DOCSLIB.ORG

The Magazine of Tree Walkers International and Amphibian Conservation from the Director

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Magazine of Tree Walkers International and Amphibian Conservation from the Director LeafThe Magazine of TreeLitter Walkers International and Amphibian Conservation EDITOR Ron Skylstad Leaf Litter VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 1 ASSISTANT EDITOR Ed Kowalski 1 FROM THE EDITOR 2 AMPHIBIAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION PHOTO EDITOR 5 FOLIUM Tim Paine FEATURES • 11 The Darwin’s Frog Conservation Initiative TWI DIRECTOR Ron Skylstad 20 Innovation in Conservation: The Case of the Strawberry Poison Dart Frog TWI PROGRAMS DIRECTOR Brent L. Brock 26 Islands in the Sky 40 Developing a Captive Breeding Protocol for Georgia’s Blind Salamander (Haideotriton wallacei) at the Atlanta Botanical Garden MISSION STATEMENT Tree Walkers International supports the protection, conservation, and restoration of wild amphibian populations through hands- on action both locally and internationally. We foster personal relationships between people and nature by providing opportunities for citizens of all ages to become directly involved in global amphibian conservation. Through this involvement, our volunteers become part of a growing and passionate advocacy for the protection and restoration of wild amphibian populations and the environments on which they, and ultimately COVER Rhinoderma darwinni we, depend. Photo by Danté Fenolio THE MAGAZINE OF TREE WALKERS INTERNATIONAL AND AMPHIBIAN CONSERVATION from the director The hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis) is a species of giant salamander endemic to eastern North America. Larger than any other salamander in its range, it is a habitat specialist, filling a very specific niche within a very specific environment. To survive the hellbender requires a consistently high level of dissolved oxygen found in chronically cold, swift flowing riffles of water. However, due to a variety of factors, its numbers are in dramatic decline throughout much of its range. It is that last fact that makes such a unique creature so common among other amphibians. You have no doubt heard the warnings over the last couple of years: we are in the midst of the 6th Great Extinction. Amphibian populations all over the globe are in decline due to habitat loss and modification, pollution, climate change and the spread of an amphibian- killing fungus, Chytridiomycosis. At one time, illustrations like the one above were the only glimpse people had of creatures like the hellbender. We hope, that through awareness and novel approaches to conservation, that it does not become the only way people will be able to view them in the future. FROM THE EDITOR 1 amphibian health & nutrition The back and head are generally solid black, although in some individuals there is an interrupted yellow median dorsal stripe. A wide gold, red-orange or orange dorsolateral stripe runs from each side of the snout over the eyes and back, down to the base of the thigh. A single white line projects from the shoulder, at the insertion of the upper arm, and runs along the lip to just under the eye. The dorsal surfaces of the limbs show dense blue-green speckling on a black background, while the venter and ventral surfaces of the limbs are The Quality of a Frog BY ED KOWALSKI Every now and then in various discussions there are It has been well established in the literature that size references to “poor quality” frogs, usually referring to at metamorphosis directly affects adult size. Tadpole smaller adult size or less colorful animals as compared growth is directly affected by light, water quality, to either the initial wild caught imports or frogs that temperature and to a lesser extent by the (protein) were directly observed in the wild. There are usually composition of their diet. High protein diets combined two main theories put forth as to the reason for with optimal rearing conditions will not only encourage the disparity between the frogs: nutritional and/or an optimal rate of growth, but should also maximize genetic. In actuality, the difference is probably due size at metamorphosis. Slower growth rates and/or to a convergence of more than one factor, and a basic reduced size at metamorphosis can usually be resolved review and discussion of these issues may help provide when conditions for the tadpole are improved. With a little clarity as well as direction on this topic. This respect to dendrobatids, there have been fads over the article should in no way be considered definitive and years for different tadpole diets (excluding obligate probably should be considered speculative at this time egg feeders) ranging from primarily plant-based diets due to the speed at which the available information is (nettle, spirulina, algae based flake foods) to diets changing. high in animal matter (Tadpole Bites©, black worms, 2 LEAF LITTER • VOL 3 ISSUE 2 fish-based flake foods). The diets utilizing higher in conditions which optimize activity and breeding