Puerto Rico - Un Recurso Vital Informe Técnico General WO-65* Julio 2004 Ariel E. Lugo1, Leopoldo Miranda Castro2, Abel Vale3, Tania del Mar López1, Enrique Hernández Prieto4, Andrés García Martinó1, Alberto R. Puente Rolón5, Adrianne G. Tossas6, Donald A. McFarlane7, Tom Miller8, Armando Rodríguez9, Joyce Lundberg10, John Thomlinson11, José Colón3, Johannes H. Schellekens8, Olga Ramos1 y Eileen Helmer1. 1. Instituto Internacional de Dasonomía Tropical 7. W.M. Keck Science Center USDA Forest Service The Claremont Colleges Jardín Botánico Sur, 1201 Calle Ceiba 925 North Mills Ave San Juan, PR 00926-1119 Claremont, CA 91711 2. Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de EE.UU. 8. Departamento de Geología, Oficina del Caribe, P.O. Box 491 Universidad de Puerto Rico, RUM Boquerón, PR 00622-0491 P.O. Box 9017 Mayagüez, PR 00681-9017 3. Ciudadanos del Karso 9. Departamento de Biología 497 Ave. E. Pol, Aptdo. 230 Universidad Interamericana, San Juan, PR 00926-5636 Carr. 500 Dr. John Will Harris Bayamón, PR 00957-6257 4. Departamento de Biología Colegio Universitario de Humacao 10. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Universidad de Puerto Rico, Estación Postal Carleton University CUH, Humacao, PR 00791-4300 Ottawa, Ontario, K1S5B6, Canadá. 5. P.O. Box 1112, Ciales, PR 00638 11. Instituto de Estudios de Ecosistemas Tropicales Universidad de Puerto Rico 6. Villas del Río P.O. Box 363682 1100 Calle Bambú San Juan, PR 00936-3682 Mayagüez, PR 00680-7166 * Este documento es una traducción al español del Informe Técnico General WO-65 titulado Puerto Rican Karst – A Vital Resource, el cual fue publicado en agosto de 2001 por el Servicio Forestal de los Estados Unidos. Esta publicación se hace posible gracias a un acuerdo cooperativo entre el Instituto Internacional de Dasonomía Tropical y Ciudadanos del Karso. El Karso de Puerto Rico -- Un Recurso Vital Indice Resumen....................................................................1 Flora y Fauna Fósil..............................................44 Introducción..............................................................2 Flora....................................................................45 Geografía de la Región Caliza de Puerto Rico.............3 Fauna.................................................................46 La Franja Kárstica es Espectacular...............................8 Macrofauna Acuática..........................................46 Zona Silvestre........................................................8 Invertebrados de las Cavidades.......................48 Diversidad Topográfica..........................................10 Reptiles y Anfibios.........................................48 Topografía Accidentada.........................................11 Aves................................................................52 Paisajes Singulares.................................................12 Mamíferos......................................................58 Panoramas de Contrastes......................................12 Especies Endémicas y en Peligro de Extinción.....59 La Caliza de la Franja Kárstica Data Flora...............................................................60 de Muchas Épocas...................................................13 Fauna..............................................................62 Clasificación de los Estratos Calizos....................16 La Franja Kárstica Tiene Importancia Económica....64 Origen del Karso.................................................18 Agua....................................................................67 Desarrollo de la Topografía del Karso..................18 Otros Minerales...................................................69 La Franja Kárstica es Diversa...................................20 Agricultura...........................................................70 Diversidad Geomorfológica................................20 Silvicultura..........................................................73 Formaciones de los Valles...............................20 Perturbaciones Ambientales.................................73 Valles Secos...............................................20 Derrumbes y Subsidencia................................74 Depresiones Cerradas................................21 Inundaciones, Huracanes y Sequías.................75 Sumideros Rellenos....................................22 Río Culebrinas...........................................75 Valles Cegados...........................................22 Río Guajataca.............................................75 Lomas.............................................................22 Río Camuy.................................................75 Karso de mogote........................................22 Río Grande de Arecibo...................................75 Karso de Conos..........................................24 Río Grande de Manatí...............................76 Acantilados Fluviales y Costeros.....................24 Río Cibuco y el río Indio............................76 Zanjones........................................................24 Río de La Plata...........................................76 Cavidades.......................................................24 La Franja Kárstica Ha Sido Usada Intensamente......76 Diversidad Hidrológica.......................................26 La Franja Kárstica Es Vulnerable Ríos y Quebradas...........................................26 a la Actividad Humana............................................77 Río Culebrinas...........................................28 ¿Cortar o pavimentar los bosques?.......................78 Río Guajataca.............................................28 ¿Drenar o rellenar los humedales?........................78 Río Camuy.................................................28 ¿Convertir o transformar los usos de los suelos?...78 Río Grande de Arecibo..................................28 ¿Bombeo o sobreexplotación de los acuíferos?......79 Río Grande de Manatí..................................29 ¿Contaminación o envenenamiento Río Cibuco................................................29 del agua subterránea?............................................80 Río de La Plata............................................29 Contaminación del Agua de la Superficie............81 Acuíferos.........................................................30 La Franja Kárstica Es de Importancia Vital Embalses, Lagunas, Charcas y Humedales......34 para Puerto Rico y Tiene que Conservarse...............82 Manantiales y Cascadas...................................36 Importancia de la Franja Kárstica.............................82 Diversidad Ecológica............................................38 Conservación de la Franja Kárstica......................84 Vegetación Terrestre........................................38 Propuesta para el Traspaso de Parte Humedales......................................................43 de la Franja Kárstica al Dominio Público............86 Estuarios.........................................................43 Agradecimientos......................................................87 La Franja Kárstica Contiene Recursos Referencias..............................................................87 Naturales Muy Valiosos...................................................44 Terminología............................................................97 i El Karso de Puerto Rico -- Un Recurso Vital Resumen fauna y flora; y muchas de usos de terrenos, la especies raras, amenazadas, sobreexplotación de los La región de roca caliza en peligro de extinción y acuíferos y la contaminación de Puerto Rico cubre migratorias encuentran y el envenenamiento del agua aproximadamente el 27.5 refugio en la franja kárstica. subterránea. En la zona caliza por ciento de la superficie de Casi todo el registro fósil de del Norte, la población rural la Isla y se subdivide entre la la flora y fauna extinta de descarga todas las aguas zona caliza del Norte, la zona Puerto
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