Debian Reference

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Debian Reference Debian Reference Osamu Aoki <[email protected]> Koordynator tłumaczenia: Bartosz Fe´nskiaka fEnIo <[email protected]> ‘Autorzy’ na 203 stronie CVS, wtorek, 12 sierpie´n2003, 12:07:29 UTC Streszczenie Debian Reference (http://qref.sourceforge.net/) z zało˙zeniastanowi´cma podr˛ecznik poinstalacyjny Debiana, b˛ed˛acjednocze´snieszerokim omówieniem tego systemu. Dokument opisuje wiele aspektów administracji, ilustruj ˛acje przykładowymi poleceniami. Zawarte w nim samouczki, porady i inne informacje dotycz ˛atematów takich jak: podstawowe zało˙zenia systemu Debian, wskazówki instalacyjne, zarz ˛adzaniepakietami, j ˛adro Linuksa, dostrajanie systemu, konfiguracja bramy sieciowej, edytory tekstu, CVS, programowanie oraz GnuPG (dla zwykłych u˙zytkowników). Prawa autorskie Copyright © 2001–2002 by Osamu Aoki <[email protected]>. Copyright (Rozdział 2) © 1996–2001 by Software in the Public Interest. Ten dokument mo˙zezosta´cu˙zytyzgodnie z warunkami GNU General Public License w wersji 2 lub wy˙zszej.(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) Zezwolenie na tworzenie i dystrybucj˛ekopii tego dokumentu zostaje przyznane pod warunk- iem, ˙zezapis o prawie autorskim oraz to zezwolenie zostan ˛aprzechowane na wszystkich kopi- ach. Zezwolenie na kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie zmodyfikowanych wersji tego dokumentu zostaje przyznane zgodnie z warunkami kopiowania, z zastrze˙zeniem,˙zecała praca jest rozpowszech- niana zgodnie z warunkami zezwolenia identycznego z tutejszym. Zezwolenie na kopiowanie i rozpowszechnianie tłumacze´ntego dokumentu na inny j˛ezyk zostaje przyznane dla wersji zmodyfikowanej zgodnie z powy˙zszymiwarunkami, prócz tego, ˙zeto zezwolenie mo˙zeby´cwł ˛aczonew tłumaczeniu zaakceptowanym przez FSF zamiast wer- sji oryginalnej, w j˛ezykuangielskim. i Spis tre´sci 1 Wst˛ep 1 1.1 Oficjalny dokument .................................... 1 1.2 Konwencje w dokumencie ................................ 2 1.3 Przykładowe skrypty ................................... 2 1.4 Podstawowe ustawienia ................................. 2 1.5 Podstawowe informacje o dystrybucjach Debiana .................. 3 2 Debian – Podstawy 5 2.1 Archiwa Debiana ..................................... 5 2.1.1 Struktura katalogów ............................... 5 2.1.2 Dystrybucje Debiana ............................... 6 2.1.3 Dystrybucja stabilna ............................. 6 2.1.4 Dystrybucja testowa .............................. 7 2.1.5 Dystrybucja niestabilna ........................... 7 2.1.6 Dystrybucja frozen (zamro˙zona) ...................... 8 2.1.7 Kryptonimy dystrybucji Debiana ........................ 8 2.1.8 Kryptonimy u˙zywanew przeszło´sci ...................... 9 2.1.9 Zródło´ kryptonimów ............................... 9 2.1.10 Katalog pool ................................... 9 2.1.11 Nota historyczna o dystrybucji Sid ....................... 10 2.1.12 Pakiety umieszczone w incoming/ ...................... 10 2.1.13 Odzyskiwanie starszego pakietu ........................ 10 2.1.14 Podział na architektury ............................. 11 2.1.15 Kod ´zródłowy ................................... 11 SPIS TRESCI´ ii 2.2 System zarz ˛adzaniapakietami w Debianie ...................... 12 2.2.1 Przegl ˛adpakietów Debiana ........................... 12 2.2.2 Format pakietów Debiana ............................ 13 2.2.3 Zasady nadawania nazw pakietom Debiana ................. 13 2.2.4 Ochrona lokalnych plików konfiguracyjnych ................. 14 2.2.5 Skrypty instalacyjne i deinstalacyjne ...................... 14 2.2.6 Priorytety pakietów ............................... 15 2.2.7 Pakiety wirtualne ................................. 15 2.2.8 Zale˙zno´scimi˛edzypakietami .......................... 16 2.2.9 Znaczenie „pre-depends” ............................ 17 2.2.10 Status pakietu ................................... 17 2.2.11 Zapobieganie instalacji nowych wersji pakietów ............... 18 2.2.12 Pakiety ´zródłowe ................................. 18 2.2.13 Tworzenie pakietów binarnych ze ´zródłowych ................ 19 2.2.14 Tworzenie nowych pakietów Debiana ..................... 19 2.3 Aktualizacja systemu Debian .............................. 19 2.3.1 Sposoby aktualizacji systemu Debian ..................... 20 2.3.2 Przegl ˛adnarz˛edzido zarz ˛adzaniapakietami ................. 20 2.3.3 dpkg ........................................ 20 2.3.4 APT ......................................... 21 2.3.5 dselect ...................................... 21 2.3.6 Aktualizacja działaj ˛acegosystemu ....................... 21 2.3.7 Pobrane i chwilowo zapisane na dysku pliki .deb .............. 22 2.3.8 Rejestracja zmian w pakietach ......................... 22 2.4 Proces ładowania systemu w Debianie ......................... 