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Home , Elliot Meyerowitz, Gene Likens, Geoffrey Marcy, Jianguo Wu

Acknowledgments Internet The credit for the discoveries highlighted in AUTHORS: Suzanne Harris and Amy Hansen America’s Investment in the Future belongs to the EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir thousands of scientists, engineers, educators, REVIEWERS universities, and research centers that the National Mike Bailey, San Diego Supercomputing Center Science Foundation has supported since 1950. William Bainbridge, National Science Foundation Just as advances in science and engineering are Jerome Daen, National Science Foundation the result of collaboration, so, too, is this book Tom DeFanti, University of Illinois celebrating the Foundation’s first fifty years. Tom Finholt, University of Michigan America’s Investment in the Future was devel- Tom Garritano, National Science Foundation oped by NSF’s Office of Legislative and Public Charles Goodrich, University of Maryland Affairs (OLPA), under the guidance of Acting Ellen Hoffman, Merit Network Director Michael Sieverts. Ellen Weir, acting Jack Johnson, Scripps Research Institute head of OLPA’s Communications Resources Larry Landweber, University of Wisconsin Section, is the project director. Mark Luker, EDUCAUSE The book reflects the vision of former OLPA David Mills, University of Delaware Director Julia A. Moore, currently a public policy George Strawn, National Science Foundation scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Ken Weiss, Pennsylvania State University Center for Scholars. Stacy Springer, former head Stephen Wolff, Cisco Systems of the Communications Resources Section, over- Paul Young, Cisco Systems saw the project through much of its development. NSF is grateful to Low + Associates, Inc. for its communications expertise. Terry Savage Advanced Materials directed a talented team of writers, editors, and AUTHOR: Suzanne Harris designers that included Cindy Lollar, Adam Saynuk, EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir Chris Leonard, Susan Lopez Mele, Scott Allison, REVIEWERS and Christine Enright Henke. Norbert M. Bikales, National Science Foundation The Foundation thanks Mike Cialdella of Robert Curl, Rice University The Foundry for his print management expertise, Alan Gent, University of Akron and also acknowledges the excellent prepress W. Lance Haworth, National Science Foundation and printing services of Hoechstetter Printing. Alan Heeger, University of at Santa Barbara NSF expresses its thanks both to the authors Art Heuer, Case Western Reserve University and editors who researched and wrote about the Lynn Jelinsky, scientists, engineers, teachers, and others who, Joseph P. Kennedy, University of Akron with support from NSF, made discoveries that Harold Kroto, Sussex University have changed the way we live, and to the many David Lee, Cornell University reviewers, who ensure that what we say is true. Andrew J. Lovinger, National Science Foundation Alan MacDiarmid, University of Pennsylvania Douglas Osheroff, Lynn Preston, National Science Foundation Donald Paul, University of Texas Robert Richardson, Cornell University

166 — National Science Foundation Manufacturing AUTHORS: Bruce Schechter and Cindy Lollar EDITOR: Cindy Lollar REVIEWERS Joseph Bordogna, National Science Foundation Advanced Materials (continued) , Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Richard Smalley, Rice University Robert Graves, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Richard Stein, University of Massachusetts George Hazelrigg, National Science Foundation Ulrich Strom, National Science Foundation Bruce Kramer, National Science Foundation Samuel Stupp, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Louis Martin-Vega, National Science Foundation Thomas A. Weber, National Science Foundation Lynn Preston, National Science Foundation Ioannis Yannas, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mihail C. Roco, National Science Foundation Herbert Voelcker, Cornell University Education Eugene Wong, University of California at Berkeley AUTHOR AND EDITOR: Cindy Lollar Paul Wright, University of California at Berkeley REVIEWERS David Anderson, Wake Forest University Arabidopsis William Blanpied, National Science Foundation AUTHOR: Suzanne Harris John Bradley, National Science Foundation EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir Jane Butler Kahle, National Science Foundation REVIEWERS Roosevelt Calbert, National Science Foundation (retired) Machi Dilworth, National Science Foundation John Cherniavsky, National Science Foundation David Meinke, Oklahoma State University Daryl Chubin, National Science Board Office Elliot Meyerowitz, California Institute of Technology Susan Duby, National Science Foundation DeLill Nasser, National Science Foundation Arthur Eisenkraft, Bedford Public Schools Chris Somerville, Carnegie Institution of Washington Elissa Elliott, TEA teacher Hughes Pack, Northfield Mount Hermon School Lynn Preston, National Science Foundation Lawrence Scadden, National Science Foundation Susan Snyder, National Science Foundation Dorothy Stout, National Science Foundation Jane Stutsman, National Science Foundation Wayne Sukow, National Science Foundation Judy Sunley, National Science Foundation Linda Walker, Cobb Middle School Gerry Wheeler, National Science Teachers Association

