Annotated list of the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera) of Suriname
James E. HUDSON(‘)
Summary In collections from the toast, savanna andforest regions of Suriname, mainly from 1979-1982, Ceratopogonidae of 25 spe- cies (20 Culicoides, 3 Forcipomyia, 1 Atrichopogon and 1 Stilobezzia) were identified. Notes on their biology, distribu- tion and medical importance are included.
Key words : Diptera - Ceratopogonidae - Culicoides - Forcipomyia - Atrichopogon - Stilobezzia - Suriname.
Résumé LISTE ANNOTÉE DES CERATOPOGONIDAE DU SURINAM. Des captures effectuées dans 24 localités du Surinam situées dans la région côtière, dans la savane et en forêt, principalement au cours des années 1979-1982, ont permis l’identification de 25 espècesde Cératopogonides (20 Culicoides, 3 Forcipomyia, 1 Atrichopogon et 1 Stilobezzia). Les espècesles @us fré- quentes sur apjxît humain étaient Culicoides guyanensis dans la région côtière, C. travassosi dans la savane, C. paraensis et C. pseudodiabolicus en forêt. Des infections à Mansonella ont été observéeschez des habitants de la savane en 1982, mais leur fréquence paraît diminuer ; le vecteur non encore identifie; pourrait être C. travassosi.
Mots-clés : Diptera - Ceratopogonidae - Culicoides - Forcipomyia - Atrichopogon - Stilobezzia - Surinam.
1. Introduction hand, some Ceratopogonids are benefïcial to us, such as those that pollinate rubber (Hevea) trees. Biting midges of the family Ceratopogonidae are Although biting midges are often severe pests in serious pests of people in many parts of the world, the coastal and savanna regions of Suriname (Where vectors of the human fïlaria worms Mansonella ozzardi, they are known as “ Mampieren “), and infections M. perstans and M. streptocerca (formerly Dipetalonema with M. ozzardi and M. perstans were once common perstans and D. streptocerca) and of arboviruses that in people of the savanna (Fros, 1956), the Cerato- infect humans such as Oropouche virus (Linley et al., pogonidae have been little studied in Suriname. 1983). They are also vectors of various animal Bruijning (1957) reported three species from collec- parasites including Onchocerca of horses and cattle, tions made in 1951-1955 : Cukoides debilipalpis, blue tongue virus of sheep and the Protozoa Haemo- C. paraensis and “ C. guttatus ” (which probably Proteus and Leucocytozoon of birds. On the other included several other species ; see section 6 below).
(1) Entomologist, Mini+ of Health, Bureau of Public Health, P. 0. Box 767, Pammaribo, Surinam. Prmnt addren : X5, Sollershott East, Lctch- worth, Herts SG6 3JN, England.
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Wirth’s catalogue (1974) listed no Ceratopogonidae liquid phennl. The heads, bodies and wings were for Suriname specifically (though it falls within the then mounted on a microscope slide in separate small ranges he gave for some widespread species). By drops of a 1 : 1 mixture of liyuid phenol and Canada then, 43 species were known from Guyana and balsam (method of Wirth and Marston, 1968). When 18 from French Guyana. the mixture was almost dry the preparation was Durinç the course of other work for the Suri- covered with a larger drop ot Canada balsam and a name Mimstry of Health from 1979-1982, mainly on caver glass. the distribution of Anopheline mosquitoes (Hudson, Culcicoides specimens were identified with the aid 1984), 1 collectecl Ceratopogonids whenever possible, of publications by Wirth and Blanton (1973) and Ait- and also made 14 monthly visits to Matta, a village ken et al. (1975). A few slides of each opecies were in the savanna where Mansonelliasis was formerly sent to Dr W. W. Wirth at the U.S. National common in the inhabitants, for the primary purpose Museum, Washington, D.C., who confïrmed or cor- of collecting Ceratopogonidae. Rozendaal and rected the identifications. Specimens of Atrichopogon, Slnotweg (1984) collected Ceratopogonids and mos- Forcipomyia and Stilobezzia were kinclly identificd by quitors at two Amerindian villages, Bigi Poika