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Cockroaches Richard M Insects and Diseases AGRICULTURAL MU Guide PUBLISHED BY MU EXTENSION, UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/ Cockroaches Richard M. Houseman Department of Entomology Cockroaches are flat, quick-moving insects that are outdoors. The other cockroach, Parcoblatta spp. (wood active at night. They prefer to hide in cracks and crevices cockroach), is an outdoor species that finds its way during the day. Under good conditions, cockroaches can indoors as an incidental invader and will not establish reproduce rapidly (Figure 1). Female cockroaches place indoor populations. 18–30 eggs within a protective covering or egg case called an ootheca, which is later deposited in a protected Common species of cockroaches location. A single female may produce 4–20 oothecae Blattella germanica. The German cockroach is 3 during her lifetime. The ootheca provides protection for about ⁄4 inch long and is tan or light brown in color eggs as they develop prior to (Figure 2). Adults have wings and two dark, longitudi- hatching and emergence of nal stripes behind the head and in front of the wings. young cockroaches. Immature stages (nymphs) are wingless and have two Cockroaches or their wide, dark, longitudinal stripes running down the entire ootheca can be the source of length of the body. a new infestation, and both The female German cock- are transported easily in roach is unique in that she grocery sacks, boxes, carries the ootheca for nearly Figure 1. Adult German cockroach animal feed sacks or other with egg case. the entire incubation period of similar containers. the eggs. She drops the egg Young cockroaches are the most active feeding stage case in a protected location in the life cycle. Cockroaches consume a wide variety of within 24 hours of the eggs foods, including garbage, stored food, feces, greases, hatching. Normally, 30–40 food scraps, hair, paper, and dead animal or plant mate- nymphs hatch from each rial. They can transport disease organisms from dirty ootheca. Figure 2. German cockroach. areas like garbage cans and sewers to clean areas. German cockroaches are most common in the Disease organisms are carried on the outside of the kitchen. They prefer to hide under or around sinks, insects’ bodies, or they pass through the digestive tract appliances, cupboards and baseboards. Populations of and are distributed with fecal materials. In addition, this species usually cluster together in large numbers cockroaches regurgitate repeatedly when feeding, and inside cracks and crevices near warm areas with high these secretions will contaminate stored foods. Large humidity. These populations build up in terrific populations of cockroaches often produce an objection- numbers and may also be resistant to certain able odor, which is a combination of their feces and insecticides. saliva. Supella longipalpa. The brownbanded cockroach is 1 Five types of cockroaches can often be found in about ⁄2 inch long and is mostly dark reddish-brown Missouri homes. Four of these species, Blatella germanica with tan bands running across the body (Figure 3). In (German cockroach), Supella longipalpa (brownbanded cockroach), Periplaneta americana (American cockroach), Note: The Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai) was and Blatta orientalis (oriental cockroach) are able to recently discovered in Florida and has received some survive and complete their life cycles indoors. Of these, publicity. It is a close relative of the German cockroach and is indistinguishable from the German to the untrained the German and brownbanded cockroaches are consid- eye. The Asian cockroach does not occur in Missouri. It is ered domestic in that they are most often found indoors. doubtful that it will become a pest here because it is The American and oriental cockroaches are considered primarily an outdoors species that occasionally enters peridomestic, meaning they live both indoors and homes. It probably would not survive Missouri’s winters. $.50 G 7384 Printed on recycled paper adults, these bands are located at the base of the wings homes, it is most frequently found in restaurants, and near the middle legs. In nymphs, two light tan grocery stores, bakeries and other businesses where bands are located across the midsection of the body. food is prepared or stored. It is frequently a pest of Males have wings that extend past the tip of the industrial buildings. It inhabits steam tunnels, sewers abdomen while those of the female are shorter than the and storm gutters. Severe infestations can occur in large abdomen. apartment houses and commercial buildings where there is easy access to garbage. Blatta orientalis. Oriental cockroaches are about 1 inch long and are uniformly dark brown or black in color (Figure 5). Adult females are wingless and are similar in appearance to the nymphs. The adult male has short wings, which do not extend to the tip of the abdomen. Oriental cockroaches are long-lived. Egg develop- Female Male Figure 3. Brownbanded cockroach. Areas of the home to check for German and brownbanded cockroaches Brownbanded cockroach females lay 15–20 eggs 1. Around, behind or underneath kitchen sinks and drain inside an ootheca and immediately cement it to objects boards. 