Acknowledgments — 167 Environment AUTHORS: Mari Jensen and Cindy Lollar EDITOR: Cindy Lollar REVIEWERS Sandy J. Andelman, University of California at Santa Barbara Scott Collins, National Science Foundation Charles Driscoll, Syracuse University Cheryl Dybas, National Science Foundation Penelope Firth, National Science Foundation Nancy Grimm, CAP LTER, Decision Sciences W. Franklin Harris, University of Tennessee at Knoxville AUTHORS: Suzanne Harris and Peter Gwynne Timothy K. Kratz, University of Wisconsin at Madison EDITOR: Terry Savage Gene Likens, Institute of Studies ILLUSTRATIONS: Dale Glasgow , Oregon State University REVIEWERS Robert Parmenter, Sevilleta LTER, University of New Mexico Colin Camerer, California Institute of Technology Steward Pickett, Baltimore LTER Catherine Eckel, National Science Foundation Martha J. Powell, University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa Daniel Kahneman, Charles L. Redman, Arizona State University Howard Kunreuther, Wharton School, Joann Roskoski, National Science Foundation University of Pennsylvania James Rodman, National Science Foundation Jonathan Leland, National Science Foundation David Tilman, University of Minnesota Paul Milgrom, Stanford University Jianguo Wu, Arizona State University West Dan Newlon, National Science Foundation Terry Yates, Sevilleta LTER, University of New Mexico Charlie Plott, California Institute of Technology Al Roth, University of Pittsburgh

Visualization AUTHORS: Sheila Donoghue and Suzanne Harris EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir REVIEWERS Tom DeFanti, University of Illinois Don Greenberg, Cornell University Richard S. Hirsh, National Science Foundation Anne Morgan Spalter, Brown University Andries van Dam, Brown University

168 — National Science Foundation AUTHORS: James White, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and Suzanne Harris EDITOR: Terry Savage REVIEWERS Morris Aizenman, National Science Foundation Gregory D. Bothun, University of Oregon Gregory Bryan, National Center for Supercomputing Applications R. Paul Butler, San Francisco State University J. Richard Fisher, National Radio Astronomy Observatory Wendy Freedman, Carnegie Observatories Andrea Ghez, University of California at Los Angeles Disasters & Hazard Mitigation John Leibacher, National Optical Astronomy Observatories; AUTHOR: Jeff Rosenfeld Director of Global Oscillation Network EDITOR: Cindy Lollar Group (GONG) REVIEWERS , San Francisco State University William Anderson, National Science Foundation Jeremy Mould, Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Anatta, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Observatories Deborah Chung, University of Buffalo Michael Normal, National Center for Jay Fein, National Science Foundation Supercomputing Applications Michael Glantz, National Center for Atmospheric Research , Carnegie Institution of Washington Donald Goralski, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Bernard Sadoulet, University of California at Berkeley Engineering, University of Buffalo Walter Stockwell, University of California at Berkeley Tom Henyey, Southern California Earthquake Center, R. Brent Tully, University of Hawaii University of Southern California Alexander Wolszczan, Pennsylvania State University Michael Knolker, National Center for Atmospheric Research Shih Chi Liu, National Science Foundation Science on the Edge Stephen Mahin, University of California at Berkeley AUTHORS: Guy Guthridge, Faye Korsmo, and Kishor Mehta, Texas Tech University Suzanne Harris Vanessa Richardson, National Science Foundation EDITOR: Cindy Lollar Kathleen Tierney, University of Delaware REVIEWERS Lucy Warner, National Center for Atmospheric Research Erick Chiang, National Science Foundation James Whitcomb, National Science Foundation Karl Erb, National Science Foundation Stan Williams, Arizona State University John Lynch, National Science Foundation Stephen Zebiak, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Lynn Simarski, National Science Foundation Paul Young, University of Washington