protein levels should result in maximizing size at periods with little to no seasonal variations to separate metamorphosis, yet adult size of the frogs in captivity breeding from non-breeding periods, this is an area does not appear to have varied significantly. where changes in not only time to maturation but reproductive frequency can significantly impact the Temperatures for rearing tadpoles are often subject growth of the animals in question. In the wild, active to day/night drops as the tadpoles are often reared foraging for food items, food items that are less calorie in ambient room temperatures. These temperatures dense (ants versus crickets, and fruit flies), as well as anecdotally appear to be within the range of what is seasonal limits on reproduction would reduce not only known to occur in the wild, but the fairly constant the rate of reproduction, but reduced fat stores allowing temperatures in captivity should lead to standardized for greater periods of growth. (also see thoughts below conditions for growth and consequently should not on Phenotypic Plasticity.) be a primary cause in the differences seen between wild and captive populations (for a number of One of the potential differences in the size of the anuran species in the literature, lower temperatures frogs may be due to phenotypic plasticity (which is increases size at metamorphosis by increasing time to where an animal demonstrates different phenotypes metamorphosis). in response to environmental conditions) as many of the dendrobatids are housed in conditions that Light can have a significant effect not only on the vary significantly from their natal environment. tadpoles but post metamorphosis. Tadpoles that For example, leaf litter dwelling species are often are deficient in melatonin (such as being kept under maintained in extremely heavily planted enclosures red lights and/or mainly in the dark), then time to which while aesthetically pleasing to the eye provide metamorphosis is reduced with a subsequent loss different environmental conditions than those in the in size at metamorphosis. As a further complication wild. The density of the plantings in these enclosures photoperiods that outside of normal day light (10:14 may actively inhibit the movement of the frogs which day/night to 14:10 day/night) can change not only along with the conditions which optimize reproduction growth but can significantly affect feeding behaviors. may result in differences in size (as larger frogs may In some species, as the ratio of day to night decreased, be at a disadvantage for example in foraging, and feeding decreased as well. This lowered intake will have courtship behaviors. Phenotypic plasticity can affect a direct impact on the size at metamorphosis. a population very quickly with significant difference appearing as quickly as one generation. If phenotypic It is also well known in the literature that the adult plasticity is the component (or one of the components) size of the frog also depends on the size at which of the differences seen between captive and wild reproduction begins to occur as resources are diverted populations then the captive population(s) may be at from growth to reproduction. A number of different risk of losing alleles (genetic variation) via relaxed or factors can affect the size at reproduction of the frog, passive selection for smaller frogs. including but not limited to photoperiod, nutrition, as well as genetics. The rest of the article will touch upon Simple genetic effects may also be a cause in the these topics and their potential effects. differences between the populations of wild and captive frogs. Unless the captive populations are managed in Photoperiod can also change the rate at which the frog a manner that encourages maximal genetic diversity, reaches sexual maturity as well as modifying growth the genetics of the population will shift over time rates of the frog. Day lengths that have a light period potentially fixing one or more undesirable traits like longer than 14 hours can cause frogs to reach sexual smaller size at maturity. Passive and relaxed selections maturity at an earlier age and smaller size. In addition are two more potential reasons for the differences seen differing photoperiods can either increase the rate at in the populations of the frogs. Both of these methods which a frog grows or decrease the rate of growth. It is of genetic selection are similar in their effects and hard to generalize in these cases as there appears to be depending on the size of the population in question a lot of variation not only between species but within may have a very rapid effect on the morphology. As species. a further complication, these changes can eventually result in the captive population being rendered non- It has been established in other animals that the viable (this may be best exemplified by problems time to first reproduction is also partly controlled by seen in larger scale aquaculture requiring a continual nutrition. Given that many frogs in captivity are fed to reacquisition of brood stock) excess resulting abundant fat reserves, are maintained AMPHIBIAN HEALTH & NUTRITION 3 In the end, there are potentially multiple causes that way to changing the metabolic usage of the animal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Amphibian-Ark-News-18.Pdf
