11186 CONGRESSIONAL RECO.RD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9, By Mr. CORBETT: to stick m any country unless it is H. R. 4670. A bill for the relief of Sister HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES applied universally. Anna M. Alzbeta Sijarto-Hajdukova (also Socialists have so little faith in the known as Sister M. Elizabeth); to the Com­ TUESDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1947 mittee on the Judiciary. merits of their doctrine that they are un­ By Mrs. DOUGLAS: The House met at 11 o''clock a. m. Willing to risk it in competition with any H. R. 4671. A bill for the relief of Margo The Chaplain~ Rev. James Shera degree of freedom anywhere. G. Merriman; to the Committee on the Judi- Montgomery, D. D., offered the following The way to prove that the political ciary. prayer: profit motive-Marx euphemistically By Mr. MICHENER (by request): called it the dictatorship of the prole­ H. R. 4672. A bill for the relief of John 0 merciful and compassionate God, tariat--would bring greater happiness Cameron Henry; to the Committee on the graft in our hearts the love of truth and to mankind than the private profit mo­ Judiciary. justice, nourished with the rich abun­ tive is to 'destroy all possible controversy dance of Thy fatherly care. By the-mem­ relating to the question-just completely PETITIONS, ETC. ories of our country's glorious past, wipe from the whole face of the earth Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions cleanse the inner temple of Columbia; all vestige of any right of p_rivate prop­ and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk make us alert to the present challenge of erty ownership. a godless philosophy, pledging ourselves Hence, the _Communist International, and referred as follows: to greater service to Thee, with courage 872. By Mr. BRADLEY: Petition of 24 which connotes cooperation between all voters of the Eighteenth Congressional Dis­ to do and to dare, and, if need be, to nationals and political parties every­ trict of ,. urging legislation estab­ sacrifice and to suffer. Thus may the where favoring communism. lishing a system of universal military train­ stained arteries of the world be purged Hence, the recognition of Communist ing for American young men, as recommend­ of the scrofula which threatens them, Russia by the New Deal in 1933, welcom­ ed by the President's Advisory Commission and the individual rights of man be en­ on Universal Training; to the Committee on lng its agents to our shores, pampering throned and assured. Through Jesus and encouraging them to undermine the Foreign Affairs. Christ our Lord. Amen. 873. By Mr. CASE of South Dakota: Peti­ faith of our people in the Republic. tion of Mrs. Dewett Olsen and 14 others, of The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ Yes, not only did the New Deal receive Willow , S. Dak., urging legislation to terday was read and approved. stalin's agents with a glad hand, aid and prohibit the advertising of liquor. in inter­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS abet them in their sinister cause, but state commerce and over the radio; to the through the gold-purchase program it Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com­ Mr. BOGGS of Delaware asked and actually financed their activities, and, merce. was given permission to extend his re­ indeed; is still doing so, even this very 874. Als@, petition of Mrs. J. Bernhofson, marks in the Appendix of the RECORD in secretary, and 28 members of the North day. Ladies Aid, Canton, S. Dak., urging legisla­ commemoration of the one hundred and Only a common ideology could suf­ tion to prohibit the advertising of liquor in sixtieth anniversary of the ratification ficiently 'Qind the New Deal to the Union interstate commerce and over the ra-dio; to of the Federal Constitution by the State of Soviet Socialist Republics to make the Committee on Interstate and Foreign of Delaware. possible the widespread and dangerous Commerce. Mr. CURTIS asked and was given per­ infiltration of Stalin's subversive agents 875. Also, petition of Mrs. L. Fossum and mission to extend his remarks in the Ap­ into almost every nook and cranny of 26 others, of Baltic, S.Dak., urging the enact­ pendix of the RECORD and include an our Nation. ment of legislation to ,prohibit the advertis­ address delivered by the Honorable ing of liquor in interstate commerce and over HAROLD KNUTSON, chairman of the Ways THE LATE I. CLINTON KLINE the radio; to the Committee on Interstate and Means Committee, at Hastings, Mr. FENTON. Mr. Speaker, I ask and Foreign Commerce. Nebr., on September 18. ' unanimous consent to address the House · 876. Also, petition of Mrs. W. A. Eitreim for 1 minute. and 23 ot hers, of Garretson, S. Dak., urging ELECTION OF HON. F. EDWARD HEBERT the enactment of legislation to prohibit the AS MEMBER OF COMMITTEE ON UN- The SPEAKER. Is there objection to advertising of liquor in interstate commerce AMERICAN ACTIVITIES . the request of the gentleman from and over the radio; to the Committee on Pennsylwania? Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Mr. DOUGHTON. Mr. Speaker, I There was no objection. 877. Also, petition of Mrs. Omar Langloss offer a resolution

Mr. JARMAN. Mr: Chairman, I with~ $36,000,000 of oil in the interim-aid pro­ ers must have to produce wheat. Many draw my request. gram. This is another essential product of them are compelled to pay premiums Mr. D'EWART. Mr. Chairman, I ask which should not be shipped abroad until over and above the regular retail prices unanimous consent to extend my re­ we have adequate supplies at home. now. If we continue to send out of the marks at this point in the RECORD. For these reasons, and because only country our necessities, I wonder just The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection production and more production will how high prices will finally go. to the request of the gentleman from keep food costs from going higher and Let us look at this fertilizer situation Montana? we cannot have increased production just a moment. I propounded this ques­ There was no objection. without fertilizer, farm · machines and tion to the members of the Committee Mr. D'EWART. Mr. Chairman, this is parts, and fuel oil to propel the machines, on Foreign Affairs when they were before an important amendment. I believe it I will vote in favor of the proposed the Committee on Rules. Their report should be adopted, both as a safeguard amendment. shows that they are sending $1,000,000 for our own economy and, if you please, Mr. RIZLEY. Mr. Chairman, I move worth of fertilizer to Austria. That is in order to insure that the other ma­ to strike out the last four words. I ask part of the Austrian program. On the terials which it is proposed to send unanimous consent to proceed for two next page of the report, page 9, Austria abroad may be made available in suf­ additional minutes and to revise and ex­ in turn is shown to be exporting $2,500,- ficient quantities to permit exports. tend my remarks. 000 worth of fertilizer to Germany. I After all, if we deny fertilizer to· our Mr. JARMAN. I object, Mr. Chair­ asked the Committee on Foreign Affairs farmers, if we deny them farm machines man, to the additional time. to explain that. The only explanation and parts, how can we expect them to The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection they had was that the kind of fertilizer continue to produce the gigantic crops to the request of the gentleman from Austria was exporting was different from which the administration demands in Oklahoma revising and extending his re­ the kind it was receiving, but no member order to fulfill its enormous foreign com­ marks? on the committee knew for sure about mitments and leave a safe balance for There was no objection. that. If any member of the committee home consumption, a large enough bal­ Mr. RIZLEY. Mr. Chairman, I am can now tell the House exactly the kind ance to hold prices down? Similarly in terribly sorry that the distinguished gen­ .of fertilizer Austria is getting in this the case of petroleum products, our tleman from Alabama, who has taken so $1,000,000 allocation and .the kind they farmers and our mam:facturers must much time, and I have not said a word are exporting to Germany in the sum of have all of the fuel oil they need if they on this bill, deems it necessary to object $2,500:ooo worth of fertilizer, I will yield are to fulfill the production goals set for to me having two additional minutes of to him. them. time. I always thought that he wanted Mr. FULTON. Austria under this pro­ Throughout the war and since the war to be fair, and I am wondering now, in gram, under the bill we are talking about; the farmers of this country have labored · view of the things that he said yesterday is getting no fertilizer. under great hardships to produce the and in view of his objection, whether he Mr. RIZLEY. I am referrin~ to the record-breaking crops which made pos­ does want to be fair in the consideration interim European aid program, draft leg­ sible our great war effort and the aid of this bill. islation and background information, programs of the past few years. Little Mr. JARMAN. Indeed, the centleman submitted by the Department of State to or no new farm equipment was avail­ is correct, and I wish to be fair, but a joint session of the Senate Committee able, their sons had gone to war, and my objection resulted from the fact that on Foreign Relations and the House their usual labor supply was attracted to the gentleman from Mississippi from the Committee on Foreign Affairs. On page the coastal centers of war industry, yet State of the proponent of this amend­ 7· of that report appears a complete the farmers of Montana and the other ment, who spoke 10 minutes on it yes­ break-down of the things Austria is to agricultural States continued to produce. terday and 15 minutes today, objected to receive and the things in turn of which They cannot continue to produce great my request for three additional minutes Austria now has an exportable surplus. crops unless they are given new farm ·when I am a member of the committee Mr. FULTON. We are talking of fer­ , machinery and parts. Probably they and the proponent is not. He did not tilizer from the United States. Austria should have had a large share of the object finally but raised the question is getting from Belgium and Switzerland $158,367,229 worth of farm machinery which I considered ridiculous and quite 14,000 short tons of phosphates costing and parts which was shipped abroad last selfish under the circumstances. $518,000, and from Germany 14,000 short year. Surely it would be unwise to send Mr. RIZLEY. I refuse to yield further. tons of potash totaling $504,000, making any more of it out of the country, for Mr. Chairman, this happens to be a a total of $1,022,000. There is the exact the lack of these items will mean less very important amendment, not only to answer, first, phosphate from Belgium food produced and will certainly result the agricultural people of this country and Switzerland, and, second, potash in more inflation. who have to have machinery and fer­ from Germany. That information is The same great food production effort tilizer, but I would think that it would from the Committee on Foreign Affairs . . of which I speak has seriously depleted be very important to the members of Mr. RIZLEY. All I am going by is the the soil of our country fn many regions, the Committee on Foreign Affairs to see report of this committee on the aid we and continued productivity is dependent to it that the agricultural people of this are sending to Austria, and it also at­ to a large extent upon the proper use of country· are permitted to produce the tempts to set out what Austria in turn is fertilizer. The Government has permit­ foodstuffs that we are to send over there able to do for itself in regard to materials ted many of our fertilizer plants to dose, under this. bill, and for the life of me I sent somewhere else. there· is no prospect of an adequate do-. cannot understand the attitude of this Mr. FULTON. I pointed out that mestic supply, more than 400,000 badly committee in seemingly trying to defeat Austria is getting nothing from the needed tons were shipped out of the the very purposes for which the bill is United States under this program.