and Dr Wirth. Nomenclature follows Wirth’s catalogue Galibi, from May to July 1982, as part of their study (1974). Almost a11 the slicles were left in the collec- of Mansonelliasis. The following list of species, tion of the Bureau of’ Public Health, Paramaribo. which is based on their records, Bruijning’s (1957) and my own, must be treated as provisional because rnany parts of Suriname have not yet been surveyed 3. Collections sites ancl further study would probably reveal many more species. Wirth and Blanton (1973) reported 60 spe- Al1 collection sites except Weg Naar Zee were cies of Culicoides alone from the Amazon region of within a few metres of human habitations. A map Brazil. of Suriname showing the main rivers, vegetation zones and four of the collection sites has been pub- lished recently (Hudson, 1984). Suriname is cus- 2. Collection and identification of specirnens tomarily divided into the toast, savanna and rain- (1979-82) forest regions. In the toast region, most of the shoreline and Thr midges were caught mostly at night, from river mouths are covered with mangrove and brack- hurnan bait or at lights, by touching them with a ish water swamp. The remainder of the toast small, wt‘t Paint brush, and transferring them tu a region, about 9 % of the total area of Suriname, has via1 of diluted liquid detergent. An alternative a natural caver of open swamp and hydrophytic method of catching midges around humans, tried at forest. Most of the cultivated land and the human Matta, Rigi Poika and Galibi, was the paddle trap population (total 352,000 in 1980) are found here. (Nathan, 1981 and refcrences therein), a 12 x 15 cm Collections were made in the capital, Paramaribo rectangle of plastic fly screen wetted with cooking oil (pop. 130,000) ; at the western border town of
Artichopogon sp. nr. fusculus 4. Collections from 1979-1982 : general Aseli Kamp, July 1979, CDC trap, 11 Q. Adults pollinate rubber trees (Wirth, 1974). A grand total of 3 479 Ceratopogonidae were caught from 1979-1982, of which 2 248 were at C u 1’1~02 ‘des Jl2 any crus human bait and the rest in the CDC trap or at other lights (table 1). These figures include the collections Coebiti, March 1982, on man, 1 Q ; Bigi of Rozendaal and Slootweg (1984). Poika, May-July 1982, on men,. 7 Q (R & S) ; Para- The midges caught on or around human bait maribo, July 1981, at lights, 6 Q. No C. filarijèrus were all Culicoides species except for 11 Forcipomyia were caught in the rainforest in 1979-82, but Bruij- styl$era and one F. genualis. The predominant man- ning’s (1957) taxonomie notes suggest that the six
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TARLE 1
Ceratopogtrnidae wllcctçd in Suriname, 1979-1982, at human bait (females), in CDC traps and at othrr lights (fernales and males)
At human bait CDC traps,lights Genus, (Subgenus), Rain- Sav- Coast Rain- Total species, Author(s) forest anna forest toast Forcipomgia (Forcipomyia) penualis (Loew) 0 0 1 0 8 Y Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) stylifera (Lutz) 0 27 0 0 0 27 Forcipomyia (Microhelea) fuliginosa (Weigen) 0 0 0 0 2 2 Atrichopogon sp. nr fusculus (Coq.) 0 0 0 11 0 11 Culicoides (Hoffmania) filariferus (Hoffman) 0 8 0 0 6 14 foxi Ortiz 16 34 1 0 0 51 fusipalpis Wirth & Blanton 4 5 0 0 0 Y hm Macfie 0 0 0 1064 0 1064 iRnacioi Forattini 6 0 0 0 0 6 insignis Lut2 0 3 1 0 12 16 pseudodiabolicus Fox 100 46 0 102 0 248 trinidadensis Hoffman 0 0 30 0 0 30 travassosi Forattini 0 1619 0 0 0 1619 Culicoides (Macfiella) phlebotomus (Hilliston) 0 0 3 0 0 3 Culicoides (Oecacta) acotglus Lut2 0 45 0 0 0 45 cruciferus Glastrier 0 0 1 0 0 1 debilipalpis Lutz 0 6 5 0 0 11 fluvialis Nacfie 0 0 0 5 0 5 glabrior Macfie 0 0 0 7 0 7 guyanensis Floch & Abonnent 0 0 193 0 0 193 leopoldi Ortiz 0 0 0 1 0 1 lopesi Barretto 0 0 0 1 0 1 paraensis Goeldi 94 0 0 1 0 95 tetrathyris Wirth & Planton 0 0 0 7 0 7 Stilobezzia (Stilobezzia) coquilletti Kieffer 0 0 0 0 4 4
Total6 220 1793 235 1199 32 3479
