Serdar Temiz

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Serdar Temiz OPEN DATA AND INNOVATION ADOPTION: Lessons From Sweden Serdar Temiz Doctoral thesis submitted to the School of Industrial Engineering and Management for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering and Management KTH Royal Institute of Technology School of Industrial Engineering and Management Department of Industrial Economics and Management SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden OPEN DATA AND INNOVATION ADOPTION: LESSONS FROM SWEDEN ISBN 978-91-7873-083-4 © Temiz, Serdar, December 2018 [email protected] Academic thesis, with permission and approval of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology, is submitted for public review and doctoral examination in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Phi- losophy in Industrial Engineering and Management on Monday, February 22, 2019, at 09:00 in Hall F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden. Printed in Sweden, Universitetsservice US-AB ii Abstract The Internet has significantly reduced the cost of producing, accessing, and using data, with governments, companies, open data advocates, and researchers observing open data’s potential for promoting democratic and innovative solutions and with open data’s global market size estimated at billions of dollars in the European Union alone (Carrara, Chan, Fischer, & Steenbergen, 2015). This thesis explores the concept of open data, describing and analyzing how open data adoption occurs to better identify and understand key challenges in this process and thus contribute to better use of the available data resources and valuable services for citizens. This research explores the overarching research problem: How does the process of open data adoption occur? Specific research questions include: RQ1: What is the state of open data in terms of political, social, and economic perspectives? RQ2: Who are the main stakeholders utilizing open data; what is their position in the ecosystem, and how do they collaborate? RQ3: Which issues influence open data adoption for open data projects and how? RQ4: What are the potential determinants of open data adoption for open data-driven innovation, and how do these factors influence adoption? To answer these questions, this research has followed an inductive research approach followed by a deductive approach, using both quantitative and qualitative methods. First, this thesis involves macro-level analysis of an open data platform. Second, the thesis maps the open data ecosystem and identifies the ecosystem’s key actors. Third, it determines organizations’ issues and challenges while working with open data and, finally, empirically verifies the factors influencing open data adoption at the organizational level. This research has successfully identified three factors influencing open data adoption—organizational readiness, perceived effort, and perceived benefits—and three that do not (perceived usefulness, perceived risk, and external pressure). Organizational readiness was found to have the greatest influence on open data adoption. The thesis is organized in a hybrid format, meaning it is a monograph with a compilation of studies. The dissertation is structured as follows: First, the introduction defines the open data concept and innovation adoption and explains the reason for this dissertation. Second, the thesis provides an analysis of relevant previous studies, theories, concepts, models, frameworks, and methods. Third, a detailed explanation is given on the methodologies used. Fourth, the empirical iii portion of this thesis comprises four individual studies that constitute the empirical foundations of the research problem. Each study analyzes one research question using its own methodological approach. Fifth, answers to research questions and limitations of this thesis, as well as future research implications, are presented. The conclusion section summarizes this dissertation and its contributions to the areas of open data and innovation adoption. Keywords: Open data, open innovation, innovation adoption, modes of innovation, eGovernment, open government, digital government, PLS-SEM iv SAMMANFATTNING Internet har väsentligt minskat kostnader för produktion, åtkomst och användning av data. Regeringar, företag, öppna data förespråkare, och akademiska forskare iakttar uppenbarligen att potentialen av öppna data för innovativa lösningar och för att främja demokratin. Öppna datas globala marknadsstorlek idag uppskattas till miljarder dollar bara i EU (Carrara, Chan, Fischer, & Steenbergen, 2015). Denna avhandling undersöker begreppet öppna data, beskriver och analyserar hur öppna data adopteras sker för att bättre identifiera och förstå de centrala utmaningarna i adoptionsprocessen och därigenom bidra till bättre utnyttjande av de tillgängliga datakällor