· country last year, and it is now proposed supposed to have come before this House, Mr. RIZLEY. What is the purpose of to ship another $35,000,000 worth. This namely, to get food and grain and other this program? Is it actually to have a shipment is to be made at the very season things to those people over there during condition obtain in the United States when domestic demand is highest. Our the winter months and hereafter. where prices may go so sky-high that farmers cannot be expected to increase I happen to represent one of the great we know not what may happen? We or even maintain high production under wheat-producing sections of the United in this country cannot long afford to have these circumstances. States. Grain is one of the important higher prices. I represent a great wheat­ The newspapers every day are filled things under this bill. I might say to growing district. You refuse to put any with dire · predictions of a serious pe­ the distinguished members of the Com­ limitation on the amount of items you troleum shortage in this country. There mittee on Foreign Affairs that the farm­ are going to send out of this country that is talk of rationing gasoline and fuel oil. ers in my section of the country and my are in short supply. Wheat may go UP Yet we know that we have shipped more county-and· by the way, they produced to $5 or $6 a bushel if you keep sending than 143,000,000 barrels of petroleum 12,000,000 ·bushels of wheat this year­ it out of this country. There are a lot products out of this country last year, are unable to get tractors, · combines, of people in this country who c·annot af­ and it is now proposed to ship another parts, and all the other things that farm- ford to buy bread with $5 or $6 wheat. 11192 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9 There are a lot of farmers in this country Here is what we are objecting to. The of the world are hurrying along the path that cannot afford to buy farm equip- Army, your Government is ma,nufactur­ toward ultimate, chronic dearth of the ment if they have to pay premium prices ing 250,000 tons of nitrogen. Every ounce essential products· of the soil, simply be- - over and above the retail prices. There of it is going to three places, Germany, cause they, too, are negiecting their agri­ are a lot of people in this country that Japan, and Korea. That is quite a liberal cultural land. Unless this situation is cannot afford to buy a lot of these other contribution considering the condition bettered, the world faces a lot of trouble. things that are in short supply. We had in the other countries about which you All around the globe the area of gpod, better use some common sense in con- are concerned. But in addition to that, producing farm land is dwindling as nection with this. bilL they are also taking for export 61,000 erosion advances. At the same time the Mr. PACE. Mr. Chairman, I rise in tons of commercial nitrogen. We are population of the world is steadily in­ support of the amendment of the gentle- objecting to this plan to take even more creasing. Increasing also are the de­ man from Mississippi and the amend- of our short supply of nitrogen. If the mands of industry. and commerce on the ment o.t the gentleman from Minnesota. Government insists on exporting more, ,land for ra.w materials, for new fabri­ Mr. Chairman, I hope no one wtll gain then they should at least operate to full cated products such as plastics. All the the idea that this is a southern. problem capacity the ordnance plants at Louisi ... people 'oi the....world are enrolled in this. as to fertilizer. It is -not. In 1940 we -ana, Missouri, anci at Morgantown, W. .headlong race toward destruction and were consuming 1,766,000 tons of nitro- Va. poverty of resources. gen, phosphates, and potash, and this · The farmers. at this Nation have a pro­ For us in the United States it is ex­ year the supply is 3,566,000 tons, or twice found interest in maintaining peace tremely important to take. heed of the ·as much as in 1940, yet we are facing the throughout the · world. Many of- their situation. Not only are the people of Eu­ ·most critical· need agriculture has. ever sons are buried on foreign battlefields rope depending on us for food and other faced. Why? For the simple reason ·and they want no more of: war. They help •until they get on their feet. again that throughout the Nation, not only in ·hate communism and want to see -it .and can resume normal agricultural pro­ the South, our lands have ·been ba.cUy de- driven from the fac·e of the earth. They ·duction, but we will be called upon to pleted. Let. .me say a word abBut the· fer- are anxious to help prevent hunger and -help other parts of. the- wo.rld ...I .hav.e. .no_ tility of the soiL I . think the best illus- -want wherever it may ·exist. They are doubt ~ before the difficulties of ·peace all . trationis to liken "t to your bank-account. ready and willing·- to produce the food are smoothed. out and humanity :again.is"" Put a thousand dollars in the bank and. .and.- fiber .to feed.. and .clothe the hun-gry. ;movjng steadily. forward. ~ But there are start writing. checks . on your account .and ragg.ed- ·people: of western Europe. -.more reasons-than that. for Americans to without replenishing,. it ~ Of couFse, you But they. know they cannot. continue.to be alert to the present· situatiorr, tor-.we will soon exhaust your balance. It does .meet this. need and remain strong .~here not only-want to help feed the world for not make any difference where the soil is. .at home unless they· maintain. and. pne:­ '.a time, ~nd no.,doubt ·will to the very It can be the rich black land of Iowa or serve the fertility of their soil, are ·sup:. Jimit of our ability, but we_; have also to -the fertile fields in the State of Maryland. ,plied" with necessary ·farm .implements ~~ feed our own people . . With .weather per.­ nearby. When you cultivate that land .and_machinery, the ·_petroleum.products .:rpitting:-, and a good price for agriculture year after year, you are going ta gradual- to operate them, and receive fair prices _products .at the market. place, the Ameri­ 1y decrease the fertility of the soil. for their products. They ask no mor.e- can farmers, if given.free rein; will pro.­ . The war came on, and the Department .we should. assure them no less.· duce enough for all, if they are given a of Agriculture and the War Food Admin- Mr. JENSEN. Mr. Chairman, I IllQ_Ve .helping hand to conserve their soiL istrator asked for increased production. to strike out the last word. During the war years farmers of the ·Give us more, give us more, give us more · Mr. Chairman, only by conserving our United States produced, on the .average, they urged, and throughout that ·period -soil and water resources can we continue 143,000,00.0 tons of foodstuff a year from ·there was· not only inadequate. labor. and_ to properly feed ourselves and..also. help .an annual average acreage of approxi­ insufficient farm machinery~· but there-- ·feed· other· peoples· -who need our.· food. · .mately 452.,000,000 acres.· When - on~ ·was a serious deficiency in fertilizer .sup- Commercial fertiliz2r is a necessity to realizes that this was enough food to pro- plies and no opportunity to rest the land successfully ·accomplish needed produc­ - yide a 3,500-calor1es-a-day. diet for one and rebuild its fertility with cover crops. tion. hundred and -sixty to one hundred. and· What do we face in the coming year? The need:. for· aid to .Europe; par:ticu-· , seventy· million _people, the magnitude ef I want to give you the official statement.. larly foodstuffs and other praducts·of the the production becomes truly impressive. The D3partment of Agriculture on No-· .soil, is one of the outstanding and...urgent . With this food we feci our own population vember 21 set national goals for 1948 problems. facing Congress .today. That .of approximately 143,000,000 Americans calling on farmers for top production not ·this need is real cannot be doubted. and, in addition, many more millions in g!'eatly different frorp. wartime totals. Many individuals, many oHlcials of the foreign lands. , However, we cannot con­ The goals seek a total of 356,000,000 ·executive branch of the Uniteci.. States tinue to min'e our soil,.so we cannot keep ·acres. Government, and many Members ·of the on feeding so many pe-ople .from so ..few Here-is what t:.e.secretary-of Agricul- .Congress have .. brought back disturbing acres · indefinitely. Now the Bureau of ture has-to say about that: ·reports of the.situation in whiclrthe:peo;. . the Census: tells. us.that...the .United.States Today more than ever United ·States farm ·pies of many foreign countries find_them~ has a population of more than· 144,000,- production is a key factor in world recovery. selves. 000. We are told, also, that 2Y2 acres. per Mgst of Europe is looking to America. . person of productive cropland are needed Now listen to this. • please: for lielp in this desperate, situation; for . to prov-ide a normal standard-of-living If this Nation is to pr.ovide a good share until theirown agricultural facilities are· ·diet in the United States, and that one­ of the food needed so desperately by hungry once more in full production, they carr- half acre more per person is needed to nations abroad, it will mean an inevitably t d heavy drain on our already-strained soil re- ·no pro uce- the food and other crops provide other essentials~products of the sources. . . they need. America is going to help. soil for clothing, shelter, and other agri­ This makes the problem not only a prob­ cultural and industrial uses. This is a You have been drawing on the bank of lem of money- or the will to help-it total requirement of 3 acres per person, fertility for six long years. Today by the makes. it a problem affecting deeply our · or a total cropland requirement of some­ passage of this bill, you are writing an­ 'fundamental productive resources of.soil thing over 432,000,000 acres to meet our other check on the ·fertility of our soil. and water. Remember the economy of .day-to-day needs at the present popula­ All in the world that those who produce any natiori depends upon its soil. . tion level. However, there is every indi­ the food and fiber, not only for this Na­ All of you here in this House, I believe, cation that the population will not re .. tion, but to feed the hungry people over ·are well aware of the vast amount :of . main at its present level, but will in.. yonder, are asking you to d9 is to help once-productive farm land that we in the crease. · The Bureau of the Census esti­ preserve the fertility of their soil by United States have destroyed in the past . mates that by 1960 the population of the making available an adequate supply of century and a half through the mining of , United States will have grown to more nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash -our soil, soil erosion, soil exhaustion,..and _than 153,000,000 persons by increase of and assure them a fair price. for their floods. Millions of acres of farm land the birth rate alone. When we add to . crops. have been ruined as far as furthe eco­ . this the people who may be expected to I have here the oHlcial figures, and nomic production is concerned. We are enter the United States by immigration anybody who wants to see them can do·so. not alone in this. Many, of the nations the problem becomes tremendous. 