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Abrir Capítulo 2 3 ABRIR CAPÍTULO 2 3. Tafonomía 3.1 Introducción o o El yacimiento de Las Hoyas es, tal y intervalo estratigráfico elegido para llevar como ya se ha mencionado en otros a cabo el estudio. apartados de este trabajo, un yacimiento de tipo Konservat-Lagerstátten en el sentido Uno de los principales problemas que de Seilacher eral. (1985), es decirun cuerpo plantea este estudio es encontrar criterios de roca que muestra una riqueza inusual en descriptivos de los caracteres tafonómicos información paleontológica tanto que presenta la asociación, dada la gran cualitativa como cuantitativamente, en el diversidad taxonómica de grupos fósiles que se encuentran restos de organismos que que se encuentran en el yacimiento que no aparecen de forma habitual en el registro corresponden a restos de organismos y o restos que portan información evidencias de su actividad, que poseen paleobiológica y detalles anatómicos que composiciones y estructuras primarias muy habitualmente no aparecen en el registro dispares y que han condicionado fósil, es decir excepcionales. comportamientos y respuestas a los procesos de alteración tafonómica y El estudio tafonómico global y la fosilización muy diferentes. Aunque se reconstrucción de lahistoria tafonómica de realizó una descripción bastante exhaustiva un yacimiento como el de LasHoyas es una de la composición del yacimiento en el tarea cuya envergadura desborda los apartado 1.4del trabajo se ha incluido aquí objetivos de este trabajo, ya que este tipo un cuadro resumen de la misma para de análisis requieren de la reunión de una facilitar el seguimiento del texto de esta enorme cantidad de datos y observaciones parte (Tabla 3.1.1). de muy diversa índole. Se han llevado a cabo en los últimos No es por tanto esto lo que se persigue, años estudios tafonómicos de algunos de no se puede encontrar aquí un profundo los grupos fósiles, de entre los que cabe estudio tafonómico del yacimiento. Por el destacar el trabajo de Martínez Delclós contrario sólo se ha pretendido realizar un (1991) sobre los diferentes estados de primer acercamiento a la problemática del conservación y los caracteres tafonómicos estudio tafonómico y a la caracterización que presentan los restos de insectos. del yacimiento en su conjunto. Se intentará por tanto describir los caracteres En Fregenal Martínez eral. (1995b) se tafonómicos generales del yacimiento y la realizó también una somera descripción de distribución de esos caracteres en el los caracteres de la mayoría de losgruposfósiles. 275 Sin embargo no se ha intentado realizar excepcionales en las que se inhibe la hasta ahora una descripción que aborde las descomposición y las perturbaciones características del yacimiento, con biogénicas» y constituyen «ventanas independencia de las asignaciones tafonómicas» (Allison yBriggs, 1990). Este taxonómicas de los restos, de la misma tipo de planteamientos contienen prejuicios manera que tampoco se ha estudiado la que impiden realizarun estudio tafonómico problemática que concierne a la con sentido y como fin en si mismo y es distribución estratigráfica de los diferentes falso considerar que los fósiles que integran estados de conservación o de los caracteres yacimientos excepcionales «sólo portan tafonómicos o la correlación de esta información paleobiológica mínimamente distribución con la secuencialidad alterada por escasos procesos sedimentaria. tafonómicosx’. Esta aproximación es factible y cobra Se considerará sin embargo que la sentido una vez que se ha realizado una formación de yacimientos de tipo descripción e interpretación ambiental Konservat-Lagerstútten no es el resultado detalladas de las facies, en este caso de una serie de circunstancias microfacies, en las que se encuentran los excepcionales diferentes de las que fósiles. condicionan otros tipos de yacimientos, sino que al igual que todo el registro fósil Estos son precisamente los aspectos que depende de factores productivos y se pretenden abordar en esta parte del paleobiológicos, de factores extrínsecos trabajo presentado. Es decir, se ha realizado como el ambiente, y de factores intrínsecos una aproximación general al como la relación entre las entidades establecimiento y descripción de las conservadas, y que durante la fosilización diferentes tafof’acies presentes en el las entidades conservadas realizan yacimiento de LasHoyas. Se entiende como actividades, se estabilizan, se replican y se tafofacies el cuerpo estratigráfico de roca transforman (Fernández López, 1989, que se distingue de otros con los que se 1991), dando lugar a la variabilidad de relaciona lateral y verticalmente en base a caracteres tafonómicos que se observan en su conjunto particular de propiedades las asociaciones conservadas. tafonómicas (Speyer yBrett, 1988). Como complemento