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Social Change in East Asia May 25, 2018 Clark W. Sorensen

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Social Change in East Asia May 25, 2018 Clark W. Sorensen Social Change in East Asia May 25, 2018 Clark W. Sorensen “Saigon evokes for many residents reminders of the not-so-distant past associated with cosmopolitanism and commerce, while Ho Chi Minh City frames the city within the powerful narrative of national liberation.” (Alison Truitt, Dreaming of Money in Ho Chi Minh City, xii) Implicated issues: ¡ National identity ¡ Specters of comparison ¡ Historical memory Later Lê Dynasty ¡ Trinh family ruled in the north (Tongking) ¡ Nguyen family ruled in the south (Annam) Cambodians and Cham lived in what became Cochin China Catholic missionaries already active in the area ¡ 17th century Portuguese and Jesuits led to the creation of Quốc Ngữ ［国语］ ¡ After 1658 Société des Missions-Étrangères (of Paris) took over and published in Quốc Ngữ Nguyễn Anh the founder of the Nguyễn Dynasty in 1785 sent the priest, Pigneau, to Versailles to get French help (via Pondicherry) ¡ With French naval help he conquered Saigon in 1788, and later Hue, and Hanoi to become Emperor Gia Long calling his country Viet Nam ¡ Some 400 French helped in the administration, but government followed Chinese models Capital Huế 1858 French naval expedition authorized by Napoleon III ¡ Saigon and Cochin China ceded by Vietnam to France in 1862 ¢ local notables fled so the French created their own administration 1867 Protectorate over Cambodia ¡ 1874 France made Annam a protectorate ¡ 1883-4 French war with China and Annam over French interests 1887 French win and set up Indo-Chinese Union ¡ Laos added in 1893-6 Hanoi (Hà Nội) ¡ Governor General, and central bureaucracy of French Indochina, but indirect rule otherwise Cochin China ¡ Direct rule French colony with appointed governor and French Civil Code ¡ Few natives at any level in the bureaucracy Annam, Tongking, Cambodia, and Laos ¡ Indirect rule through a French résident supérieur who ruled through a native bureaucracy ¡ Even here much of even the lower levels of the civil service were French Hanoi capital of Indochinese Union, but Tongking technically a protectorate ¡ Unified government services (tax collection, trade monopolies, ports, canals, roads, and railways) administered from Hanoi Strong French cultural influence ¡ Education was supposed to be in French ¡ Strong missionary activity led to about 10% of the population to be Catholic by 1940 ¡ French quarter in Hanoi ¢ École française d’Extrême-Orient 1900 dedicated to French research on Asian societies (now in Paris) ¡ City of Haiphong opened as trading center Nguyễn Imperial Capital at Huế French résident supérieur supervised Vietnamese bureaucracy Few French residents, and relatively little French influence Capital Saigon Sài Gòn Direct French rule colony ¡ French Civil Code applied here ¡ Substantial French settler population (30,000) ¡ Education in French, bureaucracy French French encouraged Vietnamese migration to area ¡ Plantation economy (rubber, tropical fruits) ¡ Large-scale water works enabled the expansion of the economy Chinese (Hoa) about 1,000,000 (centered in Cholon (Chợ Lớn)) About 100,000 Hindu Chams 1927 indebted to Chinese Nationalist Party for ideology, method, and support Ho Chi Minh (Hồ Chí Minh) helped found the French Communist Party in 1920, then went to Moscow ¡ University of the Toilers of the East ¡ Worked under Borodin in Canton in 1925, and then Hong Kong in 1930 Red River Delta (Tongking) heavily overpopulated 1930-31 famine and uprising led to the destruction of the Vietnam Nationalist Party and also the Communist Party which barely survived into WWII September 1940 Vichy France agreed to allow Japanese bases (since Japan an axis power) ¡ Allowed Japanese bases in North Vietnam, and transit of troops so long as French sovereignty recognized ¡ By July 1941 