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11193 And ·here is another consideration: It is essential that this land be pro­ on this job, and quickly, we best forget That increase of 153,000,000 by birth rate tected if we are to help feed humanity in all about exporting food abroad. alone is reached by computations of the other parts of the world and also to live These are the reasons that I introduced Bureau of the Census on the basis of up to our obligations to our own people. H. R. 4417, known as the national land medium birth rate and medium mortality We dare not export our topsoil. And the policy bill, on July 26 this year. H. R. of our people. If we should have high way to avoid exporting our topsoil .is 4417, you will recall, was designed to pro­ birth rate and low mortality-as we well through the application of soil and water vide for a national land policy based on may-we will approach a native-born conservation methods on every acre of the conservation of our soil and water population of 159,000,000 persons by 1960, our cropland and on every acre of our resources, the orderly development and again plus a possible several millions of other productive farm land. The pros­ . protection of the Nation's agricultural new citizens via migration. pect which lies before us if we do not 'lands, and for other purposes. Here are In the first instance, allowing the protect our good farm land is appalling. some of the important things that H. R. necessary 3 acres per person, we will It most emphatically does not include a 4417· would do if enacted int·,) law: scarcely have enough good cropland to 3,500-calories-a-day diet, or anything First. It would establish a new na­ provide our own people with the food and like it. tional land policy, recognizing the con­ other farm crops they need. If the pop­ Let us look for a moment at what the servation of soil and water resources and ulation goes to the higher extreme-as it good, adequate, well-rounded diet is. the orderly de:vJlopment and protection may-we will not have enough good, pro­ Generally we in the United States take of the Nation's agricultural lands as a ductive cropland to provide each of our that to include a good proportion of basic consideration of American agricul­ people with the products of 3 acres. We meat, milk, dairy products, green and ture. Just as a prosperous agriculture might, by use of hybrid seeds and more yellow vegetables, and fruits, in addition is the basic essential to national welfare fertilizer, still be able to feed our own to certain amounts of cereals and other and prosperity, so productive land is es­ people the 3,500-calories-a-day diet, but predominantly starchy foods. Even if sential to a prosperous agriculture. certainly we would have little or no food conservation practices were in effect on However, not since 'pioneer days has the left for the rest of the world. If the every . acre of our farm land needing United States Government had a defi­ population continues to rise-and the them right now, and our population con­ nitely stated and publicly accepted land Bureau of the Census thinks it will-by tinued to increase as Bureau of the Cen­ policy. Today, more than ever before, 1970, or even sooner, we may no longer sus officials believe it will, we should not American farmers must be encouraged be able to provide even our own people have enough cropland to provide this and assisted to become stewards of the with the well-rounded diet provided in sort of diet. As the population grows, land and to use it wisely, according to the 3,500-calories-a-day standard. We more and more people have to get their its capabilities for production and ac­ could not do this because we would not food and other essential crops from our cording to its needs, rather than to ex­ have enough good cropland to do it­ 460,000,000 acres of cropland. As a re­ ploit it. This. under H. R. 4417, would be that is, if we want to keep on eating sult we will find our diet shifting more done effectively and primarily with the steaks, chops, bacon, eggs, butter, and and more from the important high-pro­ aid of trained conservation technicians fruits like we Americans have generally tein foods to cereals and starchy foods of the Soil Conservation Service working enjoyed. Of course, we could get along which provide little energy of a lasting through the farmers' own organizations, in a fashion on less of these things by sort, and few of the vitamins and other the soil-conservation districts. Under eating more corn bread, mush, and needed nutritious elements. We would the national land policy as established cereals, but would not like it. find steaks, pork chops, and bacon, but­ in this bill, annual production goals Our land situation, in fact, is not good ter, milk, cheese, and eggs, and the es­ could be geared to the capabilities of the enough to warrant complacency. The sential vegetables and fruits disappear­ land, as well as to demand; and land 1945 census lists our total area of crop­ ing from the tables of all but the most capabilities could be used as a guide for land at something over 450,500,000 wealthy. This must not happen in all types of rural improvement. Such a acres. However, the best information I America. national land policy, based on conserva­ have been able to get indicates that more When we cut down the consumption tion of soil and water resources, would than 60,000,000 acres of this area is not of meat, when we cut down the con­ provide an established basis for adjust~ suitable for use as cropland; it should be sumption of all of these essential foods, ments in agricultural credits, taxation, retired to grass or trees. Thus, we find we cut down the productivity of the and land tenure. ourselves with something in the neigh­ American people and the American Na­ In the second place, H. R. 4417 would borhood of only,390,000,000 acres of suit­ tion, which always brings unreasonably safeguard the interests of the Nation able land in crops. This is not enough high prices. We cut down the will and and of the people of the United States in alone to feed our present population at the strength to work physically and men­ the conservation of America's land and the standard to which they are accus­ tally. We cut down the vital power of water resources upon which the Nation tomed, and to which we believe they are initiative which has been such an impor­ and the people depend for their wealth, entitled. · tant factor in development of the Ameri­ and-in the end-for their very exist­ However, there are other lands that can people and the Nation. We cut ence. could be added to our cropland by drain­ down our fighting power in armed con­ Third. H. R. 4417 would get the basic age, irrigation, and conversion from flict. Peoples who live predominantly on conservation job done in time to prevent grass or trees. Development of these starchy foods do not have the reserves further large-scale irreparable damage areas could add more than 70,000,000 of energy and strength nor the initiative and loss to America's agricultural land, acres of good cropland to our 390,000,000, and inventiveness of peoples who have and this is a vital consideration. giving us a total for the United States of better balanced, more adequate diets. Fourth. H. R. 4417 recognizes the around 460,000,000 acres of good produc­ All of these things make it imperative urgency and the size of the conservation tive cropland. This, you see, at 3 acres that we protect· this cropland area of job. You should know that land ­ per person, would be barely enough to 460,000,000 acres because it cannot be age in the United States still is proceed­ supply the food and other needs of our ing at a faster rate than conservation. population by 1960 without taking into stretched or extended. We owe it not In other words, our progress is still too consideration at all increases by migra­ only to our children but to ourselves to slow, although we have a program that tion. It would be far from enough to keep ·America vigorous, strong, and is unmistakably proving its worth. · take care of our population if the birth­ prosperous. The fifth point is this: This bill recog­ rate continues to climb and mortality We must stop erosion on this land. nizes the interrelationship of soil con­ rate goes down. We must stop the mining of the soil. We servation, erosion control, drainage, There is one point about that 460,000,- must stop bad land use and bad water irrigation, land use, soil fertility mainte­ 000 possible acres of good cropland that management now. nance and improvement, control of sedi­ we must, all understand. That is this: We· must prevent dust bowls and gul­ mentation, conservation and proper All but about 72,000,000 acres of these lies and give to every acre of farm land in management of water resources, and 460,000,000 acres are subject to erosion if the United States the treatment it needs flood control on agricultural lands. We the land is not farmed properly and pro­ to protect it and make it productive, and must keep in mind that any work to tected by soil and water conservation we must use it for the crop it is best fit­ maintain and improve soil fertility is measures. ted to produce, for unless we get going ineffective without corresponding work 11194 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBE_R 9

of soil and water conservation and era~ . My next point is-and this is extremely way it functions now in helping farmers sian control. All of the production prob~ important-that this bill provides for the carry out work on their individually . lems of agriculture are closely tied up development and protection of new agri­ owned farm :iands. with land use and soil and water con~ cultural land. You will recall that of the I have been asked by farmers,.and by servation, and this must be taken into­ 450,000,000 acres now in crop production., others as well, "What about AAA? What consideration in national land policy. approximately 60,000,000 acres should be about the Agricultural Adjustment For the sixth point, H. R. 4417 would retired to grassland or woodland use, leav­ Agency in the event H. R. 4417 becomes recognize the technical nature of the job ing only 390,000 ,000 acres of good produc­ law?" ·The truth is that this bill says ahead. There is no more uniformity in tive cropland. You will recall, also, that nothing whatever about the AAA pro­ land and water problems than there is I pointed out that there are 70,000,000 gram, but the answer is, "No; H. H. 4417 in the landscape. Conditions, as we all acres that can be added to our good crop­ will not destroy the Agricultural Adjust­ know, vary with almost every field we land area by drainage, irrigation, clear­ ment Agency." The purpose of H. R. cross. Often there are extreme differ~ ing, and conversion from grass or trees. 