22 2.4.1 Program init .................................. 22 2.4.2 Poziomy startu (Runlevels) ........................... 22 2.4.3 Modyfikacje procesu ładowania ........................ 23 2.5 Wsparcie dla ró˙znorodno´sci ............................... 24 2.6 Internacjonalizacja .................................... 24 2.7 Debian i kernel ...................................... 24 SPIS TRESCI´ iii 2.7.1 Kompilacja j ˛adraze ´zródełinnych, ni˙zdebianowe .............. 25 2.7.2 Narz˛edziado tworzenia j ˛adra .......................... 25 2.7.3 Alternatywne programy ładuj ˛acesystem (bootloadery) ........... 26 2.7.4 Dyskietki startowe własnej roboty ....................... 26 2.7.5 Specjalne wyposa˙zeniedo obsługi modułów j ˛adra .............. 26 2.7.6 Usuwanie starego pakietu z j ˛adrem ...................... 26 3 Wskazówki dotycz ˛aceinstalacji Debiana 27 3.1 Główne wskazówki dotycz ˛aceinstalacji systemu Linux ............... 27 3.1.1 Podstawy zgodno´scisprz˛etowych ....................... 27 3.1.2 Okre´slanieinformacji o sprz˛eciei układach płyty głównej. ......... 28 3.1.3 Okre´slanieinformacji o sprz˛ecieza pomoc ˛aDebiana; ............ 28 3.1.4 Okre´slanieinformacji o sprz˛ecieza pomoc ˛ainnego systemu operacyjnego: 28 3.1.5 Mity o Lilo ..................................... 29 3.1.6 GRUB ....................................... 29 3.1.7 Wybór zestawu dyskietek startowych ..................... 29 3.1.8 Instalacja ...................................... 30 3.1.9 Nazwy hostów i adresy IP u˙zywanew sieci LAN .............. 30 3.1.10 Konta u˙zytkowników .............................. 31 3.1.11 Tworzenie systemów plików .......................... 32 3.1.12 Wytyczne dotycz ˛acepami˛eciDRAM ...................... 35 3.1.13 Przestrze´nwymiany ............................... 35 3.2 Konfiguracja Bash ..................................... 35 3.3 Konfiguracja myszy .................................... 36 3.3.1 Myszy PS/2 .................................... 36 3.3.2 Mysz na USB ................................... 38 3.3.3 Touchpad ..................................... 39 3.4 Konfiguracja NFS ..................................... 39 3.5 Konfiguracja Samby ................................... 39 3.6 Konfiguracja drukarki .................................. 40 3.6.1 lpr/lpd ...................................... 40 SPIS TRESCI´ iv 3.6.2 CUPS™ ...................................... 41 3.7 Inne wskazówki instalacyjne .............................. 42 3.7.1 Doinstaluj jeszcze troch˛epakietów po wst˛epnejinstalacji .......... 42 3.7.2 Moduły ...................................... 43 3.7.3 Podstawy instalacji CD-RW ........................... 43 3.7.4 Automatyczne wył ˛aczaniekomputera oraz komputery z wi˛eksz˛ailo´sci˛a pami˛eci ....................................... 43 3.7.5 Dziwne kłopoty z dost˛epemdo witryn WWW. ................ 44 3.7.6 Konfiguracja poł ˛aczeniamodemowego (Dialup PPP) ............ 45 3.7.7 Inne pliki konfiguracyjne do dostrojenia w /etc ............... 45 4 Samouczki Debiana 47 4.1 Zródła´ informacji ..................................... 47 4.2 Konsola Linuksa ...................................... 47 4.2.1 Login ........................................ 47 4.2.2 Dodawanie konta u˙zytkownika ......................... 48 4.2.3 Jak zamyka´csystem ............................... 48 4.2.4 Edycja w linii polece´n .............................. 49 4.2.5 Wykonywanie polece´n .............................. 49 4.2.6 Najbardziej podstawowe polecenia do zapami˛etania ............ 49 4.2.7 System X Window ................................ 50 4.2.8 Wa˙zneskróty klawiszowe ............................ 50 4.3 Midnight Commander (MC) ............................... 50 4.3.1 Instalowanie MC ................................. 51 4.3.2 Uruchamianie MC ................................ 51 4.3.3 Mened˙zerplików ................................. 51 4.3.4 Triki linii polece´n ................................. 51 4.3.5 Edytor ....................................... 52 4.3.6 Podgl ˛ad ...................................... 52 4.3.7 Własno´sciauto-startu .............................. 53 4.3.8 Wirtualny system plików FTP .......................... 53 4.4 Podstawy systemu plików GNU/Linux ........................ 53 SPIS TRESCI´ v 4.4.1 Prawa dost˛epudo plików i katalogów ..................... 53 4.4.2 Znaczniki czasu .................................. 55 4.4.3 Dowi ˛azania(links) ................................ 56 4.5 Dalsza nauka ....................................... 56 5 Uaktualnianie dystrybucji do wersji testowej 57 5.1 Przej´sciedo APT z Woodiego .............................. 57 5.2 Przygotowanie do przej´scia(z wersji stabilnej na testow ˛a) .......... 58 5.3 Aktualizacja systemu ................................... 59 5.3.1 Najlepiej do aktualizacji jest u˙zy´cprogramu dselect
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