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Hat Creek Restoration Project: Assessment of Geomorphic Change, 2015 to 2016

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Hat Creek Restoration Project: Assessment of Geomorphic Change, 2015 to 2016 Hat Creek Restoration Project: Assessment of Geomorphic Change, 2015 to 2016 Andrew L. Nichols 1, Eric J. Holmes1 and Carson A. Jeffres 1 1 University of California, Davis, Center for Watershed Sciences Introduction: Hat Creek is one of the most famous “spring-river” fly fishing destinations in North America. The lowest 5.5 kilometers of the creek are designated a “Wild Trout Area” (WTA) by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) (Figure 1), resulting in management to insure natural reproduction of native fishes (CADFG, 1999). However, since the late 1970’s, declining aquatic habitat quality and resulting fishing opportunities throughout the Hat Creek WTA due to sedimentation issues have prompted assessments of hydrogeomorphic process and conditions in lower Hat Creek (Kondolf et al., 1994; Cook and Ellis, 1998; Cook, 2000), and their possible effects on populations of managed fishes. Declining fishing conditions through the Hat Creek WTA are largely attributed to segment-scale sedimentation problems and resultant loss of formerly dense beds of aquatic vegetation that provided the dominant structural habitat for aquatic invertebrates and wild trout (CADFG, 1999). Additionally, it is suggested that burrowing muskrats have degraded stream banks, resulting in channel widening and the introduction of additional sediment loads to Hat Creek (CADFG, 1999). The combined losses of aquatic vegetation, channel bed aggradation and channel widening have led to the development of wide and shallow channel reaches with diminished aquatic vegetation cover relative to historical conditions. These aquatic habitats are poorly suited for wild trout, and thus have prompted recent efforts to restore aquatic habitat in select reaches within the WTA. Through consultation with CDFW, California Trout (Cal Trout) initiated a “pilot” restoration project within the Carbon Reach of the Hat Creek WTA in October 2015 (Figure 1). The focus of this pilot project was the introduction of large woody debris (LWD) structures to help stabilize fine sediment, increase spatial variability in flow velocities and depths, and also provide overhead cover to wild trout. Using high-resolution velocity and topographic data collected prior to and following the installation of LWD structures in Hat Creek, the UC Davis Center for Watershed Sciences evaluated hydraulic and geomorphic changes to the Carbon Reach associated with the restoration activities. Project Area: Hat Creek is a spring-fed tributary to the Pit River in Shasta County of northern California (Figure 1). Streamflow in Hat Creek is primarily derived from groundwater sourced from the infiltration of rainfall and snowmelt through porous volcanic rocks along the northern flank of Mount Lassen and throughout the Hat Creek Valley (Rose and Davisson, 1996; Rose et al., 1996). Most of this spring water emanates from several large and geographically discrete springs. Volumetrically, the largest springs in the Hat Creek Valley are Rising River and Crystal Lake, which combined contribute as much as 400 ft3/s of streamflow to Hat Creek. Temporal variation in spring-flow magnitudes is tightly coupled to regional precipitation magnitudes (Rose et al., 1996; Manga, 1999). Groundwater emanating from the large springs in the Hat Creek Valley are cool (7-8 °C), nutrient rich (Lusardi, 2014; Lusardi et al., 2016) and exhibit water quality characteristics suggestive of interactions with regional sources of geothermal heat and carbon (Rose and Davisson, 1996; Rose et al., 1996). Figure 1: Hat Creek Wild Trout Area Streamflow in Hat Creek is diverted through two hydroelectric facilities, commonly referred to as the Hat Creek #1 and Hat Creek #2 Powerhouses. The Hat Creek WTA extends approximately 5.5 km from below the Hat Creek #2 Powerhouse to Lake Britton (Figure 1). Similar to most spring-fed creeks located throughout the Cascades of northern California and southern Oregon (Whiting and Stamm, 1995; Whiting and Moog, 2001), streamflow magnitudes through the WTA are quite stable. Daily streamflow during water years 2007 through 2015 was estimated by summing flows diverted through the Hat Creek #2 Powerhouse (USGS Site ID 113593) and measured in the Hat Creek bypass reach (USGS Site ID 113592). During this period, mean daily flows through the WTA were 388 ft3/s (σ = 75 ft3/s). Historical measurements within the WTA (USGS Site ID 113593; 1921-1922) identified stable flows averaging approximately 490 ft3/s. The Hat Creek WTA exhibits low stream gradients and rectangular channel morphologies consistent with many volcanic spring-fed rivers (Whiting and Moog, 2001). Channel widths throughout the WTA average