Japanese troops in the rest of Indochina in preparation for invasion of Thailand, Burma, and the Malay peninsula ¡ Vichy governor successfully walked tightrope between France’s position and the Japanese March 1945—Japanese seized control, imprisoned French troops and created a “puppet” regime ¡ Emperor Bao Dai (puppet regime similar to Manchukuo) League for the Independence of Vietnam (Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội) ¡ United front under the communists led by Hồ Chi Minh organized in 1941 ¡ By 1945 Võ Nguyên Giáp operating in liberated zones along the Chinese border ¡ US OSS provided aid to the Viet Minh at this point in order to help defeat the Japanese and aid the Chinese Nationalists (KMT) Allied leaders decide to divide Vietnam at the 16th parallel to allow Chiang Kai Shek (KMT) to take the Japanese surrender in Hanoi, while Lord Louis Mountbatten would take the surrender in Saigon US General MacArthur forced British to wait until formal Japanese surrender to the US in Tokyo on September 2 before moving into Vietnam August 25th Japanese puppet Bao Dai Emperor abdicates In the meantime the Viet Minh, hearing of Japan’s surrender on August 15, tried to take over as much of French Indochina as possible Republic of China (KMT) forces took Japanese surrender north of the 17th parallel ¡ ROC forces let the Viet Minh occupy Hanoi in August 1945, and left Viet Minh in control until the Chinese left in January 1946 September 2, 1945—Democratic Republic of Vietnam declared from the Opera House ¡ Communist party “dissolved” and united front Việt Minh government declared with elections in November September 6, 1945—British and Free French arrive in Cochin China ¡ 20,000 French residents still there ¡ Fighting in the streets, but French with British help reoccupy all Cochin China by January 1946 Ho Chi Minh had agreed to let the French reenter Hanoi if the French recognized Vietnam as a “free state with its own government, parliament, army, and finances within the Indo-Chinese Federation and the French Union” December 1946—Cochin China detached from Vietnam by French ¡ French naval bombardment of Haiphong, and full-scale war by December 1946 1949 French set up Bảo Đại Emperor over Annam and Cochin China 1950 Viet Minh government recognized by Soviet Union and China ¡ US now turned decisively against DRVN 1951 Vietnam Workers Party became the core of the Viet Minh government as the war continued ¡ French forces 420,000 (French officers, Vietnamese 200,000, also Foreign Legionnaires from Africa) May 7, 1954 Võ Nguyên Giáp defeats French at Điện Biên Phủ 1954 two “regroupment zones” separated by 17th parallel ¡ Elections for unified government in two years (1956) ¡ Large Viet Minh force that controlled territory in south withdrawn to north ¡ About a million Vietnamese withdrew to the south (including many Catholic peasants) 1955 Republic of Vietnam set up under Ngô Đinh Diệm) ¡ Originally Diem appointed by Bao Dai Emperor, but French left and Bao Dai deposed shortly thereafter Sources of support ¡ Military, governmental appointees, new-style landlords, Catholics, Chinese 1960 “land reform” ¡ Reversed Viet Minh land reforms that had driven out landlords after 1948 ¡ 115 hectare limit ¡ Could avoid limit by planting industrial crops ¡ Military often used to collect rents in dangerous areas 1960—armed struggle begins in south spontaneously, but formalized as “NLF” (Việt Cộng) in December 1960 August 1964 Gulf of Tongking Resolution ¡ US intelligence ship attacked and this presented as “unprovoked aggression” ¡ Bombing of North Vietnam from 1964-1968 ¡ Large scale troops from 1964 to 1968 (500,000+ in 1968) plus about 25,000 South Koreans ¡ 1968-73 gradual withdrawal under Nixon “Vietnamization” policy Results of war ¡ Rapid urbanization without industrialization ¡ 1970 Land to the Tiller program successful May 1975 Saigon falls to combined Việt Cộng and DRVN forces .
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