Debian Reference

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Debian Reference Debian Reference Osamu Aoki <osamu\#at\#debian.org> Koordynator tłumaczenia: Bartosz Fe´nskiaka fEnIo <[email protected]> ‘Autorzy’ na 259 stronie CVS, czwartek, 18 stycze´n2007, 11:53:26 UTC Streszczenie Debian Reference (http://qref.sourceforge.net/) z załozenia˙ stanowi´cma podr˛ecz- nik poinstalacyjny Debiana, b˛ed˛acjednocze´snieszerokim omówieniem tego systemu. Doku- ment opisuje wiele aspektów administracji, ilustruj ˛acje przykładowymi poleceniami. Zawarte w nim samouczki, porady i inne informacje dotycz ˛atematów takich jak: podstawowe załoze-˙ nia systemu Debian, wskazówki instalacyjne, zarz ˛adzaniepakietami, j ˛adro Linuksa, dostraja- nie systemu, konfiguracja bramy sieciowej, edytory tekstu, CVS, programowanie oraz GnuPG (dla zwykłych uzytkowników).˙ Prawa autorskie Copyright © 2001–2005 by Osamu Aoki <osamu#at#debian.org>. Copyright (Rozdział 2) © 1996–2001 by Software in the Public Interest. Ten dokument moze˙ zosta´cuzyty˙ zgodnie z warunkami GNU General Public License w wersji 2 lub wyzszej.˙ (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) Udziela si˛ezgody na dystrybuowanie wiernych kopii tego dokumentu pod warunkiem opa- trzenia wszystkich kopii informacj ˛ao prawach autorskich a takze˙ niniejszym pozwoleniem. Udziela si˛ezgody na tworzenie i dystrybucj˛ezmodyfikowanych wersji tego dokumentu na warunkach takich, jak w przypadku wiernych kopii, pod warunkiem, ze˙ całe zmodyfikowane dzieło rozprowadzane jest na zasadach identycznych do zawartych w niniejszym pozwoleniu. Udziela si˛ezgody na kopiowanie i dystrybucj˛etłumacze´ntego dokumentu w innym j˛ezyku, zgodnie z powyzszymi˙ warunkami dotycz ˛acymimodyfikowanych wersji dokumentu, z tym wyj ˛atkiem,iz˙ tłumaczenie niniejszego pozwolenia musi zosta´czatwierdzone przez Free So- ftware Foundation lub pozosta´cw brzmieniu oryginalnym. Powyzsze˙ tłumaczenie nie zostało zatwierdzone przez Free Software Foundation i w zwi ˛azku z tym nie jest w zadnym˙ stopniu wi ˛az˙ ˛ace.Ma jedynie charakter informacyjny, a w przypadku redystrybucji lub modyfikacji dokumentu nalezy˙ stosowa´csi˛edo oryginału zamieszczonego ponizej.˙ Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. i Spis tre´sci 1 Wst˛ep 1 1.1 Oficjalny dokument .................................... 1 1.2 Konwencje w dokumencie ................................ 2 1.3 Przykładowe skrypty ................................... 2 1.4 Podstawowe ustawienia ................................. 2 1.5 Podstawowe informacje o dystrybucjach Debiana .................. 3 2 Debian – Podstawy 5 2.1 Archiwa Debiana ..................................... 5 2.1.1 Struktura katalogów ............................... 5 2.1.2 Dystrybucje Debiana ............................... 6 2.1.3 Dystrybucja stabilna ............................. 6 2.1.4 Dystrybucja testowa .............................. 7 2.1.5 Dystrybucja niestabilna ........................... 7 2.1.6 Dystrybucja frozen (zamrozona˙ ) ...................... 8 2.1.7 Kryptonimy dystrybucji Debiana ........................ 8 2.1.8 Kryptonimy uzywane˙ w przeszło´sci ...................... 9 2.1.9 Zródło´ kryptonimów ............................... 9 2.1.10 Katalog pool ................................... 9 2.1.11 Nota historyczna o dystrybucji Sid ....................... 10 2.1.12 Pakiety umieszczone w incoming/ ...................... 10 2.1.13 Odzyskiwanie starszego pakietu ........................ 10 2.1.14 Podział na architektury ............................. 11 2.1.15 Kod ´zródłowy ................................... 11 SPIS TRESCI´ ii 2.2 System zarz ˛adzaniapakietami w Debianie ...................... 12 2.2.1 Przegl ˛adpakietów Debiana ........................... 12 2.2.2 Format pakietów Debiana ............................ 13 2.2.3 Zasady nadawania nazw pakietom Debiana ................. 13 2.2.4 Ochrona lokalnych plików konfiguracyjnych ................. 14 2.2.5 Skrypty instalacyjne i deinstalacyjne ...................... 14 2.2.6 Priorytety pakietów ............................... 15 2.2.7 Pakiety wirtualne ................................. 16 2.2.8 Zalezno´scimi˛edzypakietami˙ .......................... 16 2.2.9 Znaczenie „pre-depends” ............................ 17 2.2.10 Status pakietu ................................... 18 2.2.11 Zapobieganie instalacji nowych wersji pakietów ............... 18 2.2.12 Pakiety ´zródłowe ................................. 19 2.2.13 Tworzenie pakietów binarnych ze ´zródłowych ................ 