IMPACTS OF CLIMATIC CHANGE IN SPAIN 6. IMPACTS ON ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY Juan Moreno, Eduardo Galante and Mª Ángeles Ramos Contributing Authors R. Araujo, J. Baixeras, J. Carranza, M. Daufresne, M. Delibes, H. Enghoff, J. Fernández, C. Gómez, A. Marco, A. G. Nicieza, M. Nogales, M. Papes, N. Roura, J. J. Sanz, V. Sarto i Monteys, V. Seco, O. Soriano, C. Stefanescu Reviewers M. Álvarez Cobelas, J. Bustamante, B. Elvira, R. Márquez, A. Martin, P. A. Rincón, J. L. Tellería, F. Valladares A. Pape Möller, J. P. Lumaret, A. Minelli 243 ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY 244 IMPACTS OF CLIMATIC CHANGE IN SPAIN ABSTRACT Spain, possibly the EUs richest country with regard to animal species, has the highest number of endemisms. The number of new species described every year indicates that a high percentage of the fauna remains unknown. Greater effort is required in our country with regard to taxonomic research. There exists much evidence of climatic effects on the biology, abundance and distribution of vertebrates and of certain groups of insects of our fauna, and there are very little data on most of the invertebrates. There are two future scenarios of the effects of climate change on the biodiversity of vertebrates: 1) Ecosystems will be displaced jointly in accordance with climate, and 2) ºEcosystems will adapt and change. The first scenario is unrealistic, due to the tremendous and growing fragmentation of habitats in Europe and the complexity of the responses by the different species and of the interactions between them. A possibility of displacement of the biocenoses only appears to exist in rivers. The second point does not allow for accurate predictions in most cases in view of the current level of knowledge. There is evidence of the direct effects of climate change to date, in spite of the scarcity of good temporal series. Thus, large phenological changes have been detected in populations of vertebrates and invertebrates, with advances (and in certain cases delays) in processes of initiation of activity, the arrival of migratory species or reproduction. The maladjustment between predators and their prey resulting from differential responses to climate is another detected consequence of recent changes. The distribution of certain species is being displaced towards the North or towards higher altitudes, which for certain mountain species is involving a clear reduction of their areas of distribution. Likewise, in rivers the displacement has been observed of thermophilous species upstream (particularly of molluscs), whereas the proportion of cold water species is diminishing (especially of insects). In lagoons and lakes it has been seen that altitude, latitude and depth have similar effects upon communities, which appears to be related to temperature. There is some evidence of greater virulence of parasites or of an increase in populations of invasive species, in general more adaptable to environmental change that may be dependent on climate change. The deterioration of fragile habitats such as small bodies of water, springs, small streams and isolated forests due to desiccation or fire or the disappearance of food plants of limited distribution could seriously affect animal populations and even lead to species disappearance, above all of invertebrates. Neither the displacement of distribution areas (hypothesis I) nor the rapid adaptation to new ecological conditions (hypothesis II) appear to be viable solutions for most of the species studied. Among the areas most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, we could include coastal areas, wetlands, permanent water courses that would become seasonal, seasonal ones that would have a more irregular flow or would even disappear, high mountain areas and humid pasturelands. The main adaptational solutions should include the design of reserves and nature parks to allow for the possibility of migration and changes in distribution by means of interconnecting biological corridors. The network of protected areas should incorporate latitudinal and altitudinal gradients 245 ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY to enable the protection of populations with geographic distributions undergoing processes of geographic displacement resulting from climate change. It would be interesting to promote the classification or creation of zones or areas especially sensitive to climatic change, for those areas with unique, original ecosystems or threatened or endemic species that cannot opt to change their habitat and that may become extinct. Examples of these zones are high-mountain areas or springs, streams or other water- courses containing endangered or vulnerable species. The conservation of biodiversity ought to pay attention not only to the protected areas, but also very particularly