4417 is to get going at a much faster ences between adjoining acres. The soils Such development must be done in care­ speed on the job of conserving our pre­ may be different, or the slope, or the ful, orderly fashion with full regard to the cious soil and water resources, and to use degree of erosion, the amount of rainfall, susceptibility of the land to erosion and every instrument available to do the job. the availability of plant nutrients. Some similar damage, and that is provided for I am convinced that a majority of farm­ of the land on the farm is to be treated in this bill. ers want to }{eep a strong farm organi~ as cropland, some as grassland, some as Finally, H. R. 4417 recognizes the desir­ ·zation, such as the AAA~ intact, and I woodland. In some instances engineer~ ability of having all technical action pro­ believe that the AAA or the PMA-what- ing measures are required. In others grams and grant-in-aid programs involv­ :ever one cares to call it-should be kept agronomic measures, and so on. It is ing conservation, drainage, water . de­ intact to do a number of important jobs. an out-and-out technical job, requiring velopment, and flood control on farm and ·It should be kept intact to disseminate sound specialized technical knowledge ranchlands technically directed by one information of interest and value to the agency. This would include the technical and experience, and this bill recognizes farmers of America, to administer com .~ that. aspects of irrigation work on the land as modity loans, to give counsel. The AAA My seventh point is the provision of . well as the development of new agricul­ should be maintained to handle neces:. this technical assistance to farmers and tural lands. This bill would assign that ·sary incentive payments for proper rota­ ranchers in handling their soil~ and responsibility to the Soil Conservation tions, fertilizer, or other purposes, that water-conservation work. Many farm~ Service. In assigning th~se basic respon­ the Congress may see fit to appropriate. ers and ranchers are unprepared by sibilities to the Soil Conservation Service, the bill recognizes.the agency of Govern­ The AAA should be retained and be training and experience to analyze their ready in case of any emergency in peace complex land and water problems, or ment that has pioneered in the develop­ ment of effective soil conservation meas­ or war-to step in with needed assistance to deal with them effeCtively alone. to farmers, and carry on such activities Through this bill, technical assistance of sures, as well as in the procedures for get­ ting them applied with full farmer-un;. as might become necessary under emer­ the Soil Conservation Service technicians gency conditions, in order to help main­ is made available to individual farmers derstahding and without any semblance of regulation. That service, it may be tain and· preserve a prosperous American and ranchers through soil-conservation agriculture, the only guaranty for a or other qualified districts. noted, is one of the most .efficiently ad­ ministered .agencies of the Federal Gov­ prosperous Nation, as every enlightened My eighth point is that increased edu~ American must know. I· already have cational work in conservation is neces~ ernment, and I firmly believe that the Soil Conservation Service can be depend­ pointed out, no cash payments are pro­ sary and would be provided for under posed in H. R. 4417, only grants-in-aid. this bill. This would be provided largely ed upon to administer the work that would be assigned to it under H.· R. 4417 Such grants-in-aid would include con­ through the Federal and State extension servation material, planting stock, seed, services. as effectively as it has carried out its work the use of equipment, and the like, neces­ My ninth point is that this bill would to date, which certainly has been com­ sary for the establishment of conserva­ provide grants-In-aid, but no cash pay~ mendable, especially when the compara~ tion practices. Such grants-in-aid would ments, wherever such grants-in-aid are tively small amount of funds this agency be made available when necessary to necessary' to supplement the contribu~ has had to use, is considered, which is supplement the contribution of the land tions of the farmers themselves in deal­ now being used over 1,900 districts Na­ owners where the cost of reclaiming the ing effectively with their physical land tion-wide. land is greater than the owners can bear, and water problems. There are several other important and they shall be made, according to the Tenth. By making this work avail~ things about H. R. 4417 that I want to bill, on the basis of degree of assistance able through soil-conservation districts make clear. This bill does not propose needed to prevent irreparable damage to and other authorized districts, H. R. that the Soil Conservation Service shall or loss of the Nation's basic soil and 4417 would stimulate self-government, take over any other agency of Govern­ water resources. • strengthen the soil-conservation dis;­ ment. If this bill becomes law, the Soil I want to make clear another thing­ tricts of the United States, and give Conservation Service will not take over H. R. 4417 does not take away any duties more local farmer control of soil-con­ anybody; it will not take over the work or responsibilities from the· Federal and servation work. of the Army engineers, or of the Bureau State Extension Services. On the con­ My eleventh point is that this bill of Reclamation, or any other bureau, trary, it adds to the duties and responsi­ would assure a conservation program of agency, or department. The sole func~ bilities of Extension. The eighth point technical excellence based on fact-find~ tion of the Soil Conservation Service is I made in my analysis of the bill, a ing surveys, investigations, and research to get on with the job of conserving our moment or so ago, you will remember, in cooperation with the State agricul~ soil and water resources as rapidly as provided for increased educational work tural experiment stations, thus bringing possible and at a price which can be in conservation. Obviously, this is the to the solution of soil- and water-con~ justified .for your dollars expended-to function of the Extension Service. The servation problems methods and mate~ get this done hy men schooled in the art Soil Conservation Service is not author­ rials best 8,dapted to the areas in which and science of soil and water conserva~ ized to carry on a broad program of agri­ the work is to be done. tion-that is the Soil Conservation Serv­ cultural education-that is the fi eld of The t welfth point is this: H. R. ~417 ice's sole function. I say this important the Extension Service, and the bill clearly would provide for rapid completion of a job must be done by these experienced provides that the Extension Services are conservation survey of the Nation's farm doctors of the soil; it must not be handed to be used in conservation education of and ranch lands. This type of analysis over to a bunch of political quacks. the agricultural public, both in areas provides t he factual basis on which pres~ Neither, under this bill, would the Soil which need conservation treatment but ent-day wil and water conservation op­ Conservation Service take over the land which are not now in districts, and in ·erations are carried out, and it is an im­ of any public agency, but it would sup­ areas now in soil and other conservation partaht basic factor in the national soil ply technical aid and grants-in-aid to districts, preparing the way for conserva~ and water conservation program. There­ any public aeency whose lands needed tion action on the land. This is a highly fore, it should be carried out on all of the conservation work. It would cooperate important function. I have · already country's ,agricultural land. with these -agencies in much the same pointed out that the rate of erosion in the 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11195 United States still is more rapid than the tive of the very-soil and water resources domitable and free only because we have rate at which we are applying conserva­ on which we depend ior our very lives. been so richly, blessed with resources. tion measures to the land. Proper edu­ The high production achieved in this way Once those resources have dwindled or cational work is an extremely important is too much like killing the goose that disappeared, so will our freedom and factor in closing up this gap between laid the golden egg. We cannot afford it. our American indomitable spirit and erosion and conservation. Under this A recent c-omprehensive study of the strength . . bill, the Exterision Services can help to a erosion situation indicates that our prob­ Mr. Chairman, as most of my col­ greater degree to speed up the rate of lem farm lands may be divided into three leagues know, during the summer recess conservation farming. At present, rough groups. The flr.st group consists of Congress, I traveled over a great por­ county extension staffs are too frequently of about 25 percent of the cropland of tion of the United States, especially over overburdened with the many and varied the .country, which is being damaged at the western half of the United States. duties of the broad educational program a rapid rate by erosion. This is an area with two members of the Interior Sup­ they already have on hand. County of approximately 110,000,.000 acres, lo­ committee of Appropriations of which I agents often have very little time avail­ cated on farms totaling about 260,000,000 have the honor of being chairman. able to devote to soil and water con­ acres. The productive capacity of much Along with the gentleman from Penn­ servation education among the people of of this valuable and highly vulnerable sylvania, Congressman Ivoa FENTON, and their counties. As a result in many areas land will be permanently damaged, and the gentleman from Oklahoma, -Con­ this important work has been neglected. ·some -500,000 acres a year will be ruined gressman GEORGE ScHWABE, we traveled In others, it has been undertaken by for further cultivation unless it is placed by automobile 9,500 miles for seven conservaticm technicians, at the expense under a safe conservation farming sys­ solid weeks from early morning until of their ow~! work. Authorization in this tem in the very near future. To be on late night, inspecting reclamation and bil1 for the employment of additional the safe side to prevent such unneces­ irrigation projects and other Interior extension personnel to carry on con­ sary and irreparable waste conservation Department agency funct~ons in 15 servation education work should quickly treatment should be completed on these Western States, where water is gold. It overcome the lack in those areas where 110.000,000 acres no later than 1960. was a strenuous but a most enlightening the work has heen neglected. At the On the second large area-around one trip, I can assure you. On that trip we same time. it would help in another way hundred and ten to one hundred and s-aw millions upon millions of acres of to speed up conservation application, by twenty million acres of cropland-erosion rich, fertile soil which has layed barren enabling conservation technicians to de­ is proceeding at a less rapid rat e, but it is and worthless ever since God made it. vote their whole time to that work. still serious. This cropland is located All it needs is water to bring it into That, after all, is the whole purpose on farms totaling from two hundred and profitable production. I sincerely hope, of this bill-to speed up the soil- and fifty and two hundred an