1 in a protected location. The oothecae are less than ⁄4 inch 2. In cracks around, underneath, behind or inside cabinets, long and barrel-shaped, and a female may produce cupboards, inside drawers and chests of drawers, especially 10–15 during her lifetime. Eggs develop within the the upper corners. 3. Around pipes or conduits where they go through a wall or ootheca for nearly a month before nymphs hatch. ceiling or are fastened close to a wall. Brownbanded cockroaches are not limited to warm, 4. Underneath and behind refrigerators, freezers or other appli- humid areas within a building. They may often be found ances where there are motors that generate heat. behind picture frames, clocks or other objects on walls 5. Behind window frames and curtains. or in closets, underneath tables, chairs, cupboards and 6. Behind door frames, door hinges and door locks. 7. Behind loose baseboards and molding strips. cabinets. They may also be found inside electronic 8. Underneath tables, chairs and stools. equipment and in lamps or furniture in dining rooms, 9. In radios, television sets, telephones, home computers, elec- bedrooms and living rooms. They usually do not cluster tric clocks, electric switches and behind switch boxes. as noticeably as German cockroaches. 10. Behind mirrors, pictures, loose wallpaper, cracks in plaster Periplaneta americana. Despite its name, the and broken tiles. 11. In pantries, closets, bookcases, book shelves and books. American cockroach is native to Africa. This is the 12. Around mops, brooms and cleaning closets. largest cockroach species that infests homes in North 13. Near hot water radiator systems. 1 America. Adults are about 1 ⁄2 inch long and are 14. Laundry baskets. uniformly reddish-brown over the entire body except 15. In boxes of canned or other boxed merchandise. for the area behind the head and in front of the wings, 16. Potato sacks. 17. Grocery boxes. which is reddish-brown with a tan margin (Figure 4). 18. Moist basements. The shiny, uniformly colored, reddish-brown nymphs 19. Wall voids. are wingless. 20. Garbage cans and refuse compactors. American cockroaches have a relatively long life 21. Couches and beds. cycle. Females produce large, barrel-shaped oothecae, 22. Bathrooms. 23. Beer or soft drink cases or cartons. which contain 12–15 eggs. It takes nearly two months for the eggs to develop Areas to check indoors and outdoors for American and oriental cockroaches before the nymphs Indoors emerge from the 1.Bathrooms. ootheca. Nymphs 2.Floor drains. take 6–20 months to 3.Under, around or behind kitchen or bathroom sinks. develop, depend- 4.Garbage containers and refuse compactors. 5.Damp areas of the basement. ing on conditions, 6.Boiler rooms. and the adults 7.Steam tunnels. usually live for 8.Crawl spaces. 12–15 months. 9.Cellars. Although this Outdoors 1.Grassy areas of yards. cockroach can 2.Under leaves and shrubs around the building. develop in damp 3.Cracks where steps or porch join the foundation. basements of Figure 4. American cockroach. 4. Under siding next to the ground. Page 2 G 7384 effectiveness of other control methods depends greatly on first maintaining an acceptable level of cleanliness. Cockroaches will eat a wide variety of foods. Food scraps, crumbs, or improper waste management in the home will promote larger cockroach infestations. Damaged or infrequently emptied garbage cans, bever- age container recycle bins and other places where food scraps are available make cockroach control difficult by any means. Female Male Maintaining buildings in good physical condition Figure 5. Oriental cockroach. can also reduce the number of cockroaches in the home. Caulking openings to the outside or between units in ment inside the ootheca takes approximately two multifamily buildings will minimize the number of new months. Development of nymphs takes 6–20 months invaders. Maintaining kick plates under doors can be depending on conditions. Adults live 12–15 months. important. In addition, leaky pipes or condensation, Oriental cockroaches are gregarious and large along with a food source, will contribute to larger cock- numbers can be found living together. They congregate roach infestations once they are established. These both outside and inside homes but are most commonly conditions should be remedied as part of any sanitation found in dark, damp basements around drains or leaks effort. in the plumbing. They may move along water pipes to Monitoring. Control methods may vary with differ- upper floors of apartment buildings. If they locate moist ent kinds of cockroaches and it is not unusual to find areas, large populations can develop in these areas. more than one species in the home. Therefore, it is Parcoblatta spp. Wood cockroaches are common in important to know which species are present and which Missouri.
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