to the generalised promotion of land uses that are compatible with conservation and capable of counteracting the effects of climatic change. The increase in the demand for water for human use, due to temperature increase and in a possible context of prolonged droughts, might possibly determine an increase in technological solutions that do not take into consideration the impacts on the biodiversity of animals that depend on the maintenance of aquifers and of permanent water courses. Reforestation could have positive or adverse effects on faunistic diversity depending on how it is implemented. In any case, it will affect the taxonomic composition of the edaphic fauna. It is necessary to promote research into taxonomy and in relation to long temporal series, both at specific and community level, and to prevent the deterioration or progressive disappearance of sources of information such as the phenological database of plants and animals (birds and insects) initiated in 1940 by the Agricultural Meteorology Service, belonging to the National Meteorology Institute (INM). 246 IMPACTS OF CLIMATIC CHANGE IN SPAIN 6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.1.1. Vertebrate fauna in Spain The number of vertebrate species existing in Spain has been calculated with a reasonable degree of accuracy (see recently published Atlas and Libros Rojos - red books). Around 51,000 species or 4,1% of species described worldwide are vertebrates (Ramos and Templado 2002 and Table 6.1). On the Iberian Peninsula, approximately 1,180 species have been estimated, including continental and marine fish and among the birds taking into account only the residents and reproducers (Ramos et al . 2002), which would constitute less than 2% of all the animal species existing in our country. There are around 118 species of mammals, 368 species of birds, 61 species of reptiles and 29 species of amphibians. In amphibians, reptiles and mammals, this figure can vary slightly, according to the taxonomic criterion used, but the greatest discrepancy occurs with the least known and most diverse taxonomic group, marine and continental fish, of which there could be around 750 species (Doadrio and Ramos, pers. com.). With reference to the known number of different kinds of vertebrates in Europe, Spain is the country with the highest number of described species and the highest proportion of endemisms (8%, compared to the next ranking country, Italy, with 4%) (Ramos et al . 2002). Unfortunately, it is also the country with the highest number of species in danger of extinction, 7% (Ramos et al . 2002). Spain is therefore a key country in the preservation of the biodiversity of vertebrates in Europe. We must highlight the high rate of endemism of the vertebrate fauna of the Canary Isles. All the 14 species of reptiles in the Canaries, except for one introduced species, are endemic. With regard to birds, the number of endemic species is higher than in the rest of the country, ranging from 4 to 6 species, depending on authors. 6.1.2. Invertebrate fauna in Spain The extraordinary environmental variety in Spain, in which four of the six biogeographic regions of the European Union are represented (Mediterranean, Atlantic, Alpine and Macaronesian), as well as 60% of the habitats of community interest included in the Red Natura 2000 (Hidalgo 2002 and Chapters 2, 3, 4 in this book), endows our country with a high diversity of animal species. The combination of causal factors of this biodiversity, in terms of geographic position, orography, climatology, lithology and palaeobiogeographic and sociological factors, were revised by Ramos et al . (2001) and are summarised in Chapter 5. The huge diversity of ecosystems and unique habitats, both in the Peninsula and the archipelagos of the Balearic and Canary Isles is not only seen in the high number of species (approximately 50% of those inventoried by the projects Fauna Europaea 130,000 species, and European Register of Marine Species (ERMS) 25,000 species), but also in a high percentage of endemisms (over 50% of Europes endemic species), especially considering that our territory represents less than 6% of European territory. Although complete inventories of the species described in Spain (http://www.fauna- iberica.mncn.csic.es/ ), are not yet available, it is estimated that in our country there are around 68,000 animal species (Ramos and Templado 2002 and Table 6.1). The invertebrates undoubtedly constitute the greatest contribution to animal diversity in the terrestrial environment and in the freshwater, brackish and marine ones of the Peninsula and the Archipelagos. Around 98% of the species of our fauna are invertebrates and of these, around 76% are insects (around 50,000 species). Although the figures for non-insect invertebrates are relatively low compared to those for insects, they