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Universite D'antananarivo Ecole Superieure Des UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DEPARTEMENT « EAUX ET FORETS » Mémoire de fin d’études pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Ingénieur en Sciences Agronomiques Option Eaux et Forêts Promotion AMBIOKA Année 2013 ANALYSE DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ DE L’HERPÉTOFAUNE ENDÉMIQUE DE MADAGASCAR AU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL Soutenu le 16 Décembre 2013 Par RAHARIMALALA Jessica Devant le jury composé de : Président: Professeur RAMAMONJISOA Bruno Salomon Rapporteur: Docteur RABEMANANJARA Zo Hasina Examinateurs : ANDRIANTSIMANARILAFY Rodlis Raphali RANDRIANASOLO Harison UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DEPARTEMENT « EAUX ET FORETS » Mémoire de fin d’études pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Ingénieur en Sciences Agronomiques Option Eaux et Forêts Promotion AMBIOKA Année 2013 ANALYSE DE LA VULNÉRABILITÉ DE L’HERPÉTOFAUNE ENDÉMIQUE DE MADAGASCAR AU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL Soutenu le 16 Décembre 2013 Par RAHARIMALALA Jessica Devant le jury composé de : Président: Professeur RAMAMONJISOA Bruno Salomon Rapporteur: Docteur RABEMANANJARA Zo Hasina Examinateurs : ANDRIANTSIMANARILAFY Rodlis Raphali RANDRIANASOLO Harison A mes parents, mes sœurs et mes amis Mamy Tiana, Avo, Tatiana, Manda, Tahiry Merci pour tout ♥ REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance à toutes les personnes qui m‟ont aidée, conseillée et soutenue tout au long de la réalisation de ce Mémoire d‟Ingéniorat. Aux membres du jury : - Monsieur RAMAMONJISOA Bruno Salomon, qui, malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités nous a fait l‟honneur de présider la soutenance de ce mémoire ; - Monsieur RABEMANANJARA Zo Hasina, mon encadreur académique, pour avoir guidé mes travaux de recherches, pour ses précieux conseils et la patience dont il a fait preuve ; - Monsieur ANDRIANTSIMANARILAFY Rodlis Raphali dont l‟expérience en termes d‟Herpétofaune malgache et les nombreux conseils ont été déterminants dans la présente étude ; - Monsieur RANDRIANASOLO Harison pour avoir accepté d‟examiner le présent travail de recherche. Je tiens également à adresser mes vifs remerciements à l‟endroit de : - Monsieur RANDRIANANTOANDRO Joseph Christian pour ses commentaires constructifs; - Madame RAZAFIMANAHAKA Hanta Julie, Directeur Exécutif de l‟Association Madagasikara Voakajy, qui a veillé au bon déroulement de ce travail de recherches ; - Monsieur RANDRIANAVELONA Romà, encadreur pédagogique au sein de MADAGASIKARA VOAKAJY ; - Madame RABESIHANAKA Sahondra, point focal de la CITES à Madagascar, pour les informations fournies et le temps qu‟elle m‟a accordé ; - Monsieur et Madame RAKOTO RATSIMBA Harifidy qui m‟ont aidé à trouver ce thème. Merci : - A la promotion AMBIOKA du Département Eaux et Forêts ; - A toute l‟équipe de Madagasikara Voakajy pour sa convivialité et son appui ; - Au Darwin Initiative sans le support financier duquel l‟étude n‟aurait pas pu se faire ; - Au Département des Eaux et Forêts de l‟ESSA et tout son personnel enseignant et administratif ; - Aux DREF Analamanga et Atsinanana ainsi qu‟à l‟Organe de Gestion CITES pour les informations prodiguées. PRESENTATION DE L’INSTITUTION PARTENAIRE L‟association Madagasikara Voakajy a été créée en mai 2005 à l‟issue de quatre projets de renforcement de capacités, mis au point par les Universités de Kent et d'Aberdeen (Royaume-Uni) et les Universités d‟Antananarivo et de Toliara, sous le financement du gouvernement britannique (Darwin Initiative). Les principales missions de l‟association concernent : - Les moyens de subsistance et d'exploitation: il s‟agit de comprendre comment fonctionne la biodiversité comme une ressource économique (consommation d'animaux sauvages, source de revenus, menaces liées à la viande de brousse) - La recherche appliquée et la science de la conservation: les missions visent à utiliser des données scientifiques solides et fiables pour aider à la décision dans la conservation des espèces et le maintien des habitats. - L’éducation et le renforcement de capacités à travers l‟appui aux étudiants, aux équipes de conservation et aux opportunités d‟emploi au niveau de l‟Association. - La conservation in situ d‟habitats critiques qui sont généralement des petits fragments de forêt, négligés dans la planification de la conservation, mais vitaux pour la survie de certaines espèces comme les chiroptères frugivores et certains amphibiens menacé. Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre du projet intitulé « Implementing Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Madagascar », l‟institution Madagasikara Voakajy procède à la revue du commerce international de tous les Reptiles et Amphibiens de Madagascar. A cette fin, Madagasikara Voakajy collabore avec Durell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE) de l‟Université de Kent (UK), le Département de biologie Animale de l‟Université d‟Antananarivo, l‟Autorité Scientifique faune et l‟Organe de Gestion de la CITES à Madagascar. Le projet de Mémoire entre dans le cadre de la revue sur la commercialisation des espèces sauvages et particulièrement de l‟Herpétofaune exportée par Madagascar. Le but de ce Mémoire d‟Ingéniorat est de contribuer à l‟évaluation du commerce des espèces sauvages pour permettre par la suite la mise à jour les annexes de la CITES en connaissance de cause. TABLE D ES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES Table des matières .................................................................................................................................... i Liste des acronymes ............................................................................................................................. iv Liste des annexes ................................................................................................................................... v Liste des figures .................................................................................................................................... vi Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................................ vii Famintinana ........................................................................................................................................ viii Résumé .................................................................................................................................................. ix Summary ................................................................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1 CADRE GENERAL DE L‟ETUDE................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Problématique et hypothèses ................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Problématique.................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Hypothèses ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Quelques notions sur le commerce international des animaux sauvages ................................ 5 1.2.1 Fonctionnement du marché ............................................................................................. 5 1.2.2 Volumes et valeurs .......................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Régulation ....................................................................................................................... 9 2 METHODOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Choix des espèces.................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 Caractérisation de la vulnérabilité des espèces sauvages au commerce international .......... 14 2.2.1 Risques d‟extinction : Liste Rouge de l‟UICN ............................................................. 14 2.2.2 Risque d‟extinction lié au commerce international ....................................................... 15 2.2.3 Evaluation de la vulnérabilité des espèces au commerce international ......................... 16 2.3 Collecte de données et entretiens .......................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Données sur la biologie ................................................................................................. 20 2.3.2 Données d‟exportation .................................................................................................. 20 2.3.3 Entretiens ....................................................................................................................... 21 i 2.4 Traitement et analyse des données ........................................................................................ 22 2.4.1 Test de normalité ........................................................................................................... 22 2.4.2 Sous-hypothèse 1.1: L‟Herpétofaune malgache est, dans son ensemble, vulnérable au commerce international ................................................................................................................. 22 2.4.3 Sous-Hypothèse 1.2: L‟importance des autres pressions auxquelles les espèces sauvages
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