Acknowledgments — 169 National Science Board Members Dr. John A. Armstrong Dr. Robert C. Richardson IBM Vice President for Science & Technology Vice Provost for Research and Professor of , (retired) Cornell University Dr. Nina V. Fedoroff Dr. Michael G. Rossmann Willaman Professor of Life Sciences and Hanley Professor of Biological Sciences, Director, Life Sciences, Consortium and Purdue University Biotechnology Institute, Pennsylvania State University Dr. Vera C. Rubin Research Staff, Astronomy, Department of Dr. Pamela A. Ferguson Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Professor of Mathematics, Grinnell College Washington Grinnell, Iowa Dr. Maxine Savitz Dr. Mary K. Gaillard General Manager, Technology Partnerships, Professor of Physics, Theory Group Honeywell Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Dr. Luis Sequeira Dr. M.R.C. Greenwood J.C. Walker Professor Emeritus, Chancellor, University of California, Santa Cruz Departments of Bacteriology and Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin at Madison Dr. Stanley V. Jaskolski Chief Technology Officer and Vice President, Dr. Daniel Simberloff Technical Management, Eaton Corporation, Nancy Gore Hunger Professor of Environmental Cleveland, Ohio Science, University of Tennessee Dr. Anita K. Jones, Vice Chair Dr. Bob H. Suzuki Lawrence R. Quarles Professor of Engineering and President, California State Polytechnic University Applied Science, University of Virginia Dr. Richard Tapia Dr. Eamon M. Kelly, Chair Noah Harding Professor of Computational President Emeritus and Professor Payson Center & Applied Mathematics, Rice University for International Development & Technology Transfer, Tulane University Dr. Chang-Lin Tien NEC Distinguished Professor of Engineering, Dr. George M. Langford University of California at Berkeley Professor, Department of Biological Science, Dr. Warren M. Washington Senior Scientist and Section Head, Dr. Jane Lubchenco National Center for Atmospheric Research Wayne and Gladys Valley Professor of Marine and Distinquished Professor of Zoology, Dr. John A. White, Jr. Oregon State University Chancellor, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville Dr. Joseph A. Miller, Jr. Dr. Mark S. Wrighton* Senior Vice President for R&D and Chief Chancellor, Washington University Technology Officer, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Dr. Rita R. Colwell Company, Experimental Station (Member Ex Officio and Chair, Executive Committee) Dr. Diana S. Natalicio Director, National Science Foundation President, University of Texas at El Paso Dr. Marta Cehelsky Executive Officer

*NSB nominee pending U.S. Senate confirmation.

170 — National Science Foundation National Science Foundation Executive Staff Dr. Rita R. Colwell, Director Ms. Ana A. Ortiz, Equal Opportunity Coordinator Dr. Joseph Bordogna, Deputy Director Office of the Director Mr. Lawrence Rudolph, Esq., General Counsel Dr. Mary E. Clutter, Assistant Director Dr. Christine C. Boesz, Inspector General Directorate for Biological Sciences Dr. Nathaniel G. Pitts, Director Dr. Ruzena Bajcsy, Assistant Director Office of Integrative Activities Directorate for Computer and Information Mr. Michael C. Sieverts, Acting Director Sciences and Engineering Office of Legislative and Public Affairs Dr. Judith S. Sunley, Interim Assistant Director Mr. Thomas N. Cooley, Director Directorate for Education and Human Resources Office of Budget, Finance, and Award Management Dr. Louis A. Martin-Vega, Acting Assistant Director Ms. Linda P. Massaro, Director Directorate for Engineering Office of Information and Resource Management Dr. Margaret S. Leinen, Assistant Director Directorate for Geosciences Dr. Robert A. Eisenstein, Assistant Director Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences Dr. Norman M. Bradburn, Assistant Director Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences Dr. Karl A. Erb, Director Office of Polar Programs

National Science Board Members and NSF Executive Staff — 171 Photo Captions and Credits The National Science Foundation is grateful to the many scientists, engineers, and institutions that have submitted photographs of their work to NSF. Over the years, these contributions have enabled NSF to build a collection of images (the NSF Collection) that enable the Foundation to better communicate about the research and education programs it funds.

