Article The Agency of the Displaced? Roman Expansion, Environmental Forces, and the Occupation of Marginal Landscapes in Ancient Italy Elisa Perego 1,2,* and Rafael Scopacasa 3,4,* 1 Institut für Orientalische und Europäische Archäologie, Austrian Academy of Sciences, A 1020 Vienna, Austria 2 Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, UK 3 Department of History, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil 4 Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK * Correspondence:
[email protected] (E.R.);
[email protected] (R.S.) Received: 1 February 2018; Accepted: 16 October 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: This article approaches the agency of displaced people through material evidence from the distant past. It seeks to construct a narrative of displacement where the key players include human as well as non-human agents—namely, the environment into which people move, and the socio-political and environmental context of displacement. Our case-study from ancient Italy involves potentially marginalized people who moved into agriculturally challenging lands in Daunia (one of the most drought-prone areas of the Mediterranean) during the Roman conquest (late fourth-early second centuries BCE). We discuss how the interplay between socio-political and environmental forces may have shaped the agency of subaltern social groups on the move, and the outcomes of this process. Ultimately, this analysis can contribute towards a framework for the archaeological study of marginality and mobility/displacement—while addressing potential limitations in evidence and methods. Keywords: Marginality; climate change; environment; ancient Italy; resilience; archaeology; survey evidence; displacement; mobility 1.