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Line-By-Line Analysis 1 2 Language/Structural Devices

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Line-By-Line Analysis 1 2 Language/Structural Devices Context – A Poison Tree was written by William Blake and was published in Songs of Experience in 1794. Line-by-Line Analysis William Blake – William Blake (1757-1827) was The Garden of Eden – Also known as STANZA LINE POEM ANALYSIS an English poet and painter. He is known as being ‘Paradise’ the biblical garden of God is referred The reader immediately notes the simplicity of the one of the leading figures of the Romantic to in the books of Genesis and Ezekiel. The bible language – it mirrors the nursery rhymes and children’s verses popular at the time, and (like the poem) were Movement. Blake rejected established religious states that Adam and Eve (the first humans) were placed 1 I was angry with my friend; and political orders for their failures– some of the many into the garden (naked, showing their innocence) before intended to teach moral lessons. The lesson provided in things that he viewed as being a part of the ‘fallen human the opening quatrain is therefore seemingly simple to being tempted by a serpent to eat forbidden fruit from the 2 I told my wrath, my wrath did end. decode: do not suppress feelings of anger, or they will nature.’ He had a complex relationship with religion, Tree of Life. They were thus expelled from the garden. In A 1 grow; the best way to rid oneself of anger is to express it. believing the imagination to be the most important element Poison Tree, the tree, apple, and garden represent the 3 I was angry with my foe: The complexity arises from the use of the terms ‘friend’ of human existence. This ran contrary to Enlightenment ideas. speaker’s anger, alluding to the biblical story. and ‘foe.’ The poem seeks to explore how people classify Songs of Innocence and Experience – Romanticism – Romanticism was an artistic, 4 I told it not, my wrath did grow. one another with these labels and alter their course of Published in 1794, these two sets of poems were literary, musical, cultural and intellectual behaviour as a result. The trochee lines (e.g. line 1) force created by Blake with the aim of showing the ‘Two movement that originated in Europe in the latter the line on, reflecting how pushy the speaker is. In contrast the iambic lines slow the poem down. Contrary States of the Human Soul.’ The Songs of half of the 18th Century, peaking in the mid-19th Innocence collection contains poems that are Century. Romanticism is characterised by its emphasis on The second quatrain describes how the speaker tends to uplifting, celebrating childhood, nature, and love in a positive emotions - glorifying nature and past events – memories and and cultivates his anger, which has made it grow. The 5 And I waterd it in fears, metaphor begins that runs throughout the poem, as the tone. The Songs of Experience section (of which A Poison Tree settings are often imaginatively described using vivid wrath is compared to a small plant. He explains how he was one of the poems) offered a contrasting tone towards imagery. Although Blake struggled to make a living during 6 Night & morning with my tears: ‘waterd’ his anger with ‘tears’ and ‘sunned’ it with ‘soft these ideas. Some of the topics covered in these poems were his lifetime, his ideas and influence were later considered deceitful wiles.’ ‘Wiles’ implies that the speaker is in indignation, revenge, and the fallen state of mankind. amongst the most important of all the Romantic Poets. 2 7 And I sunned it with smiles, some way laying a trap for his foe – he pretends to be friendly to his foe, his false smiles acting like sunshine in 8 And with soft deceitful wiles. enabling his anger to develop. The speaker thus represents the duplicity of his behaviour, and the Language/Structural Devices innocence is gone. Line 7, in which this occurs, contains Metaphors – An extended metaphor runs throughout the Imagery – Blake uses a range of vocabulary choices to two trochees and iamb, to wrong-foot the reader. poem, which compares anger to the eponymous tree of the create vivid images in the mind of the reader. Rather than In the third quatrain, the small plant has developed title. The negative emotions begin as a seed, and are presenting anger as an abstract emotion for example, it is into an actual tree – revealing the extent to which his cultivated into a plant, then a tree (as read in the line ‘I brought to life in the form of the poison tree. The physical anger has been cultivated. Furthermore, the metaphor waterd it in fears’) is compared to cultivating a plant. The