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females he caught at Apetina and Poeketie on the 31 Q ; Stoelmans Eiland, January 1980, 2 Q ; Kabo Tapanahony river in 1952 and reported as C. gutfatus experimental farm, March 1982, 7 Q ; Pikien Saron, were actually C. filariferus (or less likely C. pseudodia- January 1982, 3 Q ; Coebiti, March 1982, 1 Q ; bolicus). Bigi Poika, May-July 1982, 35 Q (R & S). Also in CDC trap, Aseli Kamp, June 1981, 96 Q 6 0. Culicoides foxi C. jxeudodiabolicus is distributed from Honduras through to Ecuador, French Guyana and Brazil. It Widespread on human bait but nowhere in large is common in Trinidad, where it has been taken numbers. Stoelmans Eiland, January 1980, 1 Q ; biting 29 m up in the forest canopy (Aitken et al., Victoria oil palm estate, May 1980, 1 Q ; Kabo, 1975). March 1982, 3 Q ; Coebiti, March 1982, 3 Q ; Bigi Poika, May-July 1982, 22 Q (R & S) ; Pikien Saron, Culicoides travassosi January 1982, 2 Q ; Matta, April 1981, 1 Q, .January 1982, 2 Q, March 1982, 1 Q ; Zanderij, The commonest midge in the savanna region on April i954, 1 Q (Br, see section 6 below) ; Galibi, human bait and sometimes a severe pest. Matta, July 1982, 1 Q (R & S). Also in CDC trap, Aseli August 1979, 196 Q, March 1981 to May 1982, Kamp, June 1981, 14 Q. C. foxi is distibuted from 373 Q ; Matta and Zanderij, 1951-1955, 233 Q (Br, Mexico through Central and South America to as C. guttatus, probably some C. foxi as well, see sec- Colombia and Argentina. It is a common forest tion 6 below) ; Pikien Saron, January 1982, 2 Q ; and plantation species in Trinidad (Aitken et al., Coebiti, March 1982, 3 Q ; Bigi Poika, May-July 1975). 1982, 956 Q (R & S). C. travassosi females at Matta did not appear before sunset and showed a very pro- Culicoides fusipalpis nounced peak of biting activity from 15 to 30 minu- tes after sunset. The greatest numbers were caught Widespread but uncommon on human bait. in May and June (long rainsj and in January (short Aseli Kamp, January 1980, 1 Q, June 1981, 1 Q ; rains), with few or none from September to Novem- Makka Kreek, October 1981, biting by day, 1 Q ; ber (long dry season), as shown in table II. Both in Tonka forest project, March 1982, 2 Q ; Coebiti, March 1982, 2 Q ; Bigi Poika, July 1982, 2 Q (R & TABLE II 9 Mean numbers of Culicoàda trauamxi females per mari--hour caught Culicoides hylas at human bait in the evenings (18 00-20 00 hrs) at Matta, Suri- name, 1981-1982. Combined results for midges caught biting the Aseli Kamp, June 1981, CDC trap, 678 Q collectors and (by paddle traps) flying around them 386 o’. Numbers/catcher/hour Month Season (Totals in parentheses) Culicoides ignacioi I 981 1982 Tonka forest project, March 1982, biting men at 20 : 00 hrs, 6 Q. Jan.------me Short rainy ------_____- 6.25 (25) Feb. Short dry 0.25 (1) Culicoides insignis March 1, 1, 3.0 (6) 4.0 (16) Paramaribo, May 1980, in house, 1 Q ; Para- April II ,I 0.25 (1) 0.0 (0) maribo, July 1981, at lights, 9 Q 2 u ; Bigi Poika, ,.,------Hay Long rainy May-July 1982, on men, 3 Q (R & S) ; Galibi, July 9.0 (36) 5.2 (211 1982, on man, 1 Q ; Domburg (on Suriname river, June II 1, 34.0 (272) - 15 km South-east of Paramaribo), May 1951, 1 Q July 1, II 3.0 (9) - (Br, as C. guttatus, see section 6 below). AU? ------_------0.25 (1) - Culicoides pseudodiabolicus Sept. Long dry 0.0 (0) - 11 ,I Widespread and sometimes common on human oct. 0.0 (0) - II ,t bait in the rainforest and savanna regions. Aseli Nov.------______---- 0.25 (1) - Kamp, July 1979, 52 Q, August 1979, 11 Q, July Dec. Short rainy 0.0 (0) - 1980, 2 Q, October 1980, 1 Q, May-June 1981,
