Acknowledgments Internet The credit for the discoveries highlighted in AUTHORS: Suzanne Harris and Amy Hansen America’s Investment in the Future belongs to the EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir thousands of scientists, engineers, educators, REVIEWERS universities, and research centers that the National Mike Bailey, San Diego Supercomputing Center Science Foundation has supported since 1950. William Bainbridge, National Science Foundation Just as advances in science and engineering are Jerome Daen, National Science Foundation the result of collaboration, so, too, is this book Tom DeFanti, University of Illinois celebrating the Foundation’s first fifty years. Tom Finholt, University of Michigan America’s Investment in the Future was devel- Tom Garritano, National Science Foundation oped by NSF’s Office of Legislative and Public Charles Goodrich, University of Maryland Affairs (OLPA), under the guidance of Acting Ellen Hoffman, Merit Network Director Michael Sieverts. Ellen Weir, acting Jack Johnson, Scripps Research Institute head of OLPA’s Communications Resources Larry Landweber, University of Wisconsin Section, is the project director. Mark Luker, EDUCAUSE The book reflects the vision of former OLPA David Mills, University of Delaware Director Julia A. Moore, currently a public policy George Strawn, National Science Foundation scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Ken Weiss, Pennsylvania State University Center for Scholars. Stacy Springer, former head Stephen Wolff, Cisco Systems of the Communications Resources Section, over- Paul Young, Cisco Systems saw the project through much of its development. NSF is grateful to Low + Associates, Inc. for its communications expertise. Terry Savage Advanced Materials directed a talented team of writers, editors, and AUTHOR: Suzanne Harris designers that included Cindy Lollar, Adam Saynuk, EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir Chris Leonard, Susan Lopez Mele, Scott Allison, REVIEWERS and Christine Enright Henke. Norbert M. Bikales, National Science Foundation The Foundation thanks Mike Cialdella of Robert Curl, Rice University The Foundry for his print management expertise, Alan Gent, University of Akron and also acknowledges the excellent prepress W. Lance Haworth, National Science Foundation and printing services of Hoechstetter Printing. Alan Heeger, University of California at Santa Barbara NSF expresses its thanks both to the authors Art Heuer, Case Western Reserve University and editors who researched and wrote about the Lynn Jelinsky, Cornell University scientists, engineers, teachers, and others who, Joseph P. Kennedy, University of Akron with support from NSF, made discoveries that Harold Kroto, Sussex University have changed the way we live, and to the many David Lee, Cornell University reviewers, who ensure that what we say is true. Andrew J. Lovinger, National Science Foundation Alan MacDiarmid, University of Pennsylvania Douglas Osheroff, Stanford University Lynn Preston, National Science Foundation Donald Paul, University of Texas Robert Richardson, Cornell University 166 — National Science Foundation Manufacturing AUTHORS: Bruce Schechter and Cindy Lollar EDITOR: Cindy Lollar REVIEWERS Joseph Bordogna, National Science Foundation Advanced Materials (continued) Morris Cohen, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Richard Smalley, Rice University Robert Graves, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Richard Stein, University of Massachusetts George Hazelrigg, National Science Foundation Ulrich Strom, National Science Foundation Bruce Kramer, National Science Foundation Samuel Stupp, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Louis Martin-Vega, National Science Foundation Thomas A. Weber, National Science Foundation Lynn Preston, National Science Foundation Ioannis Yannas, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mihail C. Roco, National Science Foundation Herbert Voelcker, Cornell University Education Eugene Wong, University of California at Berkeley AUTHOR AND EDITOR: Cindy Lollar Paul Wright, University of California at Berkeley REVIEWERS David Anderson, Wake Forest University Arabidopsis William Blanpied, National Science Foundation AUTHOR: Suzanne Harris John Bradley, National Science Foundation EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir Jane Butler Kahle, National Science Foundation REVIEWERS Roosevelt Calbert, National Science Foundation (retired) Machi Dilworth, National Science Foundation John Cherniavsky, National Science Foundation David Meinke, Oklahoma State University Daryl Chubin, National Science Board Office Elliot Meyerowitz, California Institute of Technology Susan Duby, National Science Foundation DeLill Nasser, National Science Foundation Arthur Eisenkraft, Bedford Public Schools Chris Somerville, Carnegie Institution of Washington Elissa