Foreword Education Page v: CBS Inc. (top) Page 34: Visitors go Beyond Numbers and inves- Page v: News Office/Woods Hole tigate the stretches, curves, and angles Oceanographic Institution of mathematics at the New York Hall of Science. The traveling exhibit was dev- Introduction eloped at the Maryland Science Center. Page 1: Sam Kittner Peter Howard Page 3: Anwar Huq Page 37: PhotoDisc Page 38: It’s About Time Publishing, Inc. Internet Page 39: Diane Soderholm/MIT Page 6: NSF funding played a role in the develop- Page 40: San Francisco Exploratorium ment of the fiber optic technology that Page 41: PhotoDisc powers today’s Internet. Page 42: Bill Winn/University of Washington Photographer: Ken Reid/FPG International Page 43: Scholastic’s The Magic School Bus®, Page 7: Greg Foss/ the Emmy award-winning animated Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center science adventure series for children Page 9: Photo illustration by Adam Saynuk based on Scholastic’s best-selling Page 10: Frank Summers/Princeton University, book series of the same name. National Center for Supercomputing Scholastic and The Magic School Bus® Applications are trademarks of Scholastic Inc. Page 11: D. Cox and B. Patterson/ National © Scholastic Inc. All rights reserved. Center for Supercomputing Applications Page 44: Teachers Experiencing Antarctica/ Page 13: Photo illustration by Adam Saynuk Rice University Page 15: PhotoDisc Page 45: PhotoDisc Page 16: Electronic Visualization Laboratory/ University of Illinois at Chicago Manufacturing Page 50: At the NSF-supported Laboratory for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Productivity at MIT, Page 20: PhotoDisc researchers have developed a three- Page 21: NSF Collection dimensional printing (3DP) process for Page 22: Bruce Novak/University of Massachusetts the rapid and flexible production of Page 23: The strong, flexible buckeyball molecule. parts and tools. 3DP works by building NSF Collection parts in layers from a computer (CAD) Page 24: PhotoDisc model. In the part shown here, a surface Page 25: San Diego Supercomputer Center texture was defined in CAD and then NSF Collection mapped onto different solids. Such Pgs.26-27:PhotoDisc surface textures can be used to enhance Page 28: Peter Howard/Rice University heat transfer or create a prescribed Page 30: NSF Collection surface roughness, among other things. Emanuel M. Sachs/MIT

