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POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH, FIGHTING STIGMA AND PROMOTING RESILIENCY FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS This page intentionally left blank POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH, FIGHTING STIGMA AND PROMOTING RESILIENCY FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Edited by MATTHEW HODES SUSAN GAU AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-804394-3 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher: Nikki Levy Acquisition Editor: Emily Ekle Editorial Project Manager: Timothy Bennett Production Project Manager: Nicky Carter Designer: Matthew Limbert Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals Contents Contributors xi Introduction xiii I CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES 1. Positive Mental Health—What Is It, How Is It Recognized, and Can It Be Achieved? B. FALISSARD Introduction 3 We All Want Our Young People to Be Happy 3 The Question of Happiness 4 What Psychometrics Tell Us About Happiness and Well-Being 5 What Population-Based Studies Tell Us About Child Well-Being 6 Positive Psychology 6 WHO and the Definition of Health 7 Health Versus Medicine; Mental Health Versus Psychiatry 9 The Particular Nature of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 11 Synthesis 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 2. ICD-11—Comparison With DSM-5 and Implications for Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders M.E. GARRALDA Introduction 15 Historical Context for ICD Classifications 16 Recommended Properties of an International Classification 17 Classification and Taxonomy: Rationale 17 Classification in Psychiatry 18 ICD-11 and DSM-5: Compatibility and Divergence 19 Classification in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 20 v vi CONTENTS The Proposed Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders in ICD-11 and Their Convergence with DSM-5 22 The Neurodevelopmental Cluster of Disorders in DSM-5 and ICD-11 23 Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Syndrome Consolidation and the New Dyad of Impairments 24 Specific Language Disorders 25 The Classification of Disruptive, Dissocial, and Conduct Disorders 26 Is DMDD a Valid Diagnosis? 27 Future Approaches to Classification: The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) 28 Classification Systems and the Practice of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and CAMHS 29 Final Considerations 33 Declaration of Interests 34 References 34 II RISK AND RESILIENCE 3. Disorders of Brain Development: Understanding Childhood Psychopathology F.P. MACMASTER, M. SEMBO, L.M. LANGEVIN, K. MA AND P. CROARKIN Introduction 39 Neuroscientific Methods to Study of Brain Development In Vivo 39 Typical Development 45 Findings in Mental Illness 47 Future Directions 65 References 66 4. Genetic Process in Resilience and Vulnerability and the Consequence of Abuse M. PESKIN AND G. ZALSMAN Vulnerability and Resilience 79 Genetic Factors 81 Summary and Future Directions 86 Acknowledgments 86 References 86 5. Resilience and Developmental Health in Autism Spectrum Disorder P. SZATMARI, L. ZWAIGENBAUM, S. GEORGIADES, M. ELSABBAGH, C. WADDELL, T. BENNETT, S. BRYSON, E. DUKU, E. FOMBONNE, P. MIRENDA, W. ROBERTS, I. SMITH, T. VAILLANCOURT AND J. VOLDEN Introduction 91 What Is Resilience? 93 Defining “Optimal Outcomes” 94 CONTENTS vii What Is Developmental Health? 98 Review of Studies of Developmental Health in ASD 99 Socialization 99 Functional Independence 100 Self-Determination 101 Educational Achievement 102 Emotional and Behavioral Regulation 103 Conclusion on Literature Review of Resilience in Developmental Health 104 Future Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice 105 References 105 6. Mental Health Promotion for Indigenous Youth L.J. KIRMAYER, E. SHEINER AND D. GEOFFROY Introduction 111 Indigenous Youth in Global Context 112 Sources of Adversity and Youth Mental Health 113 Cultural Roots of Well-Being and Resilience 116 Assessing Youth Well-Being and Resilience in Research and Clinical Contexts 122 Promoting Positive Mental Health Among Indigenous Youth 126 Culturally Based, Family-Centered Mental Health Promotion for Indigenous Youth 129 Conclusion 132 References 133 7. Psychological Consequences of Parental Migration for Left-Behind Children Y. ZHENG Left-Behind Children: The Origin and Scope of the Phenomenon 141 Education of Left-Behind Children 144 Psychological Wellbeing of Left-Behind Children 146 Implications for Future Policy Improvement and Research Directions 152 References 154 III INTERVENTIONS AND TREATMENTS 8. Mental Health Literacy for Students and Teachers: A “School Friendly” Approach S. KUTCHER, Y. WEI AND M. HASHISH Health Literacy and Mental Health Literacy: An Introduction 161 Canadian Approaches to School Friendly Mental Health Literacy 165 Discussions and Conclusions 168 References 170 viii CONTENTS 9. Transforming Cultures for the Mental Health Care of Young People: The Service Reform Imperative P. MCGORRY AND S. GOLDSTONE Introduction 173 A New Approach to Mental Health Care for Young People 175 Promoting Accessible, Appropriate, and Acceptable Care 176 Developing New Service Models for Young People 177 References 182 10. Evidence-Based Parenting Interventions: Current Perspectives and Clinical Strategies D.J. HAWES AND J. ALLEN Introduction 185 Theoretical Perspectives on Parenting and Child Psychopathology 185 Key Issues in the Planning and Delivering of Parenting Interventions 188 Parenting Programs and Externalizing Problems 195 Parenting Interventions for Internalizing Problems 198 Conclusions 200 References 200 11. Psychopharmacological Treatment for Depression in Children and Adolescents: Promoting Recovery and Resilience M.R. CHAPMAN, J.L. HUGHES, B.D. KENNARD, T.L. MAYES AND G.J. EMSLIE Introduction 205 Setting the Stage 207 Systematic Approach to Treatment of Depression in Youth 213 Promoting Wellness and Positive Mental Health 221 Conclusions 224 References 225 12. Treatment of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents J. DERENNE AND J. LOCK Introduction 237 Etiology 238 Comorbidity 239 Medical Complications 240 Natural History 242 Treatment Approaches and Evidence Base 243 Service and Policy Implications 254 Conclusions 255 References 255 CONTENTS ix 13. Seclusion in the Management of Highly Disturbed Children and Adolescents M. YURTBASI, G.A. MELVIN AND M.S. GORDON Defining Seclusion 262 Prevalence of Seclusion 264 Reasons for Seclusion 264 Identifying Factors Associated with Seclusion 265 Ethical Issues of Seclusion 273 The Efficacy of Seclusion 274 Specific and General Seclusion Reduction Interventions 275 The Use of Legislation and Policy 276 Promoting Change 277 Conclusions 278 References 278 Index 283 This page intentionally left blank Contributors J. Allen University College London, London, United Kingdom T. Bennett McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada S. Bryson Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada M.R. Chapman UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States P. Croarkin Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, United States J. Derenne Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States E. Duku McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada M. Elsabbagh McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada G.J. Emslie UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States B. Falissard University of Paris-Sud, Paris, France E. Fombonne Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States M.E. Garralda Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom D. Geoffroy Jewish