Elliott, TEA teacher Hughes Pack, Northfield Mount Hermon School Lynn Preston, National Science Foundation Lawrence Scadden, National Science Foundation Susan Snyder, National Science Foundation Dorothy Stout, National Science Foundation Jane Stutsman, National Science Foundation Wayne Sukow, National Science Foundation Judy Sunley, National Science Foundation Linda Walker, Cobb Middle School Gerry Wheeler, National Science Teachers Association Acknowledgments — 167 Environment AUTHORS: Mari Jensen and Cindy Lollar EDITOR: Cindy Lollar REVIEWERS Sandy J. Andelman, University of California at Santa Barbara Scott Collins, National Science Foundation Charles Driscoll, Syracuse University Cheryl Dybas, National Science Foundation Penelope Firth, National Science Foundation Nancy Grimm, CAP LTER, Arizona State University Decision Sciences W. Franklin Harris, University of Tennessee at Knoxville AUTHORS: Suzanne Harris and Peter Gwynne Timothy K. Kratz, University of Wisconsin at Madison EDITOR: Terry Savage Gene Likens, Institute of Ecosystem Studies ILLUSTRATIONS: Dale Glasgow Jane Lubchenco, Oregon State University REVIEWERS Robert Parmenter, Sevilleta LTER, University of New Mexico Colin Camerer, California Institute of Technology Steward Pickett, Baltimore LTER Catherine Eckel, National Science Foundation Martha J. Powell, University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa Daniel Kahneman, Princeton University Charles L. Redman, Arizona State University Howard Kunreuther, Wharton School, Joann Roskoski, National Science Foundation University of Pennsylvania James Rodman, National Science Foundation Jonathan Leland, National Science Foundation David Tilman, University of Minnesota Paul Milgrom, Stanford University Jianguo Wu, Arizona State University West Dan Newlon, National Science Foundation Terry Yates, Sevilleta LTER, University of New Mexico Charlie Plott, California Institute of Technology Al Roth, University of Pittsburgh Visualization AUTHORS: Sheila Donoghue and Suzanne Harris EDITORS: Amy Hansen and Ellen Weir REVIEWERS Tom DeFanti, University of Illinois Don Greenberg, Cornell University Richard S. Hirsh, National Science Foundation Anne Morgan Spalter, Brown University Andries van Dam, Brown University 168 — National Science Foundation Astronomy AUTHORS: James White, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and Suzanne Harris EDITOR: Terry Savage REVIEWERS Morris Aizenman, National Science Foundation Gregory D. Bothun, University of Oregon Gregory Bryan, National Center for Supercomputing Applications R. Paul Butler, San Francisco State University J. Richard Fisher, National Radio Astronomy Observatory Wendy Freedman, Carnegie Observatories Andrea Ghez, University of California at Los Angeles Disasters & Hazard Mitigation John Leibacher, National Optical Astronomy Observatories; AUTHOR: Jeff Rosenfeld Director of Global Oscillation Network EDITOR: Cindy Lollar Group (GONG) REVIEWERS Geoffrey Marcy, San Francisco State University William Anderson, National Science Foundation Jeremy Mould, Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Anatta, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Observatories Deborah Chung, University of Buffalo Michael Normal, National Center for Jay Fein, National Science Foundation Supercomputing Applications Michael Glantz, National Center for Atmospheric Research Vera Rubin, Carnegie Institution of Washington Donald Goralski, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Bernard Sadoulet, University of California at Berkeley Engineering, University of Buffalo Walter Stockwell, University of California at Berkeley Tom Henyey, Southern California Earthquake Center, R. Brent Tully, University of Hawaii University of Southern California Alexander Wolszczan, Pennsylvania State University Michael Knolker, National Center for Atmospheric Research Shih Chi Liu, National Science Foundation Science on the Edge Stephen Mahin, University of California at Berkeley AUTHORS: Guy Guthridge, Faye Korsmo, and Kishor Mehta, Texas Tech University Suzanne Harris Vanessa Richardson, National Science Foundation EDITOR: Cindy Lollar Kathleen Tierney, University of Delaware REVIEWERS Lucy Warner, National Center for Atmospheric Research Erick Chiang, National Science Foundation James Whitcomb, National Science Foundation Karl Erb, National Science Foundation Stan Williams, Arizona State University John Lynch, National Science Foundation Stephen Zebiak, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Lynn Simarski, National Science Foundation Columbia University Paul Young, University of Washington Acknowledgments — 169 National Science Board Members Dr. John A. Armstrong Dr. Robert C. Richardson IBM Vice President for Science & Technology Vice Provost for Research and Professor of Physics, (retired) Cornell University Dr. Nina V. Fedoroff Dr. Michael G. Rossmann