-~~~k~~~! tt~e :s~~~~~: ~~~u~~~~~trh~::~.~ To AusJi~~ai------·-- 482.C!Xl 8,276,000 St~~s;~~eh~~~~~~~~~~~;~hl~ argument is in France and Italy due to lack of From United States___ Nono None. abou~ farm machinery. I defy any M~ m· food right at this very minute. We aiL Fronr Belgium· and l====l====- ber on this floor to point out anything know it, because.we have 1'ead the news- Switzerland, phos- in this legislation .that authoriz2s ·the rhates______l4,coo 518•000 .paper headlines how the civil unr·est is From Germany, pot- shipping- of farm machinery. That is rising and how food production has gone ash ______..,...... H,coo £04.ooo dragging ·a red herring across the trail~ ·down and how food cons.umption is. just 1----1------b:::cause there is no such authotization 28 000 1 022 000 above the starvation point. TotaL______' ' ' ' here. I will yield to any Member_ who . Mr. RIZLEY. Mr:.Chairmarr. will-the Grnnd·totaL •••• :.' 660.wo l8,2oo.zoo- __canpoint it out to me. Nobody can do gentlemen. yield? · By ~ourcc: 'it because there is.no·farm machinery-be:. . Mr. FULTON. . Will the gentleman... From. Unlte'd States;_____ 36, £Go 2, 95Z,OOO ing sent. allow me· to make my .statement and From others______623· coo 15• 248• 200 Mr. H. CAR:C ANDERSEN:- Mr. Chair- then I will yield a little later? TotaL______6oo.wo t8,2oo.2oo mail, will the. gentleman yield? ·. Mr. RIZLEY. I am afraid-it will be By typl': M1': FULTON. I yield. too late. Nitratw..:..______I92 • .r:~ iu 11, 5!J0,200 · Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. There cer.- . Mr. FULTON. The question is. how PhosphateS'______4M.ooo . 6, 106,noo taihly is such_authorization. : There is much. of this program may-require are'"' Potash.. ______----- 14 •000 1i04•000 authorization_ to. send farm. machinery- · duction of fertilizer available. to the TotaL______cno.wo I8,2oo.zoo parts out of the country, !.may say to the ·American iarmer~ The answer to it is _gentleman. specifically: This is only 1.7 percent of Short tons ~quivnlent Mr. FULTON. Surely, replacement 1 United States production of fertilizer ex! · • ofcontainrd HJ_amm?· .' parts only~ . elusive of the ordnance program. The nitrogen m~~t~I· • Mr. H .. CARL · ANDERsEN. Oh, .cer.- ~ program_ under this bill will' reduce. .ou tainly, sur.e,..s.ure.; - . ·own corisumptiun ..of fertilizer · only ·1.7 ('~~ • Mr. .FULTON. But'that iS"a; very:sman- .. ~ · t . A. in · t 't ff t ;Frewnr production______:rccntaga o:r .united · • , di·ive chain· from.. MinneSota;. com pick-. - . If h , f th _ States consu~pt10n. ____ : ------_ 1 3 their part. I, myse • av.e·.a. ·arm:. sou ,..,. -- ers and the corn pickers· cannot ·operate. ---·-- of Pittsburgh:: and~ I hav.e ral.s:ed· .farm:-:-·· i Austria ex}::orts-nitrate. on: a-considerable-scale. 'I'fiat is what they are doing. products, vegetables, and sheep. .. I know o • ' · . · . Mr. FULTON. A point has been. I have been short of fertilizer, ~but· I am L .... t us ~ook at it' from the ~ource-.. ·.We brought out by the gentleman from Mis-· willing_ to give up that 1.7 percentl'might ~re puttlJ?-g up of ammomunr . mt~ate sissippi [Mr. WHITTEN], and I thhrk it'is otherwi~e have. in order to help people under· this program from the Umted a very fine point. He says on page 1i174 who are-- star..V-ing., and· in order to help ~tates .. only 36•900 short. tons, 1. 7. ~er- of the RECORD. of yesterday that· a·change over.come ~tbis crisis that-is·thr.eatening ~ent of our total p~oductiOn ?f. fert1hzer. in policy' of releasing this...production has. all of us. F~om . other c?untnes..the rectplent.coun- to-be made by the administration because In addition, it carr.be poin-ted -out that ~nes are _getting- ~23 ·6.0 ~ · tons. · right now there is 40 percent of our fer- the fertilizer that iS'" in this progranr·is ·- If we m Amer WllLnot put-up ou:r- _u tilizer produ-ction lying 'idle in Army only 1.3 percent o:r- the totai American·--little share of 1.7 percent from our great hands. production. Let us see what each coun- supply, how can Vo'e ask the others to do Who is doing that? Why, the current try gets. it, who are also in short supply? Democratic administration that all these · Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Chairman, Now, by·types, let us see what we are Democrats are complaining about. will the gentleman yield? · doing. The total is 192,500 short torrs of Their Congressmen ·are raising the issue Mr. FULTON. I cannot yield until I nitrates, 454,000 short tons of phos- that 40 percent of our fertilizer produc­ get to the figures, then I will if I have phates, and 1:t,OOO short tons of potash, tion is lying idle in an.ministration time. making in all 660,500 short tons from the hands. The problem is not to keep from · Mr. ABERNETHY. I yielded to the sources I have given above. The totaf sending any fertilizer at all to Europe, gentleman. . ~ertilizer program is only $18,200,000 on but we should increase production in Mr. FULTON. I will yiel-1 but let me this particular program. America and protect the American get my figures in. Let me show you what the American farmers . . Let us see what this propose

· living, with ·the. nationaL debt- of over -production. The amendment also p~e- 1- : ple whpm the-Members-of' this Congress $250;000,000,000; it-would'apear-itis about vid.es to .. stop the gift· and rshipment .9f , r a;re :: elect.eUld Serious results throughout. the, years to ...mittee op Foreign:Affairs of the House o·f · seriously. cons-ider. reversing ·~ our . course , our own Nation-and our own.soil.and-our Representatives tells ..us what the-irgri­ ; before ·tt .is· too late .. ·_ ~ ~ . ;· ' production will -follow . unless-. fertil i z~r :- cult:ural 1)olioy- shaH be in ·the . Uri-ited . · ~ ;: We · bave triedLto'.save ·Europe ;.twice . and ..farm machinery .are stricke,n . from , l:?t.ates-of ·AmeriQa. ·· ~; ;'- _- ~- · · · ; '. : in.two ··costly. WOI'lc,i' Wars .'and· Euro1)e and this bill.- · '· . , _ .'.. I happen to be a member. of the Com- the world is in worse condition today, in- Because of the. shortage of steel the- mittee on Agz:iculture. I am also a mem- , eluding the United States, than before · veterans· who won the war cannot get : ber of the special .committee on fertilizer, ·. these two.· attempts were made.. houses in which to live. Housing is so about which the gentleman from ·Mis- . The liberals, .. ·spenders; ·and do-good- scarce that 2,'Z64,00Q- married couples are· .. sissippL[Mr: ABERNETHYl addressed you : ers.have failed. to achieve their promised compelled to share ·living quarters with ( a. few minutes _ago.. It seems. that ·with objectives afte~ .spending. $21,000,000,000 other persons. To_show you how bad this · ·fear· and trembling the members· of the · to .revNe Europe since ~ we ; won the: wa'f. :··steel shortage is, I have 'a' letter .from --House-- committee on -Agriculture must .. They, rtow ·ask to"·keep~ the s·artre ctO'ctors -·Ralph' H:awn _& . S.on, .. crqssr9.ads·- black- :-· ;await the · g;~en lightifrom the St!:\te·De­ ( an'd .ask "for $2o·,ooo;ooo,.ooo . mote-- from · .smiths· in a· Jittle: town .of Boos; .:Jaspe·r · ·part:m.ent: ··I·say to t.he -- M~mbe-rs - of-the . the. American : taxpayers:. to -revive . the · County, · In~ . which reads as . ~ollows ,. : ·. - H~u~e 9!; R~P._reqet:It~ti~es· 1{-h~t i~ ·is· high ... pati.ent:,.. Their. .nie:diCih.e .. prescribed-.:at .. , -We are wr-iting _you .in-regard .. to the_steel ·. :ti!llf,! ~qi,e : · G~mm:ittee :on: ]forf,!~- g~ Affai;rs ~ Yalta,· I'otsdam,, and:Teheran.. ha:s. pre·- ; shol'tage.- . :In ~ our little stt_pp here w~ serve· the .of . th.is·· I~ouse stacrt~

'!: agreements .in .the .· future thf,!Y SeeR to · J RALfH ·HAWN .& . SoN· , the ·war, -re11ching a pe-ak of in ore . thari 14,- Write into the Marshall· plan. If we . do ·-.:-- So, you see this steel situati_on' is so bad , 009. •000 tons in ~946, compared to ?n aver~ge : attempt. .t_g keep :up: witlf them ~ the ~ end : .tha_t_the _ ut't.H;! ·.co_u . nt_ r_~Y b_ra _ck _s:nu_ .·th· ou_t_:.jn . _- >i!/p·'J~~i~~eg -~~~sm~nuc' th~eo'fY.~tahres li.g,n "3c__5re-3a · 9se' .da~fPoo. ids :·re·sult is, most Ukely ~·to ..be ;· final bank- - th 00 t 0 f u ·t · 1 t 0 :· ruptcy for our own ·Nation and its .people. · . J e gra~s ~ s · . ,:1e coun .ry appe.a s , ~ pro'dun for a min.ute.to.th-e amendment , ·u·us c9un:try who knows-how serious con.;. · ·.T-here, Is not . a.!lyone . ~re~ent tod~Y. wpo . to this emergency.. aid .bill with: reference - -ditloris afe. _ · Y{Il.l ~ot ·s~y tha~ the ans~e~ to_o~r _eco- to fertilizer-and farm ma·chinery; · I have ano'tlier,letter from Joe·steckler nom~c pr~blem Is _ producti~m. more pro- Mr. Chairman; several war plants have ~ -a·t-M6tih't.. carmel,'Ili., which !"quote;· -in du~t1on.. a.n~ . full prpduG~IOn . . 'rhat is ·- been makirtg vast -amoun:ts of fel~ttuzer; · part:· ·· .. _ . · -· : · . · ·the very thmg t~~ A:meqcan f~rmer is which has been . shipped largely. to· Eu·- · · - · · · · called upon to db rrght now. The farm- 1 rope,. and some-- -to Japan.·- One-third· of DEAR MR. IVURSEuL: In- regard· -to· the · Mar- -· e··r··s-o·- f 'A.. m .eri·ca·· who··- d· I~ d su.. ch a mag·ni·fi- . · shall plan. niay I say I have a welding and cent·J· ·ob· .d uri"ng the ;,'lar are agai·n bei"ng all the fertilizer of the Nation during the machine shop: I have already laid off some • past year and more, has been given away men because of the steel shortage. I have called upon to produce food for the entire and shipped to foreign countries. This many orders for fuel-oil tanks, gasoline tanks, worid. They are truly generous as evi- bill provide's that more fertilizer shall be - etc. · I- am unable to build because of no denced by the fact . that when the exported. The Crab Orchard War Plant, steel. Friendship Train crossed this continent at Marion, in southern . Illinois, last 1 had an order from one firm from Cen- a few weeks ago the people of my own spring was· shipping trainloads: o.f ferU- tralia and Sg,lem for 4·000 fuel-oil tanks, but State· of I-owa furnished more corn and · every"place·no·steel. . · . cereals and grain's tha·n· any other State lizer to the coast for exp.or t t o b e given It appears that I must quit business so away, when 50 miles away in .the great that this steel may be sent to foreign coun- in the Union. In one of the counties of fruit belt. of ·sou.t_hern Illinois farmers . tries. who may shoot 1t back -at us. 1 think ·• my district, the people, thrcugh their were clamoring for fertilizer and could you congressmen .should soon wake . up- and churches, raised $13,000 to buy co-rn and not get' it. I contacted' the Navy De- thinlt about the people in this country . . How cereals for Friendship Train. And now p,artment. and-urged· them to spare just .. a much lotlg¢r. can we stand this? High ~a?tes while everyone is expecting the hungry few cars-for our emergency .in that sec- and, not only th.at., but taking our IJving people of Europe to be f.cd during the . tion and could not get. it diverted when away from us and sending it overseas. coming winter months, it is proposed to · k · d Mr. VuRsELL, 1 am not much good at writ- take away from the farmers of Ameri·c., the railroad side trac s were-Jammed ap ing, ~ but would like ,.t-o hear from you so I ..., blocked with carloads of fertilizer, more will know you are listening to the people the very tools they need, to wit: fertilizer, than they coul-d transport at that tirpe that are back of you. And, for God's sake, farm machinery, and fuel oil . . Some­ to the seaports to be shipped overseas. think of the-people in this country and ·stop one said very . aptly on one occasion, The Secretary of-Agriculture is now urg- sending steel and farm equipment so much ''Give l,IS the tools and we will do the job." ing farmers to plant 9,000,000 additional needed here to other countries. I beg to . That is what our farmers are saying acres for the growing of crops. We are remain, today. · · depleting our soi-l. --Those who would in- Very truly yours, Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Mr. Chair.