    AArk Newsletter NewsletterNumber 18, March 2012 amphibian ark Number 18 Keeping threatened amphibian species afloat March 2012 In this issue... Leaping Ahead of Extinction: A celebration of good news for amphibians in 2012 ................... 2 ® Amphibian Ark - Five years since the launch.. 13 Amphibian Ark ex situ conservation training for the Caribbean ................................................. 14 New Amphibian Ark video released! ............... 15 Tools for implementing new ex situ amphibian conservation programs ................................... 16 Abstracts from the 2010 Amphibian Ark Biobanking workshop ..................................... 17 Breeding the Long-nosed Toad at the Cuban Museum of Natural History ............................. 18 Ecuafrog of Wikiri and the amphibian trade.... 18 Release of Green and Golden Bell Frog tadpoles from Taronga Zoo ............................. 20 The bold, the beautiful and the Baw Baw Frog 21 The Darwin’s Frog Conservation Initiative ...... 22 Boxes for frogs on the move! ......................... 23 An update on the amphibian programs at Perth Zoo ................................................................. 24 Amphibian conservation husbandry course in Jersey ............................................................. 24 Using an audio-visual recording system to monitor Southern Corroboree Frog, Northern Corroboree Frog and Spotted Tree Frog behavior at Healesville Sanctuary .................. 25 An update from the Association of Zoos & Aquariums: January-February 2012
    [Show full text]
  • Analyses of Proposals to Amend
    CoP17 Prop. 38 Inclusion of False Tomato Frog Dyscophus guineti and Antsouhy Tomato Frog D. insularis in Appendix II Proponent: Madagascar Summary: The False Tomato Frog Dyscophus guineti and the Antsouhy Tomato Frog D. insularis comprise two of three species in the genus Dyscophus, all of which are endemic to Madagascar. The third species, D. antongilii was included in Appendix I in 1987. It is subject to a separate proposal to be transferred from Appendix I to Appendix II (Proposal 37). All three are attractive red-orange coloured frogs. Dyscophus are known to breed explosively with the availability of water during the rainy season (typically January-March) and during that time they can be found in abundance at breeding sites. Hundreds of eggs are laid in water following mating. Dyscophus guineti The known distribution of D. guineti includes a number of patches in the remnant central eastern rainforest of Madagascar. The species is secretive and believed likely to be more widespread than records indicate1. Overall population is unknown; locally the species can vary from extremely common to very rare1. Sexual maturity is attained between two and four years, comparatively earlier in males than in females2. The habitat of the species is affected by conversion of forest to agriculture, timber extraction, charcoal production and potentially small-scale mining activities. The species reportedly does not tolerate severe degredation1. There is not known to be local use of the species. As a consequence of the Appendix-I listing in 1987 of the similar Dyscophus antongilii, collectors interested in "red Dyscophus" have shifted their attention to D.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Reproductive Features of Chaltenobatrachus Grandisonae
    Revista Chilena de Historia Natural ISSN: 0716-078X [email protected] Sociedad de Biología de Chile Chile CISTERNAS, JAVIERA; CORREA, CLAUDIO; VELÁSQUEZ, NELSON; PENNA, MARIO Reproductive features of Chaltenobatrachus grandisonae (Anura: Batrachylidae) within a protected area in Patagonia, Chile Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, vol. 86, núm. 3, 2013, pp. 365-368 Sociedad de Biología de Chile Santiago, Chile Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369944186013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative REPRODUCTION OF CHALTENOBATRACHUS GRANDISONAE 365 REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 86: 365-368, 2013 © Sociedad de Biología de Chile NATURAL HISTORY NOTE Reproductive features of Chaltenobatrachus grandisonae (Anura: Batrachylidae) within a protected area in Patagonia, Chile Características reproductivas de Chaltenobatrachus grandisonae (Anura: Batrachylidae) en un área protegida en Patagonia, Chile JAVIERA CISTERNAS1,2,*, CLAUDIO CORREA1,3, NELSON VELÁSQUEZ2 & MARIO PENNA2 1Aumen o el Eco de los montes, Organización No Gubernamental, P. O. Box 393, Coyhaique, Chile 2Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, P. O. Box 70005, Santiago, Chile 3Pontifi cia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ecología, Alameda 340, P. O. Box 6513677, Santiago, Chile *Corresponding author: [email protected] Basso et al. (2011) assigned the monotypic Reproductive mode is defined by genus Chaltenobatrachus for the species a combination of characteristics including described originally as Telmatobius grandisonae breeding site, clutch structure, location of Lynch, 1975 (later transferred to the genus egg deposition, larval development site and Atelognathus by Lynch 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • Cop17 Prop. 37