och värdefulla användartjänster för medborgarna. Denna forskning undersöker det övergripande forskningsproblemet: Hur uppstår processen med öppna data adoption? Specifika forskningsfrågor är: RQ1: Vad är synen på öppna data ur ett politiskt, socialt och ekonomiskt perspektiv? RQ2: Vilka är de viktigaste intressenterna som utnyttjar öppna data; Vad är deras position i ekosystemet, och hur samarbetar de? RQ3: Vilka frågeställningar påverkar öppna data adoption och hur påverkar dem öppna dataprojekt? RQ4: Vilka är de potentiella bestämningsfaktorerna för öppna data adoption av öppna datadriven innovation, och hur påverkar dessa faktorer adoptionsprocessen? För att svara på dessa frågor har denna forskning följt en induktiv forskningsinriktning följt av ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt, med användning av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. För att svara på dessa frågor har denna forskning följt en induktiv forskningsinriktning följt av ett deduktivt tillvägagångssätt, med användning av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. Första steget i avhandlingen utgörs av en makronivåanalys av öppna data plattform. För det andra kartlägger öppna data ekosystemet och identifierar ekosystemens nyckelaktörer. I det tredje steget identifieras ekosystemets organisationers frågor och utmaningar för öppen data innovation. För att slutligen, empiriskt verifiera de faktorer som påverkar öppen data innovation på organisationsnivå. Denna forskning har framgångsrikt identifierat tre faktorer som påverkar öppna data adoption: organisatorisk beredskap, uppfattad ansträngning och uppfattad fördelar — och ytterligare tre som inte gör det— uppfattad användbarhet, uppfattad risk och påtryckningar utifrån. Organisatorisk beredskap visade sig ha störst inflytande på öppna data adoption v Avhandlingen är organiserad i ett hybridformat, vilket innebär att det är en monografi med sammanställning av studier. Avhandlingen är strukturerad enligt följande: Första avsnittet under introduktion definieras öppna data konceptet och innovationsanpassningen samt förklaras orsaken till denna avhandling. I andra avsnitt följer en analys av relevanta tidigare studier, teorier, begrepp, modeller, ramverk och metoder. I det tredje avsnittet ges en detaljerad förklaring om de metoder som används. Det fjärde avsnittet omfattar den empiriska delen av denna avhandling som består av fyra individuella studier som utgör den empiriska grunden för forskningen. Varje studie analyserar en forskningsfråga med en egen metodologisk inriktning. I det femte avsnittet presenteras svar på forskningsfrågor och begränsningar av denna avhandling samt framtida forskningsimplikationer. I slutsatsdelen sammanfattas denna avhandling och dess bidrag till öppna data och innovationsfältet Nyckelord: Öppna data, öppen innovation, innovationsåtgärder, innovationsformer, e- förvaltning, öppen regering, digital regering, PLS-SEM vi vii Acknowledgments I never thought it would be this difficult to write acknowledgments. In the long journey of this doctoral thesis, many people have helped, contributed, and provided support. First and foremost, I would like to express my special appreciation and gratitude to my main supervisor, Terrence Brown, for the opportunity and guidance you have provided to help me pick my topic and shape my research. You helped me develop not only as a researcher but also as a lecturer. I know I was not an easy PhD student—a rollercoaster ride with plenty of ups and downs—and I appreciate your support and understanding. Special thanks goes to Esmail Salehi-Sangari as well. I will never forget how you helped me whenever I needed it and how you provided me with instant feedback on research whenever required. Your expertise in supervising research and giving such detailed feedback impressed me. I am very glad to be part of a research environment in which I could receive support from you. It was fortunate that I was able to get your feedback. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor, Kent Thorén. Your suggestions for improvements, especially during the final stage of my research, was priceless. Thanks also goes: To Marcel Bogers- you tirelessly answered my emails, responded my skype requests and helped me to shape my research and did great suggestions. I cannot thank you enough! To Robin Teigland—my research career started when I was part of your research group at the Stockholm School of Economics. You always encouraged me to pursue a research career and provided valuable guidance and feedback at the initial stage of my research. To Annika Skoglund, my master’s thesis supervisor, who introduced me to Indek and had fruitful discussions with me on academia and research. To Mana Farshid—the discussion we had on quantitative analysis and how to conduct research helped me
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