ideas of watering and sunning the plant offer a visual image is extended through the introduction of the apple. The apple represents the ‘fruits’ of his resentment. It has emotion is followed through an entire growth cycle until it of the anger growing. Other vivid images presented to the 9 And it grew both day and night. been chosen because it is commonly seen as the fruit of results in death. The second metaphor ties the poem into the reader include the ‘shine’ of the apple, the pole star being hatred and revenge in many cultures. It also refers to biblical story of Adam and Eve. In doing so, the suppression of ‘veild’ and the foe laying ‘outstretched’ at the foot of the tree. 10 Till it bore an apple bright. the apple in the biblical story of The Garden of Eden, in anger is presented as an original sin. Abstract ideas are visually depicted through Blake’s imagery. 3 which the apple is used by the serpent to tempt Eve. Quote: “And it grew both day and night. Quote: “And I waterd it in fears, 11 And my foe beheld it shine, The tree and apple promise a world of good (hence the shine), but actually brings woe to the world (it was Till it bore an apple bright. Night & morning with my tears:” 12 And he knew that it was mine. mine). In this light, the speaker could be seen as the Alliteration – Alliteration is used throughout the poem to Simple Language – Blake uses straightforward language serpent. The poem now adopts a larger meaning, as the echo the sounds of the anger developing. For example, there throughout the poem, which is easy to follow. Such simplicity biblical connection introduces the idea of God’s is a repeated ‘s’ sound throughout quatrain 2, which may be seen to represent how anger is often perceived as a indignation at humankind’s perceived failures. The resembles the sound of the speaker hissing with anger, whilst simple, instinctive emotion. On the contrary, Blake repetition of ‘And’ shows the persistent, ceaseless presenting smiles to the face of his foe. Furthermore, in demonstrates how it is complex and destructive. The simple development of the anger throughout the poem. quatrain 3, the repetition of the harsh ‘b’ sound shows the language also gives the poem a nursery rhyme feel, which the The climax of the poem is thrust upon the reader in the final quatrain. Once again the use of the word ‘and’ is hidden danger of the apple, cultivated to tempt the foe. reader associates with learning a moral lesson. used to start the quatrain. This shows the methodical, Quote: “ And I sunned it with smiles, Quote: “I was angry with my friend; deliberate process that the speaker follows in order to 13 And into my garden stole, develop his anger. The manner in which the foe ‘stole’ And with soft deceitful wiles.” I told my wrath, my wrath did end. “ into the garden shows the two-way nature of the Form – The poem is written in four equal stanzas of four Structure – Each stanza details a different stage of the 14 When the night had veild the pole; treachery. The ‘veild pole’ gives the impression that the lines. Rhyme is used throughout in the scheme of AABB. The development of the anger. In the first stanza, the wrath is 4 visibility of the pole star, an aid to navigation, has been rhyme creates deliberate emphasis on words that underline initially hidden, In the second stanza, the anger begins to 15 In the morning glad I see; in some way impaired. The speaker’s sense of moral the tone of the poem, e.g. ‘fears’, ‘tears’, ‘smiles’ and ‘wiles.’ grow, rather like a small plant that feeds on resentment. In direction has thus been veiled. The final couplet reveals The poem is told from the viewpoint of a first person narrator stanza 3, the anger is used to deceive the foe, and in stanza 4, 16 My foe outstretched beneath the tree. the result of the speaker ’s treachery – ‘outstretched’ – we are only exposed to their point of view. the violent product of the anger is revealed. may mean dead, meaning that the foe has succumbed to the poison. The idea that the speaker is ‘glad’ about Quote: “And into my garden stole, Quote: “In the morning glad I see; this reinforces the poem’s meaning – that despite the When the night had veild the pole;” My foe outstretched beneath the tree.” damage caused, the problems of human anger remain. Themes – A theme is an idea or message that runs throughout a text. Poems for Comparison Wider Reading Suppression of Anger – The main theme of A Poison Tree is not anger itself, but rather the destructive effects of A Poison Tree can be compared and Although it can be read by itself, "A Poison Tree" benefits significantly the cultivation of anger.
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