Photo Captions and Credits — 163 Page 51: Rodney Hill/Engineering Research Visualization Center, University of Michigan Page 90: PhotoDisc Page 53: NSF Collection Page 91: Charles Peskin and David McQueen/ Page 54: John Consoli/University of Maryland Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center Page 57: NSF supported a study of molten glass. Page 93: PhotoDisc The glass was pulled into microthin Page 94: Electronic Visualization Laboratory/ optical fibers that can carry 1,000 times University of Illinois at Chicago more information than an electrical wire. Page 95: Bill Wiegand/University of Illinois at Photo courtesy of Corning Glass Works Urbana-Champaign Page 58: CyberCut Research Team/University of Pgs.96-97:This image from a CAVE virtual reality California at Berkeley roller coaster ride lets viewers design Page 60: Ron LeBlanc/University of Arizona and ride their roller coaster. Visualization courtesy of Jason Leigh/ Arabidopsis Electronic Visualization Laboratory, Page 64: Felice Frankel/Laboratory of Gerald Fink, University of Illinois at Chicago Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Page 99: The mathematics of fractals has given Institute of Technology scientists and engineers the ability Page 65: Martin Yanofsky/University of California to visualize and understand complex at San Diego systems. NSF Collection Page 66: Martin Yanofsky/University of California Page 100: John Rosenberg/ at San Diego Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center Page 67: Close-up of an Arabidopsis flower. Martin Yanofsky/University of California Environment at San Diego Page 104: T.W. Pietsch Page 68: Martin Yanofsky/University of California Page 105: Alan K. Knapp/Kansas State University at San Diego Page 107: Diane Hopp/Central Arizona – Phoenix Page 69: Close-up of Arabidopsis cells. LTER Project, Arizona State University Martin Yanofsky/University of California Page 109: NSF Collection at San Diego Page 110: North Temperate Lakes/University of Page 70: Martin Yanofsky/University of California Wisconsin LTER at San Diego Page 111: A view from the top of the crane at the Page 71: Martin Yanofsky/University of California Wind River Canopy Research Facility at San Diego on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Page 73: Another cellular close-up of Arabidopsis. The crane is used to help study forest Martin Yanofsky/University of California canopy organisms and interactions. at San Diego Jerry Franklin Page 74: Martin Yanofsky/University of California Page 113: G. David Tilman/Cedar Creek Natural at San Diego History Area, University of Minnesota Page 115: Close-up of a chytrid, a little known group Decision Sciences of fungi linked with frog deaths in Page 78: PhotoDisc Australia and Panama. Page 81: PhotoDisc Martha J. Powell/University of Alabama Page 83: Dale Glasgow Page 84: Dale Glasgow Page 85: PhotoDisc Page 86: Dale Glasgow

164 — National Science Foundation Astronomy Page 120: NSF Collection Page 121: National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Page 142: Ferrar Glacier, Stuart Klipper Page 122: Association of Universities for Research Page 143: USS Hawkbill, 1998 Commander in Astronomy,Inc. (AURA). All rights reserved. Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet Page 123: The head-on collision of two neutron stars. Page 144: NASA This is an extract from a more complete analysis of the changes in pressure and Disasters & Hazard Mitigation density that occur from the collision and Page 148: The remains of trees leveled by the eventual coalescence of two stars that have eruption of Mount St. Helens. reached the final phase in their evolution. David E. Wieprecht/USGS Charles Evans, California Institute of Page 149: University Corporation for Atmospheric Technology; Visualization by Ray Research, Inc. Idaszak and Donna Cox, Illinois Page 151: A sand dune on Hog Island, one of Supercomputer Center. NSF’s Long-Term Ecological Research Page 124: Dr. Robert Mallozzi/University of Program sites. Bruce Hayden/ Alabama in Huntsville and Marshall University of Virginia/NSF Spaceflight Center Page 152: Northridge Collection/Earthquake Page 125: NSF Collection Engineering Research Center/University Page 126: Tom Sebring/AURA/Gemini Observatory/ of California, Berkeley NOAO/NSF Page 153: Christopher R. Thewalt/Great Hanshin Page 127: NSF Collection Bridge Collection/Earthquake Engineering Page 128: WIYN/NOAO/NSF Research Center/University of California, Page 129: NSF Collection Berkeley Page 130: Gregory Bryan and Michael Norman/ Page 154: Austin Post/U.S. Geological Survey National Center for Supercomputing Page 155: An x-ray satellite image of a solar storm. Applications NASA/NSSDC Page 131: Trina Roy and Jon Goldman/Electronic Page 156: Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center Visualization Laboratory, University of Page 157: PhotoDisc Illinois at Chicago About the Photographs Science on the Edge Page 160: Fabrik Studios Ltd. Page 134: PhotoDisc Page 135: Office of Polar Programs, Acknowledgements National Science Foundation Page 170: Photo illustration by Adam Saynuk Page 136: Scott Borg/National Science Foundation, Page 171: Emanuel M. Sachs/MIT Office of Polar Programs Page 172: Martin Yanofsky/University of California Page 137: Office of Polar Programs, at San Diego National Science Foundation Page 173: NSF Collection at the U.S. Geological Page 138: Henry Huntington Survey Page 140: Sandra Hines/University of Washington Page 141: Antarctica as photographed from the About the National Science Foundation spacecraft Galileo. NASA Page 173: ©ImageCatcher News/Christy Bowe 2000

Photo Captions and Credits — 165