19 2.2.14 Tworzenie nowych pakietów Debiana ..................... 20 2.3 Aktualizacja systemu Debian .............................. 20 2.3.1 Sposoby aktualizacji systemu Debian ..................... 20 2.3.2 Przegl ˛adnarz˛edzido zarz ˛adzaniapakietami ................. 21 2.3.3 dpkg ........................................ 21 2.3.4 APT ......................................... 21 2.3.5 dselect ...................................... 22 2.3.6 Aktualizacja działaj ˛acegosystemu ....................... 22 2.3.7 Pobrane i chwilowo zapisane na dysku pliki .deb .............. 22 2.3.8 Rejestracja zmian w pakietach ......................... 22 2.4 Proces ładowania systemu w Debianie ......................... 23 2.4.1 Program init .................................. 23 2.4.2 Poziomy startu (Runlevels) ........................... 23 2.4.3 Modyfikacje procesu ładowania ........................ 24 2.5 Wsparcie dla róznorodno´sci˙ ............................... 24 2.6 Internacjonalizacja .................................... 25 2.7 Debian i kernel ...................................... 25 SPIS TRESCI´ iii 2.7.1 Kompilacja j ˛adraze ´zródełinnych, niz˙ debianowe .............. 25 2.7.2 Narz˛edziado tworzenia j ˛adra .......................... 26 2.7.3 Specjalne wyposazenie˙ do obsługi modułów j ˛adra .............. 26 2.7.4 Usuwanie starego pakietu z j ˛adrem ...................... 26 3 Wskazówki dotycz ˛aceinstalacji Debiana 29 3.1 Główne wskazówki dotycz ˛aceinstalacji systemu Linux ............... 29 3.1.1 Podstawy zgodno´scisprz˛etowych ....................... 29 3.1.2 Okre´slanieinformacji o sprz˛eciei układach płyty głównej. ......... 30 3.1.3 Okre´slanieinformacji o sprz˛ecieza pomoc ˛aDebiana; ............ 30 3.1.4 Okre´slanieinformacji o sprz˛ecieza pomoc ˛ainnego systemu operacyjnego: 31 3.1.5 Mity o Lilo ..................................... 31 3.1.6 GRUB ....................................... 31 3.1.7 Wybór zestawu dyskietek startowych ..................... 32 3.1.8 Instalacja ...................................... 32 3.1.9 Nazwy hostów i adresy IP uzywane˙ w sieci LAN .............. 33 3.1.10 Konta uzytkowników˙ .............................. 34 3.1.11 Tworzenie systemów plików .......................... 34 3.1.12 Wytyczne dotycz ˛acepami˛eciDRAM ...................... 37 3.1.13 Przestrze´nwymiany ............................... 37 3.2 Konfiguracja Basha .................................... 38 3.3 Konfiguracja myszy .................................... 38 3.3.1 Myszy PS/2 .................................... 38 3.3.2 Mysz na USB ................................... 40 3.3.3 Touchpad ..................................... 41 3.4 Konfiguracja NFS ..................................... 41 3.5 Konfiguracja Samby ................................... 42 3.6 Konfiguracja drukarki .................................. 43 3.6.1 lpr/lpd ...................................... 43 3.6.2 CUPS™ ...................................... 44 3.7 Inne wskazówki instalacyjne .............................. 44 SPIS TRESCI´ iv 3.7.1 Doinstaluj jeszcze troch˛epakietów po wst˛epnejinstalacji .......... 44 3.7.2 Moduły ...................................... 45 3.7.3 Podstawy instalacji CD-RW ........................... 45 3.7.4 Automatyczne wył ˛aczaniekomputera oraz komputery z wi˛eksz˛ailo´sci˛a pami˛eci ....................................... 46 3.7.5 Dziwne kłopoty z dost˛epemdo witryn WWW. ................ 46 3.7.6 Konfiguracja poł ˛aczeniamodemowego (Dialup PPP) ............ 47 3.7.7 Inne pliki konfiguracyjne do dostrojenia w /etc/ .............. 47 4 Debian - samouczek 49 4.1 Zaczynamy ......................................... 49 4.1.1 Logowanie do powłoki jako root ........................ 49 4.1.2 Tworzenie minimlnego ´srodowiska dla pocz ˛atkuj˛acego ........... 50 4.1.3 Dodawanie konta uzytkownika˙ ......................... 51 4.1.4 Przeł ˛aczaniemi˛edzykonsolami wirtualnymi ................. 51 4.1.5 Zamykanie systemu ............................... 51 4.1.6 Do rzeczy ..................................... 52 4.2 Midnight Commander (MC) ............................... 53 4.2.1 Konfigurowanie MC ............................... 53 4.2.2 Uruchamianie MC ................................ 53 4.2.3 Menedzer˙ plików w MC ............................. 53 4.2.4 Triki linii polece´nw MC ............................. 54 4.2.5 Edytor w MC ................................... 54 4.2.6 Podgl ˛adw MC .................................. 55 4.2.7 Własno´sciauto-startu programu MC
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