    Original language: English CoP17 Prop. 37 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Johannesburg (South Africa), 24 September – 5 October 2016 CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR AMENDMENT OF APPENDICES I AND II A. Proposal Downlisting of Dyscophus antongilii from Appendix I to Appendix II B. Proponent Madagascar* C. Supporting statement 1. Taxonomy 1.1 Class: Amphibia 1.2 Order: Anura 1.3 Family: Microhylidae Gunther 1859, subfamily Dyscophinae 1.4 Genus, species: Dyscophus antongilii Grandidieri 1877 1.5 Scientific synonyms: 1.6 Common names: English: Tomato Frog French: La grenouille tomate, crapaud rouge de Madagascar Malagasy: Sahongoangoana, Sangongogna, Sahogongogno (and similar writings) 2. Overview The genus Dyscophus contains three species of large microhylids composing the subfamily Dyscophinae endemic to Madagascar. D. antongilii, D. guineti and D. insularis. Dyscophus antongilii is red-orange in coloration and commonly called the tomato frogs because of its appearance. It is well-known and iconic amphibian species. Described by Alfred Grandidier in the 1877, D. antongilii occurs in a moderate area of northeast and east of Madagascar. Dyscophus antongilii has been listed within CITES Appendix I since 1987 while the other two species currently have no CITES listing but proposed to be inserted into Appendix II for this year by a separate proposal. Some studies on the species led by F. Andreone demonstrate that this species is frequently found outside of protected area and one of the strategies to conservation purpose is the trade. The species is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography and Scientific Name Index to Amphibians
    lb BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SCIENTIFIC NAME INDEX TO AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON BULLETIN 1-8, 1918-1988 AND PROCEEDINGS 1-100, 1882-1987 fi pp ERNEST A. LINER Houma, Louisiana SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 92 1992 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. INTRODUCTION The present alphabetical listing by author (s) covers all papers bearing on herpetology that have appeared in Volume 1-100, 1882-1987, of the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington and the four numbers of the Bulletin series concerning reference to amphibians and reptiles. From Volume 1 through 82 (in part) , the articles were issued as separates with only the volume number, page numbers and year printed on each. Articles in Volume 82 (in part) through 89 were issued with volume number, article number, page numbers and year.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2012 English
    Annual Report 2012 Annual Report 2012 The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund provides financial support to species conservation projects worldwide. In 2012, The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund supported 217 projects in 75 countries with more than $1.5m. More than $1.36m was granted to species listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List. Your Highness In 2012 the Fund has been able to greatly aid the global effort to conserve the diversity of life by continuing its success and giving $1.5m to more than 200 projects worldwide. Since its inception, the Fund has now disbursed more than $8.7m to targeted species conservation work, implemented through nearly 825 projects in more than 125 countries across six continents. The impact of the Fund continues to amaze me. Among the more than 200 projects supported in 2012, the financial support provided by the Fund helped train a pilot in Kenya who is now patrolling rhino habitat for poachers; it helped locate the breeding grounds of a sea bird previously thought to be extinct; it aided in the discovery of several new tree species in Mexico and many new species of spiders in India; it protected the habitat of a butterfly in Nepal and that of a cave-dwelling amphibian in Croatia. The stories of success are replicated across many species, in many locations across the globe. In 2012, the Fund received more than 1,500 grant applications – a statistic clearly indicating the global urgency of species conservation and the popularity of the Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • Anura: Calyptocephalellidae)