approximately 38 m, and channel depths generally range from 1-2 m (Kondolf et al., 1994). Woody riparian vegetation along the banks of the WTA is limited to a small number of alders, while many of the streambanks and near-shore areas are occupied by emergent aquatic vegetation. Due to unshaded, low-gradient, wide and shallow channel conditions, submerged aquatic vegetation historically proliferated, providing the dominant structural habitat for trout. Sedimentation: Volcanic spring-fed rivers typically occupy landscapes devoid of surface water networks whose flows and ability to deliver sediment through tributary networks rise and fall in concert with local precipitation. Consequently, sediment supply to volcanic spring-fed rivers is generally limited, and typically only occurs following bank erosion and other episodic and low-frequency sediment delivery events. Furthermore, stable streamflows, low stream gradients and the absence of large floods generally precludes the downstream transport of bedload sediments larger than sand (<2 mm). Such hydrogeomorphic conditions generally lead to stable channel morphologies whose variability in forms are often dictated by ecological engineers such as aquatic macrophytes, large woody debris (LWD) and even riverine fauna (beavers, muskrats, spawning fish). Historically, the Hat Creek WTA likely exhibited the stable morphologies characteristic of many volcanic spring-fed rivers. These conditions allowed aquatic macrophyte communities to flourish, helping to provide abundant, high quality aquatic habitat for fish. However, by the late-1970’s, fisherman and other observers identified an apparent increase in fine sediment throughout the WTA, which was helping to aggrade the river channel and bury the existing aquatic vegetation. Several studies performed to evaluate the source, fate and transport of this sediment (Kondolf et al., 1994; Cook and Ellis, 1998; Cook, 2000) suggest sinkholes in Lake Baum facilitated the subterranean transport of as much as 64,000 cubic yards of sand-sized sediments to discrete spring sources along the Hat Creek #2 bypass reach (Figure 1). Following these sediment delivery events in the 1970’s, bypass flows transported the sediments into the WTA, where stable spring-flows promoted the slow, downstream migration of a sediment wave (sensu Madej and Ozaki, 1996). By the mid 1990’s this sediment wave had passed through the Carbon Reach of the WTA, and is anticipated to exit the WTA by 2030 (Cook and Ellis, 1998; Cook, 2000). During the decades-long downstream transport of the sediment wave, large volumes of fine sediment have been stored within elongated lateral bars in over widened reaches of the WTA, such as observed within the Carbon Reach (River Run Consulting, 2014). Documenting the fate of this large sediment source, determining its effect on aquatic habitat, and ultimately managing the sediment source have become the defining scientific and conservation issues facing the Hat Creek WTA. The Carbon Reach One of the widest and shallowest reaches throughout the WTA is known as the “Carbon Reach”, located approximately one kilometer downstream from the Hat Creek Powerhouse #2 (Figure 1). The historical location of the Carbon Bridge and a popular fishing location, this straight, 400-meter reach is anomalously wide, with a pronounced depositional bar creating a wide and shallow area on the left (south) side of the river. Bank erosion issues associated with cattle grazing, muskrat burrowing and excessive fishing pressure led to the stabilization of the right bank of the Carbon Reach in early 2000’s. However, muskrat burrowing continues to facilitate the erosion of banks throughout the reach (River Run Consulting, 2014). To facilitate improvement of aquatic habitat throughout the Carbon Reach, Cal Trout recently initiated a pilot restoration project using engineered large woody debris (LWD) structures. Assessment of naturally-recruited large woody debris (River Run Consulting, 2014) identified highly variable topographic and flow velocity conditions within and around existing logs in Hat Creek. The placement of engineered wood structures along the left bank of the Carbon Reach aimed to replicate these hydrogeomorphic conditions, helping to create more complex aquatic habit for trout. In November 2015, four large woody debris structures (herein identified as LWD_1 through LWD_4) were placed along the left bank of the Carbon Reach within the Hat Creek WTA (Figures 2, 3). The structures were lowered into the river by crane and helicopter, and were subsequently secured to the streambank. Figure 2: Four (4) large woody debris [LWD_1 (upstream) through LWD_4(downstream)] structures were placed along the left bank of the Carbon Reach in November 2015 (image from September 2016). The steepness of the terrace-type stream bank (see River Run Consulting, 2014) on river
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