- . ~lu~e f.erti~~z~r :it) this b~ll at~ t~~ing the - - . · - · - JoE STECKLER. :man, ~Hl the .gentleman yiel(i? . .. .. position of· not only shiPPing-away our ..... Tliis' letter represeri"ts the thinkiritt 'the M:t. HOEVEN:' · I ytehi tb the gentle- grain but shipping a way our soil and desire, and the need· of millions of, peo- ·man -from· Minnesota. 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD·- ·· HOUSE· 11199 Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. If. this i'S ·people there, theri dismantle these arid early 'growing seasons, the farmers supposed to be an interim-aid bill, why plants. will_ have to have· fertilizer within the is it so necessary to send fertilizer, farm The farmers of -this Nation have de­ next 4 months if they are going to have machinery, and production tools, as far pleted their soil. They are again being a crop next year, and require less food as agriculture is concerned, for a crop called upon to produce food as they did from us. That is the basic reason why that cannot be put in in time to have during the war. The best way to aid it has to be in this bill. any effect as far as the effective time of this production is for us to do everything Mr. PlliLLIPS of California. That this bill is concerned? possible to secure fertilizer for our own does not answer the question . asked by Mr. HOEVEN. I agree with the gen­ farmers. This amendment offers one the gentleman from Alabama, why is tleman. The farmers of America now small hope-let us adopt it. ·that not carried in the previous export are planning for the next crop season. The amendment will not apply unless arrangements that have already been They are short on fertilizer. The de­ the supply of fertilizer here proves in­ made? mand is 20 percent above the supply. adequate to meet the actual needs of the Mr. JUDD. It has already been allo­ 04r farmers are asking for farm ma­ farmers of this Nation. cated in accordance with those arrange­ chinery, for tractors, and for farm-ma­ Mr. PHILLIPS of California. Mr. ments. This bill merely provides the chinery parts. How can they produce Chairman, I move to strike out the last dollars with which to buy, mostly else­ food without tools? Everyone knows word. where, the fertilizer already allocated. that our farm operations have become Mr. Chairman, I rise to ask three ques­ That brings up your second question of highly mechanized. Our farmers need tions of the committee because under the whether or not the agreements will be the oil for their tractors and they need it circumstances I feel that it would be bet­ kept. Phosphates and potash are not throughout the planting season and the ter to ask for them on my own time this under international control, but alloca­ harvest. morning than to ask some other Member tion of nitrates is under the control of Now let me refer once more to the re­ to yield for that purpose. the International Emergency Food Coun­ port of the committee on fertilizer where- · First of all, in the statement of figures cil. It has allocated to each country a in it made a recommendation as follows: given· by the gentleman from Pennsyl­ specified amount of the world's supply, "That there be an immediate and· care­ vania, he r~cited the tons of fertilizer to and the United States, as was stated, is ful review of Government export com­ be provided from other countries, but he supposed to supply to France about 37,- mitments and adjustments to the end omitted France. It was given in figures 000 tons of nitrate, Chile about 80,000 that fertilizer requirements of American on the floor of the House during the past tons, and Canada about 26 ,000 tons. farmers may be more amply fulfilled." year that as a provision of the division That is the allocation already made, and We so recommended in our report last of the occupied area, France was sup­ we are merely providing here the money February and the situation has not posed to deliver fertilizer into the British to make possible the purchase of the changed. and American areas, and that France had quantities allocated by the international So here we are going into a new crop violated that agreement and was not de- body. I am sure we want to keep our season in need of fertilizer, farm ma­ .livering any fertilizer, but instead had been, and I have seen this in other re­ part of the agreement. chinery, and fuel oil. With our system of Your first question had to do with mechanized farming today we need the ports, delivering phosphates to Russia in exchange for things France wants from France. No phosphates or potash will too;s if we are really going to do the job be sent to France from anywhere under · of feeding the people of the whole wide Russia. It seems to me that·ought to be explained oy the committee in a discus­ this program. world. Let us not permit ourselves to Mr. PHILLIPS of California. My bQ caught short. · sion of the general fertilizer question. My second question is, and I believe question is, What about fertilizer she Mr. GRANT of Alabama. Mr. Chair­ did deliver to Russia, which she was sup­ . m""n, I move to strike out the last word. the gentleman from Pennsylvania and the gentleman from Ohio have certainly posed to deliver to the other occupied · Mr. Chairman, I am aware of the fact areas? that the members of the Foreign Affa~rs both stated, and certainly the gentle­ Committee have given much study to this man from Alabama has definitely stated, Mr. JUDD. If it was phosphates or bill and I appreciate thefr efforts. How- that the amount of fertilizer is already potash to or from France it is not covered . ever, at the same time, the bill covers determined and that only that much and in the bill, so I cannot give you the many subjects and some are subjects to no more will be shipped. What assur­ answer to your question. It is my under­ which members of other committees have ance has this :aouse that there is such a standing France is manufacturing phos­ given long study. The amendment limit? We are dealing with a depart­ phates. They have a surplus of it there. offered· by the gentleman from Missis­ ment in which all of us do not have the Mr. PHILLIPS of California. But sippi, I feel, should have the support of, most complete confidence. France is not delivering the phosphates this House. For the past year, I have My third question, which has already to the countries she is supposed to de­ served with him on a Fertilizer Subcom­ been asked, and properly so by the gen­ liver them to, but instead to the Russians. mittee of the House Agriculture Commit­ tleman from Minnesota [Mr. H. CARL Mr. JUDD. We did not go into that tee. For the past year, we have gone ANDERSEN] is, Why is this in .the interim­ because it was not involved in our bill. into all phases of this question. aid bill at all? Why is this part 'of the If· we had done so, the gentleman from It just does not make sense for us to bill? Iowa ·could properly object to our inter­ ship fertilizer to Germany, regardless of There has been a very determined ef­ fering with the work of his committee. whether it is made in private or Govern­ fort on the part rf cettain administra­ We have gone into this question, only ment plants. I have no argument tive agencies to make it appear that this insofar as we had to in order to provide against material made by the Army be­ bill which we are acting upon today is the commodities required in this particu­ ing shipped abroad, except when it is part of the permanent aid program. lar bill. sent to places where it could be manu­ I now yield to the gentleman from Mr. WHITTINGTON. Mr. Chairman, factured. Minnesota [Mr. JuDD] and then I shall will the gentleman yield? As to Germany, the answer is given yield to the gentleman from Mississippi Mr. PHILLIPS of California. I yield. that the German plants must be dis­ [Mr. WHITTINGTON]. Mr. WHITTINGTON. I maintain that mantled because they could be used for Mr. JUDD. If I may answer the last this is a duplication of our international the production of war material. question first, the gentleman knows that food agreement. That agreement was When we take this attitude, it seems the time when fertilizer is put in the soil made some 2 years ago. Shipments are to me we are just cutting off our nose to is during the spring months, at the be­ being made, and under that agreement spite our face. ginning of the crop season. we do not agree to pay for the fertilizer. · I take it that as long as we ship this Mr. PHILLIPS of California. The We agree that the fertilizer may be allo­ material to Germany we will be in con­ gentleman does not know that; in Min­ cated for export. It is being shipped now trol of the situation there. If this be nesota perhaps it is, but not in Cali­ and .being paid for by the agents that true, why cannot we operate these plants fornia. represent the farmers in the Allied coun­ under our control and when we withdraw Mr. JUDD. That may be true in Cali­ tries. This bill would authorize a gift or our army of occupation and have no fornia, but in the countries covered in loan for additional fertilizer. We might further responsibility for feeding the · thi~ bill, where they have early springs as well understand it. 11200 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9 The · CHAIRMAN. The time of the in the Palau Islands, estimated at about communism by default and a vote against gentleman from California [Mr. PHIL- 3,000,000 tons, is being shipped to Japan the possibility of achieving a durable and ·LIPS] has expired. · at the present time in Japanese ships. just peace. A vote for this measure is Mr. PHILLIPS of California. Thank That entire supply will be exhausted a vote of confidence in. the ability of the you, Mr. Chairman, I got·an answer to at within 3 years. So, as far as an enemy ·European democracies to· stem commu­ least one question of the three. country is concerned-and this · is im- ,nism; a vote for this measure is . a vote Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, may I ·portant-for the year 1946 we have sent for humanitarian American principles to ·rise in opposition to the other amend- at least between five and six hundred distressed peoples; a vote for this meas­ ment? I spoke on the other amendment. thousand tons of American phosphate ure is a vote for the economic rehabilita­ Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, a parlia- from the mainland, and we conteiii:Plate ·tion of western ·Europe-our f.riends- mentary inquiry. sending in the years 1946, 1947, and 1948 .and, please do not forget, our own con· The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman will ·-1,000,000 tons of phosphate from the -tinued economic well-being; and a vote .state it. island· of Anguar in the old Japanese .for this. measur:e 1s a vote for the secu- Mr. RICH. Can a member of the com~ mandates, which.ar.e now American pos,.. .rity and national self-interest of · the mittee speak twice on the same amend- .sessions. Why should not the phosphates -United:States. I should like to urge that ment? .from Idaho, Montana, and Anguar be this committee consider the basic ques­ The CHAIRMAN. The point of order sent to our friends in Europe rather than , tion of whether or not we are going to is made and it is well taken. ·be used entirely for the rehabilitation: of ·help western 'Europe for. the reasons_I Mr. FULTON. I will withdraw the the soil of our former enemies? . have enumerated. If we are we had bet- request, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Chairman, I have listened atten- ,ter make up our minds and go alLthe Mr. MANSFIELD; Mr~ Chairman,.. I tively to all the debate on this measure. ~ way; if we are· not we had better ~ vote rise in opposition to the amendm-ent; · now before us. I have wondered if-this for this amendment and had better vote The CHAIRMAN. The gentlem-an is House is really aware of the task. ah.ead. -against.