    Phyllomedusa 19(1):99–106, 2020 © 2020 Universidade de São Paulo - ESALQ ISSN 1519-1397 (print) / ISSN 2316-9079 (online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v19i1p99-106 Chondrocranial and hyobranchial structure in two South American suctorial tadpoles of the genus Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae) J. Ramón Formas1 and César C. Cuevas1,2 ¹ Laboratorio de Sistemática, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia, Chile. E-mail: [email protected]. ² Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad Católica de Temuco. Chile. E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract Chondrocranial and hyobranchial structure in two South American suctorial tadpoles of the genus Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae). The chondrocranium, hyobranchium, rectus abdominis muscle, and epaxial musculature of Telmatobufo australis and T. ignotus are described. In addition, these structures were compared wih those of the non-suctorial Calyptocephalella gayi, the sister group of Telmatobufo. Keywords: Evolution, larval morphology, southern Chile, suctorial tadpoles. Resumen Estructura del condrocráneo y aparato hiobranquial de dos renacuajos suctores sudamericanos del género Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephallidae). Se describen los condrocráneos, aparatos hiobranquiales, músculo recto abdominal, y la musculatura epaxial de Telmabufo australis y T. ignotus. En adición, los renacuajos de Telmatobufo se comparan con los de Calyptocephalella gayi, el grupo hermano de Telmatobufo. Palabras claves: evolución, morfología larvaria, renacuajos suctores, sur de Chile. Resumo Estrutura do condrocrânio e do aparelho hiobranquial de dois girinos suctoriais sulamericanos do gênero Telmatobufo (Anura: Calyptocephalellidae). Descrevemos aqui o condrocrânio, o aparelho hiobranquial, o músculo reto-abdominal e a musculatura epiaxial de Telmabufo australis e T. ignotus. Além disso, comparamos os girinos de Telmatobufo aos de Calyptocephalella gayi, o grupo-irmão de Telmatobufo.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation of the Critically Endangered Frog Telmatobufo Bullocki
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Massey Research Online Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. ! ! Conservation!of!the!critically!endangered!frog! Telmatobufo+bullocki!in!fragmented!temperate!forests! of!Chile! ! ! ! A!thesis!presented!in!partial!fulfilment!of!the!requirements!for!the!degree!of! ! Doctor!of!Philosophy! in! Conservation!Biology! at!Massey!University,!Albany,!New!Zealand! ! ! Virginia!MorenoCPuig! March!2015! ! ! ! ! ! ii! Abstract( ! ! Amphibians! are! currently! facing! several! threats! and! are! suffering! severe! population! declines! and! extinction! worldwide.!Telmatobufo+bullocki!(Anura:! Calyptocephalellidae)! is! one!of!the!rarest!and!most!endangered!amphibian!species!in!Chile's!temperate!forests.!It!is! the! fifth! most! evolutionarily! distinct! and! globally! endangered! (EDGE)! amphibian! in! the! world,!and!one!of!the!world's!top!100!priority!species!for!conservation!(Zoological!Society! of!London,!2011).!This!streamCbreeding!frog!is!microCendemic!to!the!coastal!Nahuelbuta! mountain!range!in!centralCsouth!Chile!(37°C38°50'!S),!a!hotCspot!for!conservation.!This!area! has!suffered!severe!loss!and!fragmentation!of!native!forest,!which!has!been!replaced!by! extensive! commercial! plantations! of! exotic! pines! and! eucalyptus.! Despite! its! potential!
    [Show full text]
  • Articles-38747 Archivo 01.Pdf
    MINISTERIO DE EDUCACIÓN PUBLICA Ministro de Educación Pública Carolina Schmidt Zaldívar Subsecretario de Educación Fernando Rojas Ochagavía Dirección de Bibliotecas, Magdalena Krebs Kaulen Archivo y Museos Diagramación Herman Núñez Impreso por BOLETÍN DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA NATURAL CHILE Director Claudio Gómez Papic Editor Herman Núñez Comité Editor Pedro Báez R. Mario Elgueta D. Gloria Rojas V. David Rubilar R. Rubén Stehberg L. (c) Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos Inscripción N° XXXXXXX Edición de 100 ejemplares Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Casilla 787 Santiago de Chile www.mnhn.cl Se ofrece y acepta canje Exchange with similar publications is desired Échange souhaité Wir bitten um Austach mit aehnlichen Fachzeitschriften Si desidera il cambio con publicazioni congeneri Deseja-se permuta con as publicações congéneres Este volumen se encuentra disponible en soporte electrónico como disco compacto y en línea en Contribución del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural al Programa del Conocimiento y Preservación de la Diversidad Biológica Las opiniones vertidas en cada uno de los artículos publicados son de excluisiva responsabilidad del autor respectivo BOLETÍN DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE HISTORIA NATURAL CHILE 2013 62 SUMARIO CLAUDIO GÓMEZ P. Editorial ............................................................................................................................................................................6 ANDRÉS O. TAUCARE-RÍOS y WALTER SIELFELD Arañas (Arachnida: Araneae) del Extremo Norte de Chile ...............................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Antipredator Mechanisms of Post-Metamorphic Anurans: a Global Database and Classification System