a los aspectos Se ha intentado abordar este trabajo tafonómicos, y parte de la descripción desde una concepción dinamicista y global del yacimiento se ha considerado evolucionista del registro fósil y de los también oportuno describir en esta parte del fósiles (sensu Fernández López, 1989, trabajo la distribución estratigráfica de los 1991) eludiendo otras concepciones del taxones que se encuentran en el yacimiento registro fósil y de los fósiles que adquieren y plantear la problemática acerca de los especial relevancia en el caso de términos en que dicha distribución podría yacimientos excepcionales, tales como ser explicada. considerar que estos «son registros en los que los procesos tafonómicos han tenido En primer lugar se expondrán los menos impacto» (Wilson, 1988); o el aspectos metodológicos del trabajo, tras lo resultado de la conjunción de un conjunto cual se describirá la distribución cje circunstancias en las que «el telón de la estratigráfica de taxones. Los aspectos preservación se ha levantado ligeramente tafonómicos se abordarán a continuación para permitir vislumbrar la extraordinaria comenzando por una descripción general naturaleza de la vida primitiva» (Barthel et de los caracteres tafonómicos que presentan al., 1990); o que las evidencias de cada uno de los grupos fósiles encontrados organismos de cuerpo blando que se en el yacimiento, y terminando con la encuentran en este tipo de yacimientos «se descripción de las tafofacies establecidas en deben a condiciones sedimentológicas este trabajo. 276 FLORA o Charophyta: Nitellaceae indet.; Characese lndet.; Clavataraceae indet. (Ay E). o Sryaphyta : Hepataphyta: Hepaticites sp. Pteridaphyta: Filicales: Schizeaceae (Ruifordia sp.), Dicksaniaceae (Onychiopsis sp.), Osmundaceae (Cladaphlebfs sp.>, Mataniaceae (Weichsetia reticulata). Spermataphyta: Bennettitales: Zamites sp. Conlferales:Cheirolepldiaceae (Cupressinacladus, Eren elopsfs, Pagfaphyllum, Brachyphyllum>, Taxod¡aceae (Sphenalepis>, lncertae sedis (Padazamites>. Gnetales: Orewrfa patamacensis Anglaspermae: Angiospermae Indet. Incorteesedis: Mantaechia vidail FAUNA Malusca: Bivalvia indet. <Unianidae?>, Gasterópoda indet. (Ay E>. Arthropoda: Crustacea: Ostracoda indet Peracarida: Isopoda lndet., Spelaeagrphaceae indet. Decapada: Aatacidae (Austrapatamabiaus Ik>p¡sJ), Atyidae <Deldosis mafljnelli>. Hexapoda: Ephemeraptera: Leptophlebi¡dae: Huerganeta ciervaensis; Hispananeta hayaensis. Odonata:Aeschniidae: Gigantoaeschnfdium ibericus, Nannoaeschnldium pumfila; lberoaeschnidium canquensis, Aeschniidae indet. Gomphidae: flerdaegamphus tornee Aeshnidae: Hayaeschna cretacica Elattodea: Mesablattinidae: H¡spanoblatta sumptuasa, Mesablattinidae indet. Isoptera: MciMermes beflrani Ortoptera: Gryllidae: Torcegryllus apexreditus, Hoyagryllus huecarensis. Orthopteraidea: Chresmodidae. Heteroptera: Belastomatidae: Hispanepa canquensis, Iberonepa ramerail, Tarcanepa magnapes. - Hamoptera: Cixiidae. Raph¡dioptera: Mesaraphiidae Caleaptera: Cuped¡dae, ?Ademasynidae, Escarabaecidea Hymenaptera: Apacrita indet. Diptera: Nemestrinidae, Stratiamy¡idae Mecoptera: Panorpidae Neuroptera: Chrysopidae (seis formas distintas), Kalligammat¡dae Chordata: Sarcopterygi¡: Coelacantiformes: Coelacant¡dae: “Halaphagus”?. Actinapterygii: Am¡iformes: Caturidae (Catun¡s sp), Amiidae <Amiapsfs waadward4 Vidalamia catalun¡ca>, Macrasemiidae <Notagogus ferreg Notagogis aif. N. ten’er¿ Ptcpten¿s aif. 1’. i’idati, Propterus sp.). Pycnadontiformes: Pycnodantidae <Macromesodon aif. M. bentssaflensls, ct Samesodan sp.). Semionotiformes: Semianotidae (frs fórmas de Lepídotes sp.). Teleostei: Phalidaphorifarmes: Pleurophclidae (PVeurcpholls sp.>. Gonorynchlformes: Chanidas: Rub¡eslchthyinae (Rubiesichthys gregalis, Gordlchthys conquensis). Teleostej inceflee seds: cuatro formas. Aniphibia: Albanerpetantidae: Geltedens ib,eflcus Anura: Discoglossldae, Anura indet. Caudata: Hylaeabatrachus, Valdotrítan; Caudata indet. Amniota: Chelonia: Centrocryptod¡ra ¡ndet. Squamata: Meyasaurus, squamata indet (A y E>. Crocodylamarpha: Crocodyliformes indet Neosuchia: Atopasauridae (Montsechosuchus>; Unasuchus, Ganiapholis, Neasuchia indet. Dinosauria: Theropoda: Ornithomimosauria (Pelecanímimus pailodan).Therapoda indet Aves: Iberamesamis romerati, Concamis lacustris, Eoalula vis hayasl Tabla 3.1.1. Resumen esquemático de la composición y diversidad del yacimiento de Las Hoyas. 277 3.2 Recogida de Datos y Muestreo en Campo En primer lugar se partía de un Los datos tafonómicos utilizados para desconocimiento casi total de la estratigrafia realizar el trabajo han sido recogidos y la estructura del yacimiento. Cuando se fundamentalmente en el campo, de v¡su o comenzó el trabajo el aspecto que con la ayuda de unasimple lupa de mano o presentaba el yacimiento
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