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1981 and in 1982 there was a slight decresae in the lipalpis is common in forests and also found in plan- numbers biting from March to April, at the begin- tations and savanna (Aitken et al., 1975). The name ning of the long rainy season. C. debilipal’is Lutz, 1913, may soon be changed to The wing of a C. ~ravassosi female from Matta is C. lahillei (Iches, 1906), which has priority (Spinelli illustrated in fig. 1. Four specimens from Matta and Wirth, RPV. Soc. Ent. Argentina, in press). lacked the small dark spot on vein R, + 5 near the distal end of the second radial cell, and one specimen Culicoides fluvialis caught at Bigi Poika by Rozendaal and Slootweg had Aseli Kamp, June 1981, CDC trap, 5 Q. only one white spot in ce11 M, distal to the white spot straddhng vrin M,. Al1 these aberrant speci- Culicoides glabrior mens were examirred by Dr Wirth and judged to be C. tmvassosi. This species had previously been Aseli Kamp, June 1981, CDC trap, 7 Q. known only from the Amazon region of Brazil (Wirth. 1974). Culicoides cpyanensi.s _ The commonest midge on human bait in the Culicoides trinidadensis toast region, often a severe pest, biting mostly at Weg Naar Zee, April 1981, on man, 11 00 hrs, dawn and dusk. Females were encountered at 30 Q. The beach and Mangrove swamp at Weg almost a11 sites visited near mangrove swamps, where Naar Zre were infested with large midges which the larvae develop. Nieuw Nickerie, February- often came to hite even in the middle of the day and March 1979, 115 Q ; Weg Naar Zee, January 1982, in strong winds. 7 Q ; Meerzorg, ,January 1980, 21 Q ; Galibi, August 1981, 12 Q ; Galibi, July 1982, 38 Q (R & Culicoidcs phlebotornus V C. gq~anensis is a severe pest in Trinidad (Ait- ken et al., 1975) and became a serious problem in Galibi, July 1982, on men at night, 3 Q (R & the Panama Canal Zone when dredged saline mud S). C. phlebotomus is distributed on the mainland was pumped into a freshwater swamp (Altman et al., from Mexico down to Ecuador and Brazil and also 1970a). Chemical larvicides were ineffective, and in the West Indies. It is the most widespread and cold fogging gave only temporary control of the pestiferous midge of sandy beaches in Trinidad (Ait- adults , but flooding the swamp with fresh water ken ct al., 1975), and the vector of &fansonella ozzardi again solved the problem (Altman et al., 1970bj. there (Nathan, 1981). Culicoides Icopoldi CulicoideJ acotylus Makka Kreek, October 1981, CDC trap, 1 Q. Widespread but uncommon on human bait in the savanna region. Matta, March-April 1981, Culicoides lopesi 4 Q, August 1981, 2 Q, October 1981, 2 Q ; Pikien Saron, January 1582, 2 Q ; Bigi Poika, May-July Aseli Kamp, June 1981, CDC trap, 1 Q. 1982, 35 Q (R & S). Culicoides paraensis Widespread and sometimes common on human bait in the rainforest region, but females were spora- Paramaribo, .June 1980, biting man in house, dit and unpredictable in their appearance. Some- 1 Q. times they attacked by day. Most were caught in the long rainy season. Aseli Kamp, July 1979, 1 Q, Culiroides dcbilifialpis May-June 1981, 3 Q (and 1 Q in CDC trap) ; Drie- Widesprcad but uncommon ou human bait in tabbetje, May 1980, 5 Q ; Godoholo, May 1980, the savanna and toast regions. Matta, March 1981, 51 Q (biting in mid-afternoon) ; Poesoegroenoe, 5 0; Bigi Poika, May-July 1982, 1 Q (R & S) ; April 1981, 4 Q ; Makka Kreek, October 1981, Galibi, July 1982, 5 Q (R & S). Females were also 12 9; Kabalebo road km 10, May 1981, 18 Q caught in the rainforest region in 1952, one at Nason (A. Baboeram). Females were also caught at Alin- on the Marowijne, two at Godoholo and six at Poe- soe and Aloepie on the West Paroe river in keti on the Tapanahony (Br). In Trinidad, C. debi- May 1952, Poeketi and Saje on the Tapanahony in
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June 1952, and at Sara on the Upper Suriname river The type locality of C. guttatus proper is in Sao Paulo in September 1955 (Br). and it has been found only in southern Brazil The distribution of C. parue& extends from (Wirth, 1974), SO we have the problem of the true Pennsylvania, U.S.A. in the north through Central identity of Bruijning’s C. guttatus records. America and the West Indies south to Argentina One of Bruijning’s slides with Eve Culicoides (Wirth, 1974). In Trinidad, females have been females and the label “ Zanderij, 5-6 April 1954 “, caught on beaches (Aitken et al., 1975). In Brazil, but no identification label, was found in Paramaribo they are found on the toast at Belém, Para (Wirth in 1979. Four of the specimens were identifiable as and Blanton, 1973), and at Salvador, Bahia, where C. travassosi and one as C. foxi. (Bruijning probably they have been severe pests, causing dermatitis on had not seen the description of C. trauassosi, which the legs, especially of women (Sherlock, 1963). was published in the same year as his paper). 