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Ecology Center Publications Ecology Center 5-1-2019 Antipredator Mechanisms of Post-Metamorphic Anurans: A Global Database and Classification System Rodrigo B. Ferreira Utah State University Ricardo Lourenço-de-Moraes Universidade Estadual de Maringá Cássio Zocca Universidade Vila Velha Charles Duca Universidade Vila Velha Karen H. Beard Utah State University Edmund D. Brodie Jr. Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/eco_pubs Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Ferreira, R.B., Lourenço-de-Moraes, R., Zocca, C. et al. Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2019) 73: 69. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00265-019-2680-1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ecology Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ecology Center Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Antipredator mechanisms of post-metamorphic anurans: a global database and 2 classification system 3 4 Rodrigo B. Ferreira1,2*, Ricardo Lourenço-de-Moraes3, Cássio Zocca1, Charles Duca1, Karen H. 5 Beard2, Edmund D. Brodie Jr.4 6 7 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, 8 Brazil 9 2 Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United 10 States of America 11 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Universidade Estadual 12 de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil 13 4 Department of Biology and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of 14 America 15 16 *Corresponding author: Rodrigo B.
    [Show full text]
  • Bullock's False Toad, Telmatobufo Bullocki
    CONSERVATION 583 CONSERVATION Herpetological Review, 2013, 44(4), 583–590. © 2013 by Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Status and Conservation of a Gondwana Legacy: Bullock’s False Toad, Telmatobufo bullocki (Amphibia: Anura: Calyptocephalellidae) Lowland temperate forests often suffer from anthropo- genus contains two (possibly three) other species: T. australis genic influences owing to their productive soils and ease of (Formas 1972), T. bullocki (Schmidt 1952), and, questionably, accessibility (Pérez et al. 2009). In fact, extensive alteration of Chile’s lowland temperate forests has occurred for over four DANTÉ B. FENOLIO* centuries (Armesto et al. 1994; Donoso and Lara 1996; Pérez Department of Conservation Research, Atlanta Botanical Garden, 1345 et al. 2009). The fragmented forests that remain in Chile are Piedmont Rd. NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, USA sandwiched between the Andes Mountains to the east, the Pa- VIRGINIA MORENO-PUIG cific Ocean to the west, and the Atacama Desert to the north. A Ecology, Conservation & Behavior Group, Institute of Natural and narrow strip of southern Chile and adjacent Argentina house Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand all that remains of the temperate humid forests of the region e-mail: [email protected] (Aravena et al. 2002). These forests are biologically unique MICHAEL G. LEVY Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina owing to isolation since the Tertiary Period and they host sig- State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Street, nificant numbers of endemic plants and animals (Aravena et Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA al. 2002; Armesto et al. 1996; Arroyo et al. 1996; Villagrán and e-mail: [email protected] Hinojosa 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • ES Teacher Packet.Indd
    PROCESS OF EXTINCTION When we envision the natural environment of the Currently, the world is facing another mass extinction. past, one thing that may come to mind are vast herds However, as opposed to the previous five events, and flocks of a great diversity of animals. In our this extinction is not caused by natural, catastrophic modern world, many of these herds and flocks have changes in environmental conditions. This current been greatly diminished. Hundreds of species of both loss of biodiversity across the globe is due to one plants and animals have become extinct. Why? species — humans. Wildlife, including plants, must now compete with the expanding human population Extinction is a natural process. A species that cannot for basic needs (air, water, food, shelter and space). adapt to changing environmental conditions and/or Human activity has had far-reaching effects on the competition will not survive to reproduce. Eventually world’s ecosystems and the species that depend on the entire species dies out. These extinctions may them, including our own species. happen to only a few species or on a very large scale. Large scale extinctions, in which at least 65 percent of existing species become extinct over a geologically • The population of the planet is now growing by short period of time, are called “mass extinctions” 2.3 people per second (U.S. Census Bureau). (Leakey, 1995). Mass extinctions have occurred five • In mid-2006, world population was estimated to times over the history of life on earth; the first one be 6,555,000,000, with a rate of natural increase occurred approximately 440 million years ago and the of 1.2%.
    [Show full text]