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Energy Tourism: an Emerging Field of Study

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Energy Tourism: an Emerging Field of Study File No,: MMC220 Document Reference: MOR-EXT-DOC-023 8JJINXHZXXNTSXXYFYXFSIFZYMTWUWTKNQJXKTWYMNXUZGQNHFYNTSFYMYYUX\\\WJXJFWHMLFYJSJYUZGQNHFYNTS (QHUJ\WRXULVP$QHPHUJLQJæHOGRIVWXG\ &WYNHQJddNSdd(ZWWJSY.XXZJXNS9TZWNXR{)JHJRGJW )4. 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Click for updates To cite this article: Bohumil Frantál & Renata Urbánková (2014): Energy tourism: An emerging field of study, Current Issues in Tourism, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2014.987734 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.987734 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. 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Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions 2014 Downloaded by [Czech Academy of Sciences] at 22:05 16 December Current Issues in Tourism, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.987734 Energy tourism: An emerging field of study ∗ Bohumil Franta´la and Renata Urba´nkova´b aDepartment of Environmental Geography, Institute of Geonics ASCR, Drobne´ho 28, Brno 60200, Czech Republic; bFaculty of Economics and Administration, Masaryk University, Lipova´ 507/41, Brno 60200, Czech Republic (Received 18 February 2014; accepted 9 November 2014) 2014 After conceptualizing the interrelationships between energy and tourism, the authors provide a definition of energy tourism as a new niche of industrial tourism, theorize on how it overlaps with other types of special interest tourism, and discuss specifics concerning its forms, locales, and possible societal impacts. Potential directions, along with research questions, for future research in the field of energy tourism are proposed. Then, the results of an explorative pilot study of energy tourism in the Czech Republic are presented to give a first insight into the proposed questions. Questionnaire surveys completed by tourists and operators of three energy tourism attractions – so-called Coal Safaris (guided tours through surface coal mines, observing minescapes and mining machinery in full operation), a nuclear power plant information centre, and Dragon Kite Festivals under wind turbines – have focused on exploring the motivations and perceived benefits of energy tourism for organizations; tourists’ motivations for, and experience from, visiting; and any changes in attitudes towards current energy development dilemmas by visitors afterwards. Keywords: energy tourism; industrial tourism; special interest tourism; energy landscapes; product branding; Czech Republic 1. Introduction In recent years, we have been facing a distinct energy transition, which has had impacts in all spheres of human society, including on industrial networks, infrastructure, social prac- tices, regulations, symbolic meanings, and landscapes (Smil, 2010). Reaping the benefits of renewable resources has become a global ambition for several reasons, ranging from con- cerns about climate change and energy security to the dangers of the atom (Franta´l, Pasqua- Downloaded by [Czech Academy of Sciences] at 22:05 16 December letti, & Van der Horst, 2014). Nonetheless, renewable energy development has been uneven around the world and still represents but a small part of total generation in most countries. For this reason, governments need to consider other energy options, including fossil fuel extraction, nuclear power, or new technologies such as shale gas fracking (Arau´jo, 2014). All energy sources are characterized by potentially negative impacts manifesting them- selves at different spatio-temporal scales, including impacts on tourism. The economic costs of resources and the reliability of their supply are no longer the only criteria shaping public opinions about appropriate energy use and development. Rather, the image of energy sources and perceptions of energy landscapes are now also significant factors affecting energy policies and their support among the general public (Leiserowitz ∗Corresponding author. Email: # 2014 Taylor & Francis 2 B. Franta´l and R. Urba´nkova´ et al., 2013), social acceptance of new energy facilities (Pasqualetti, 2011), and even cus- tomer loyalty in liberalized residential energy markets (Hartmann & Iba´nez, 2007). Specific forms and materializations of energy have been perceived as being, among other things, clean, dirty, environmentally harmful, uncontrollable, dangerous, friendly, expensive, fas- cinating, or ghastly (Franta´l, 2014; Lupp, Bastian, Steinha¨ußer, & Syrbe, 2014; Truelove, 2012). Accordingly, new public relations and corporate branding strategies have been intro- duced by energy companies and interest groups in order to influence public opinion, includ- ing various forms of so-called energy tourism. No accurate definition of ‘energy tourism’ has so far been provided. Simply put, energy tourism can be regarded a type of special interest tourism (Trauer, 2006), more specifically a segment of industrial tourism (Otgaar, 2012). However, as will be demonstrated in this paper, it is characterized by some overlaps and specifics concerning its forms, locales, and possible societal impacts. We suggest that energy tourism could play a more important 2014 role than as just a kind of consumer experience-oriented industrial tourism (Mitchell & Orwig, 2002), contributing to higher personal product involvement, brand loyalty, or place branding. More than that, it has the potential to improve people’s ‘energy literacy’ (Van der Horst, 2014), helping them to embrace changes in the way we perceive and consume energy (De Waters & Powers, 2011). This paper has two principal objectives: First, to conceptualize the wider interrelation- ships between energy and tourism, to provide a definition of energy tourism as a new niche of special interest tourism, and to propose possible directions and questions for research in the energy tourism field; second, to answer some of these proposed questions by providing an explorative pilot study of emerging energy tourism in the Czech Republic. The case study is based on questionnaire surveys conducted both with tourists visiting three energy tourism attractions – a so-called Coal Safari (guided tours through surface coal mines, observing minescapes and mining machinery in full operation), the Dukovany nuclear power plant’s information centre, and a so-called Dragon Kite Festival under wind turbines – and with the operators of the aforementioned tourist attractions. The aim of the paper is neither to give a comprehensive conceptualization of the phenomenon nor to provide exhaustive answers to proposed research questions, but rather to outline per- spectives that may open the way to more in-depth research. 2. Conceptualizing the energy–tourism nexus The production, distribution, and consumption of energy determine all the basic functions of our existence, including work and production, housing, education, communication, Downloaded by [Czech Academy of Sciences] at 22:05 16 December transport, and even tourism and recreation (Bru¨cher, 2001). The energy–tourism nexus can be conceptualized from at least three perspectives: First, energy as a driver of tourism. Energy in the form of basic infrastructure, electri- city, and the fuels consumed for travelling, heating, cooling, catering, and other
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