1 Their absence from the toast region of Suriname is could not lïnd any more of Bruijning’s specimens, remarkable. The biology of C. paraensis has recently but fortunately his paper includes notes on the differ- been reviewed by Linley et al. (1983) because of its ences in wing venation between specimens from dif- importance as a vector of Oropouche virus to ferent localities. From these notes, the five speci- humans. Females bite mainly by day. A trimodal mens mentioned above and my own collections from biting cycle with peaks from 07 00-08 00, 12 OO- 1979-1982, 1 suspect that Bruijning caught C. travas- 13 00 and 17 00 hrs was observed in the Amazon sosi and some C. foxi at Matta and Zanderij, C. insi- region of Brazil and a similar pattern was seen by gnis at Domburg, and C. filartfërus (and/or possibly Sherlock (1963) in Salvador, Bahia. The larvae cari C. pseudodiabolicus) at Apetina and Poeketi. There is develop in cacao pods and banana stumps, and no reason to suppose that he caught any C. guttatus population cari become very dense around human proper in Suriname. habitations. Recent work suggests that C. paraensis is a spe- cies complex including three other described species 7. Literature for identification of the Culicoides (f2iductus Wirth, neoparaensis Tavares and Sousa and species found quasiparaensis Clastrier) and two undescribed. The identity of the Suriname population and of vector of Of the 20 Culicoides species SO far recorded in Oropouche virus are currently in doubt (W. Wirth, Suriname, a11 but four (hylas, ignacioi, lopesi and tru- persona1 communication, 1986). vassosi) are included in the key of Aitken et al. (1975) and a11 but fïve (cructferus, guyanensis, lopesi, phleboto- Culicoides tetrathyrts mas and trinidadensis) in the key of Wirth and Blanton Aseli Kamp, June 1981, CDC trap, 7 Q. This (1973). It does not at present seem worth publish- species was previously known only from Panama and ing a new key for the Suriname species, because the Brazil (Wirth, 1974). Suriname fauna is still little known. Collections at only one site, Aseli Kamp, produced seven new Stilobezzia coquilletti records and further surveys would probably produce many more. The species not yet recorded in the Paramaribo, at lights inside house, May 1980, rainforest are more likely to be from the Amazonian 1 9, December 1980, 2 0, January 1981, 1 9. than from the Caribbean fauna. In the meantime, Stilobezzia adults are predators on other small insects. the key in Aitken et al. (1975) could be modified to They have large and apparently raptorial claws. include C. hylas, ignacioi and travassosi, by incorpo- rating information from Wirth and Blanton (1973). 6. The Culicoides guttatus group C. hylas would key out to C. heliconiae in couplet 5 of the key in Aitken et al. (1975), but has the sensillae Bruijning (1957) reported Culicoides guttatus on the third palpa1 segment in a shallow pit, rather (Coquillett) from the rainforest, savanna and toast than scattered, and in having a dark spot on the mid regions of Suriname, but he was following Macfie knee. C. travassosi would key out to C. foxi in cou- (1948, in Bruijning in treating C. filariferus, C. .pseudo- plet 7, but has an additional pale spot in ce11 R,, diabolicus, C. trinidadensis and some other species as near the wing tip (fig. 1). C. ignacioi would key out junior synonyms of C. guttatus. A more recent revi- to C. pseudodiabolicus in couplet 8 but it is larger, has sion reinstates C. filanferus, C. pseudodiabolicus and much darker halteres and more strongly contrasted C. trinidadensis as good species (Aitken et al., 1975). wing markings.
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8. Medical importance Galibi. According to the inhabitants of Galibi (as reported by Rozendaal and Slootweg, 1984), the Microfilariae of’ Mansonclla ozzardi and ~tl. perstans midge nuisance had decreased when changing river ha\-e bath been found in people in the savanna and currents washed away the mangrove near the toast re,+ons of Suriname, but their prevalence has village. One would expect this to decrease the declined greatly in recent years. Thick blood films population of Culicoides guvan&s, still the most abun- taken in savanna villages revealed that 24 % of the dant midge on human bait at Galibi in 1982, inhabitants were infected with Marzsonellu spp. in because its larvae live in mangrove, but Culicoides 1?52 (Fros, 1956) and 31 70 in 197 1, but accordin-; phlebotomus in Trinidad is associated with sandy tc) later surveys using the more-sensitive membrane beaches and river mouths, not with mangrove (Ait- filter technique, the overall infection rates were only ken et al., 1975). Galibi has been surveyed only in 2 % in 1979 and 3.8 % in 1982 (Rozendaal and July and October ; surveys in other months would be Slootweg, 1984 and references thereinj. At Bigi worthwhile. In villages in the savanna region, Culi- poika in the savanna, the infection rate was 43 7n in coides travassosi was by far the most abundant midge 1952 and 24 % in 1971, with both M. ozardi and on human bait, though not caught in the dry season. M. parstans present, but 6 % in 1979 and 8 7n in Moreover, Bruijning (1957) observed filaria larvae in 1982, with only M. perstans detected. At Galibi on the proboscis of two “ Culicoides guttutus ” (probably the toast, the infection rate was 55 70 in 1971, with C. truvassosi) that the had caught at Matta. Although bath species found, but no infections at a11 were the most abundant species is not necessarily the vec- detected in 1979 nor in 1982. Rozendaal and Sloot- tor, other species are SO much rarer that we may rea- weg (1984) suggest chane;es in Amerindian housing sonably suspect C. travassosi to have been the vector and natural reductions in C’ulicoidcs populations at in the savanna region. No Simuliidae were caught Galibi as possible reasons for the disappearance of in the savanna or toast regions from 1979-1982. MunsanfIla therr. Oropouche virus was fïrst isolated from a man No vçctors of fil. pcrstans in the New World with fever in Trinidad, but no epidemics have been have yet been specifïcally identified, and only three recorded there (Linley et al., 1983). In the Amazon vectors of M. ozturdi : Culicoides furens in Haiti, Culi- region of Brazil, however, Oropouche virus has cnides phlehotomus in Trinidad and Simulium amazonicum caused some major epidemics of fever in towns and (Simuliidae) in the Amazon region of Brazil (Linley cities. The urban vectors seem to be primarily Culi- et al., 1983). Of these three vectors, only C. phlebo- coides paraensis and secondarily the mosquito Culex tomus has been recorded in Suriname, and only from quinqu&zsciatus (Roberts et al., 1981). There is also a
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forest cycle with primates, sloths, birds and possibly to the toast is more likely in the closed cars, lorries other vertebrates as reservoir hosts, and with forest and aircraft that are increasingly used, than it is in mosquitoes (Aedes serratus, Coquillettidia venezuelensis) the open canoes that were once the sole means of and possibly forest midges as the enzootic vectors transport. Further surveys of Ceratopogonid popu- (Linley ‘et al., 1983). lations in Suriname Will be required at regular inter- Oropouche virus has not yet been recorded in vals to monitor any changes in the populations of Suriname, but could easily have been overlooked potential vectors. because the chief symptoms (fever, headache, myal- gia, arthralgia, dizziness and photophobia) are also found in many other diseases. Culicoides paraemis, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the principal vector, was found widely but not abun- dantly in the rainforest in 1979-1982, and major epi- 1 would like to thank H. Emanuels and D. Karto, for assis- demies are unlikely at present because most rain- tance with the collection of specimens ; Mrs C. H. Achthoven- Vrede, for assistance in thc labnratory ; Messrs J. A. Rozendaal forest settlements are small and isolated. Suriname and R. S. Slootweg from Txiden University, The Netherlands, for could become more respective to Oropouche virus permission to include their collection records : and Dr W. W. Wirth transmission if there was more human settlement in of the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. for sending copies of his papers, identifying and giving advice on specimens, the rainforest region, or if the distribution of and for comments on the manuscript. C. paraensis extended to the toast, as it has done in Brazil. Transport of live midges from the rainforest Manumit amptè par 1~ Comiti de Rédaction L Y octobre 1986,
REFERENCES
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