-the· bilk 1·ecognized for 5 minutes. The issue i::> plain. We are either. for · _ Mr. ·Chairman, unde~: unanimcus :con- Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, wHI the -or against this-bill and the.Marshall - pro:~ · :sent,. I am includmg;;with, ~a'Tks;:.a . gentleman yield .to me to· answer_- the 1 posals to follov1. Every person in. this -newspaper article on phosphate::. -from._ gentleman from California? .. Chamber is :fi-ully"a.w.acre of the questians -Montana ·and Idaho_b:eing sent to: Japan• . Mr. MANSFIELD. I will be .delighted ·involved and the need for meeting them. , .This..·article :is·from the;Montana stand- to yield. ·Everyone kmows that-the needs-expre·ssed · .rard; ,of Butte, Mont., and dated·.:nec.em- Mr. FU.L'FON.: .In. answez: to .the· gen- _ -in thi measure are based, on humani- . _· ber.19, 1946.: _· ~ . tleman from .California. [Mr. PHILLIPS], · tarian, ecGnomic~ and.strategic :con-sid~r:'- .·. ~:... _ . FER:rn.:rZER.;wrnt.:JJE.sENT :ro. "PAciFr~ -~- ·; if the agre~ment has not been.. lived up to · ations. Not one of thes factor~B · alorie-" ... - -SEAT'l'l1E, -·' -E>ecember--·~- 18.-L-Fi.-ve '"- hundr.ed. previously, by passing. this bill the com~ -but all of. them-together are tied to.. thiS.... thousand. .tons oLrock phosphate.... fertilizer mittee feels you will prevent Fra-nce. H-om . ·proposal. We- know that the: aucces~vof

TABLE 3.-North Carolina's solid nitrogen . 1944: Nitrate of ~oda -(equivalent), 5,221 Mr. -DIRKSEN. It is quite all right, material sales-Continued tonS. .. because that would not change the tenor 1945 1942-43: Tons tons. Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 4,250 of the amendment very much. Nitrate of soda-----~------118, 799 · 1946: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 3,571 . Our good friend from Mississippi-and Sulphate of ammonia------~-- 1, 527 . tons. he is my friend and I have an affection -1947: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 3,280 for him-says that no fertilizer shall be Tota l------~ -~------120,326 t"ons. procured or ~hall be allocated until the 1943-44 : -Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. - Chairman, I p.eeds of the Unit~d States producers are Nitrate of soda ______133,943 move to strike out the last word and ask adequately met, as certified by the Sec- . Calnitro ------·------23, 148 unanimous consent to proceed for five r~tary of Agriculture . A. N. L. compound ______. 2, 069 additional minutes. What are the needs of American farm Ammonium nitrate______585 Sulphate of ammonia______390 The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection producers for fertilizer? The very pea- to the request of the gentleman from pie who are for the amendment testified Cyanamid------~~---- 330 Illinois? this morning in this Chamber that we Total ______160,470 - Mr. FULTON. Mr: Chairman, the are probably 90 percent shy, or maybe it committee joins in that request. is more than that. I can get you any 191-4-45: Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Chairman, re- figure from any farm group in the coun- ~ Nitrate of soda ______142, 153 serving the right to object, may I ask the try that we ought to be manufacturing C ~ lnitro ------15, 118 Cyanamid______2, 592 gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. millions and millions of pounds of all FULTON] · about closing debate on this kinds of fertilizers to meet the need. How . Ammonium nitrate-----~------_ 609 A. N. L. compound ______.. 320· amendment? _ long would it take the Secretary of Agri- Mr. FULTON.. We would like to give culture to determine what are the ade- TotaL------~------.160, 792 you all the time you would like to speak.

A. N. L. compound------;- _- v 141 along with the wishes of my colleagues. . he could not certify to that amendment . Mr. HOFFMAN. I know that. the. .and do a good job. :rotaL----=------.------132,.193 gentleman is-very generous about these. Until he so certifies; no fertilize!'· shall , supplies and- I thought you would. be be· shipped under this ·amendment. So 19<1:6-47: Nitrate of soda______.. .60, 228; about the time; . what the gentleman from Mississippi has Calnitro ------. 21, 194: · ~ Mr. FULTON. As long as I am here said by indirection here is that no ferti- ._ Cyanamid------·------. 13, 232. - at the majority table, I.shalLendeavor to lizer shall -be shipped.out of the United · Ammonium nitr.ate______5, 769 see that everyone who wantsto speak gets -States. . Now, do not . fool yourselves Ammonium sulphate ------1, 071 the -opportunity te speak. about it. · A. N. L. compound-- · ------~ 30 The CHAIRMAN: Is there objection _ . Now, cis. .that,. the .way .we are going to TotaL______:______101, 524: to the request. of the gentleman from play? The fertilizer need, as set out.:P,ere . . - . Illinois'? before the committee, .is 660,500 tons . There was no objection. That .is the program under this bill. - SOME TYPICAL DEALER RECEIPTS OF SOLID Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. Chairman, I pre- How.much from the United States? Ap­ NITROGEN MATERIALS sume it is long ago in my copybook days proximately 34,000 tons.. About 6 per­ W. I. BISSE'l'TE, GRIFTON, . N. C. that I encountered that old statement; cent of that whole amount comes from 1944: Nitrate of soda, 674 tons. - "Charity begins at home." I am wonder.- domestic so.urces. The rest. of it will 1945: Nitrate of soda, 629. tons. ing, .as I .have listened to the debate- come from elsewhere. . In other words, 1946: Nitrate of soda, 509 tens. and I have listened in all .kindliness- _. we will put. up about one-sixteenth, and.. 1947: Nitrate of soda, 303 tons; ammonium whether. charity ends there also. other countries will put up all the rest, nitrate, 20 tons; calnitro, 106 tons; total in If -one examines· the amendments that- . Now, in all conscience, gentlemen, are terms of soda equivalent, 475 tons. were· offered today _ and the pending-· we going to · play that way? Are we THE JOHNSON CO., RAEFORD, N. C. amendment, the conclusion is inescapa- · going to. say -to those- other sources now, 1914: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 6.50 ble, and it would go .something. like this: . through Mr. ABERNK'IHY's amendment,J tons. · I am· for foreign aid provided it requires · '(It will be 0. K. if you. put up fifteen­ 1945: Nitrate of ,soda (equivalent), 570 no incentive goods. I am · for foreign sixteenths of the 660,000 tons, but we tons. aid to check communism and to check are not- going to put up the remaining · 1916: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 356 . hunger· and desperation: provided it re- · one-sixteenth.~' tons. quires no goods tha:t are_in_cr~tical s~p- · Are·we going to play that way? 1947: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 237 tons. :ply. I :a~ for forei~n aid If It reqmres ~ Now, let us g-et -a bit of orientation on no fertil!z~r .. ~h~t I~ what the gentle~ _ this thing. If we· are going-to follow out· - THE DIXIE GUANO CO., LAURINBURG, N. C. man ~ro~ MISSISSIPPI. [Mr.. ... ABERNEXHYl·-·-· the theme·-of these amendm nt ·th 4- says m his amendment. e ~ a" The amount of nitrogen top dressing ma­ Mr. ABERNETHY.. Mr. Chairman, were offered yesterda.~ ~~dare bem~ of- terial received. in 19.4.6 and 1947' was . 44 -per- · cent o! that received. in 1938-39. wi11 -the gentleman yield? iered toda~.:....and_ I have listened patient- Mr. DIRKSEN. , I do not yieJd ~ at the ly~then I~ polite Ia~gu~ge, you are· W . G. CLARK, TARBORO, N. C. moment because I can anticipate what go_mg to evisc~rate th~i' bill. Make ~o In 1946, Mr. Clark received 70 percent .as- -is in the gentleman's mind and .I will mi_stake about It, that 1s exactly what 1s much nitrogen material as in 1945. In 1947, prove to him that is what he says by his gomg to happen. In other word:::, what he received 60· percent of that ·received in amendment. we are saying to the world is that we 1946, which means that in 1947 Mr. Clark received 42 percent as much nitrogen as in _ Here is his amendment, and we shoUld are willing to share so long as it requires 1945. reexamine its text carefully: · no sacrifice on our part; we are willing Provided, however, That no fertilizer shall to share so long as first we have met THE JOHNSON COTTON CO., DUNN, N. C. be produced or allocated hereunder, in or every domestic need; we will share coal 1940: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 6,2UO from the United States so lon_g as the supply with you if we have met our own every tons. is inadequate to meet the needs of the agri­ need first; we will be glad to send ferti­ 1941: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 4,965 cultural producers of the United States as lizer after every need of every domestic tons. certifi-ed by the Secretary of Agriculture. 1942: Nitrate of soda (equivalent_), 3,256 producer has been met. tons. Mr. ABERNETHY. That has been cor- Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, will the 1943: Nitrate of soda (equivalent), 6,923 rected. I . think the gentleman should gentleman yield? tons. understand that. Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. 11206 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9 . . - Mr. RICH. Does the gentleman mean This is a good bill and efficient; and The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to imply that all the relief contained in do not approve this amendment, because to the request of the gentleman from this bill and all that we have already you are taking the heart out of it and it Ohio? given is only a small portion of the re4 violates the very purpose for which this Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Mr. Chair- . lief -that has been given to the world? bill has been set up. man, reserving the right to object, am Mr. DIRKSEN. The gentleman did Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. I not going to have the privilege of not hear me say anything like that. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? speaking on behalf of the amendment Mr. RICH. The gentleman said there Mr. DIRKSEN. I cannot yield further. offered by the gentleman from Missis­ it represented only one-seventh. Mr. Chairman, I have been around the sippi? Mr. DIRKSEN. I am sure the gentle4 country somewhat in recent weeks. The The CHAIRMAN. In reply to the man cannot misinterpret what I said. I people of the United States are ahead of gentleman, the Chair may say that that do not yield further. Congress on this program. As the gen­ matter is within the discretion of the Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Chairman, will tleman from Iowa [Mr. HoEVEN] said, Committee. A single objection will pre-· the gentleman yield for a question? the people poured tons and tons of food vent a unanimous-consent request pre­ Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. into the Friendship Train. Why? For vailing. Mr. HOFFMAN. The gentleman has the very good reason that they wanted to Is there objection to the request of spoken of things we want to keep here. do something. They are far ahead of the the gentleman from Ohio? Unless we do keep them how are we going petty argument that has been made upon Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Mr. Chair­ to make our own old domestic machine this :floor. man, I object. _ work? I feel so deeply and so earnestly about Mr. DIRKSEN. We have got to make Mr. WHITTEN. Mr. Chairman, we this thing right now; and so let the spirit found out last year just how much in­ it work the best we can. We have the of the giver go with the-gift and let us terest the distinguished gentleman from · substance, the materials, the tools, the say to ourselves that surely, although manpower, ·the ingenuity with which to Illinois [Mr. DIRKSEN] had in the Amer­ there is going to be scarcity here and we ican farmer, in American agriculture­ make it work. If we can use some.steel, are going to have some things in critical for instance, for the plants they are try­ and in the maintenance of the fertility of supply, surely the scarcity will be such our own soil. I recall his speech of ing to build under the commercial plant that there will be some griping, but, after food program we can produce infinitely last spring when the agricultural pro­ all, if it is to be an aid program to deal gram was up before this House. He more fertilizer. We can produce in­ 4 finitely more fertilizer; but over there with hunger and with cold, and to pre made the sincerest plea at that time to under present conditions they simply vent serious. economic retrogression, cut the heart out of the agricultural which would jeopardize any general eco­ program of the United States, and he cannot produce it. They are having 4 difficulty to get vessels to go to north nomic recovery program based on self almost succeeded. I cannot say that Africa to get the phosphate rock, al­ help and cooperation, then let us be sure I am surprised that today he makes his though that is not involved here. Potash that we write a little spirit into it and be fight for incentive payments and ferti4 is not involved here. This involves nitro­ able to tell our people, Yes; we are lizer for foreign governments at our ex4 gen that is going to come from Chile and catching the tenor of what is coming pense--though he served notice last year from this country and from Canada. from the great heart of the country, an4 that he would oppose all A/1A payments Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Chairman, so we are willing to make some sacrifices to American farmers for another year. will the gentleman yield? to effectuate the durable objectives which I do not question his sincerity. I do Mr. DIRKSEN. I yield. cost so much in life and treasure. question the wisdom of following his Mr. ABERNETHY. I am sure the I beg you as I have never besought this leadership now as I did when he wanted gentleman wants to be fair with what House before, I implore you as I have to "gut" the American farm program last my intention was. I therefore say to the never entreated you before, let us not gut year. gentleman that in my earlier remarks I this bill, inelegant as the expression is, I am not opposed to aiding foreign pointed out to the committee that the and let us not reduce the amount. As a countries. I do believe we should not Government now had the authority to distinguished Member of another body destroy ourselves in doing so. We can_ export fertilizer under the War Powers said when he used that expression about . produce much more food with a ton of Act. throwing a 15-foot rope to a man drown­ fertilizer in this Nation than they can Mr. DIRKSEN. That is the big thing. ing 20 feet from shore, let us not by our in Europe. Fertilizer will greatly in­ Mr. ABERNETHY. And that we were actions cut another 5 feet off the rope to crease production on thin land, but it doing it, and that I did not propose by make sure that he drowns. will produce many more pounds of food this amendment to stop it. Peace is involved; freedom is involved on comparatively good land than on Mr. DIRKSEN. I must ask the gentle4 here. Now do we by anything we write thin land. man not to take ·any more of my time; in this bill or anything we take out admit The point I make is that we should but let me point out that over one-half that we are taking steps short of peace? know what we have to share. I know of the fertilizer under that Army pro­ For God's sake, let us not do that. that the executive department . acting gram goes to Japan and another big por­ One day recently I came across an old under the War Powers Act meets our tion of it goes to Korea. That was done couplet which I had not seen in years. foreign commitments first. If there is by agreement, last year. It may be found in the Vision of Sir any slow down in production it comes Mr. ABERNETHY. Mr. Chairman, Launfal. I am sure so many of you will out of that supposed to be available will the gentleman yield? remember it. for domestic consumption. Mr. DIRKSEN. I am sorry, I cannot Not what we give but what we share­ If some of it does not get produced until yield further. For the gift without the giver is bare. too late to make a crop that belongs to I have given you the facts. No :figures the American farmer. He is the one who have been cited by anyone to rebut these We are still at the grim business of must do without. facts. Let us not put relief on the ground winning the war. No war is won until a It was thought that 15 percent of our of rationing scarcity. Are we willing to just peace has been secured. production of nitrogenous fertilizer make a sacrifice? Is it going to be a gift Mr. WHITTEN. Mr. Chairman, I rise would go to foreign countries-yet be4 without the spirit of the giver? in support of the pending amendment, cause of falling off in production we find An amazing thing about this debate to and I ask unanimous consent to speak they got 30 percent of what we actually me seems to be that we are generating for an additional 5 minutes. . produced, and the American farmer was and developing a peculiar psychosis The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection left holding the bag-empty bag, if you about wanting to do a lot for these people to the request of the gentlemen from please. Too, our Department of Com­ who are living amidst ruins and in devas­ Mississippi? merce is taking out that for foreign ship­ tation, who are shouting for just a little There was no objection. ment first. They, right now, are taking help. Now, if we can send fertilizer that Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, I ask the entire output of several of the major produces a ton or 2 tons of wheat over unanimous consent that, when the gen­ producers, and these companies are writ­ there, that is a ton or 2 tons of wheat tleman has concluded his 10-minute ing their farm customers they cannot that we do not have to send; and our _ address, debate on the pending amend• deliver. Of course, what is manufac­ wheat is in critical supply. How utterly ment and all amendments thereto then tured after the crop is made the Ameri­ inefficient such a course would be. close. can farmers can have that. 1-941 -·-··-' r- eO·N·GRESSION·AL· RECORD-HOUSE\ 11207·

. ·For one solid year- those-of. us.i:aterested- . ~Mr .... WHIT!I·E~ . .. I.· refuse - to -Yield­ a .unanimeus-consent request. .. - I · have . in agriculture -have -been .trying-- to -get. . 'further;. Mr• . Chai:l'man.• ...-": ... , ~ -, · ~ , · , made a .point of.. enler that-th;e!gentleman· this. situation: co.rr.ected;-- .For , one ··solid, ·. ,I .w.ould like to.say this, .that .the gen­ cannot' be heard...... ~ . · , · · year we. tried to get .the Wa·r Department· tleman ·has · just .given the strong­ Mr. H. CARL.ANDERSEN. ~ I refuse to to incr.ease its output. . · ·For. one . solid est · argument for. writing. this amend­ yield, Mr. Chairman, for a unanimous­ year ·we tried. to ~ get the Office of. De­ ment into . this . bilL · L~t . us write this. consent. request . . fense Transportation to make .. more amendment into this bill. Let us-leave. . .The CHAIRMAN . ..·The · _.gentleman. ammonia- cars ·so that you could· make it there as long as the present situation­ from Minnesota· is· within-his parliamen.:. more nitrate fertilizer. We have. ·not· on fertilizer exists, and as lang .. as this. tary rights. The gentleman from · Ohio succeeded. Those.· facts are well .known Government, though it· may . be headed had the right to make a -point. of orde,r.: to-the friends of the farmers ·on·the Com-· by Democrats, -tal{es the position· that He· made· it a 1i ttle, late, however. · mittee on Fo·reign Affaits, and .yet w.e·find·. they can -take. the whole ·output.. to ,meet · In: order to· clarify the situation, the· this committee ~ coming .. in .. here on the the foreign commitments· and the Amer-. Chair will say. that the situation is this:. consid,eration of this relief bill, and .with i-can: farmers can have what is left-. . Let The gentleman froffi ,~ Mississippi {Mr.· 358 , pages .. of.. -testimony, :. not one. word. us · w.:r:ite. this .amendm-ent into this bill,. ABERNE~HY] offered· an· amendment, to about h~w much. fertilizer· we are· going·. and .then. we ,can. take it -aut. of the bill. which· the :gentleman from -'Minnesota to have in this c.oun try. -this. year. or ne.xt· when .the situation is corrected . and a [Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN] offered. an year; nor-any"intimat1on-as .to when 'we: percentage of- · each-· month's . output is . amendment. ·The gentleman ·from Min­ wm . have it; , not .one word aootit.~ <;or.; used· insfeaci of . all during the . critical nesota proceeded 'to discuss ,his· amend-· rec.ting' this problem that. faces ·all.of; us. months . ..We .really .need, to have fer-ti- . inent to.the p.ending.amendment. .That You will find in all of ·these.hearings­ lizer in ·this country. The gentleman would · preclude him, apparently, f1:om· and this is something to.·be afraid of, from Minnesota has._made the .strongest further .discussion. of his amendment; gentlemen.....,..witness after witness saying. a'rgum.ent I know of in favor of this However; under.. the precedents ·I · think· what these . foreign countries want and . amendment. Cer.tainly . it is high. time, the . gentleman ·from Minnesota · is en-· what they ought to.have; and if yeu can. if we are going . to be called. on to help. titled,· to· recognition in opposition to ·the find.anywhere where .the.oommittee went the countries· of the world, and I think pending pro . forma , amendment . and· into our. abili-ty to -let them have it or. we should·help. th€m; for us ·first to take u:zider the -rul-es ~ of- the House he . is· wnat ·We ·were .. already-:'doing,• I· wish .YOU· an inyentory of. what .we. have,. and· from recognized for- that ·Purpose.. ·: ·· ~-- · weuld·point it' out.· : ·· : · that·· we can ·.tlete:vmine .what We -oan: af.:. . Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN . . ' Mr. ·Chair-· Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman,. wilf ·th:e . ford to· do·and what we -are willing·to do. man, 'I -ani sony that; :fof -··SGrrie teason~" gentleman yield? - ·-"- ~ ·,. ·. - . :..., ·- . · ·: ·· l ·sa-y ag..ain ,that 'in the· hearings of -this the ·acting- cl:iairman ~;· o{ .. the Committee' t Mr-. WHITTEN. .I .-yield to,the :gentle-. ~Qminittee·. practic.a:lly ;no: attention.: was• · on · Forei~m- · Affairs · · is· d·etermined' to ~ceep · man ~ from - Ohio . .... ·.... " .· .·.. ·',. · r.~ -· • given .to our.. ability.. 'to.. provide,: because. me from discussing my. amendment here· Mr. VORYS. We had .the.SecretaFy of. -there was. no · effort. really;. made ·. to .find. today. .. Certainly -her is · well- aware -of­ €ominerce who-testified ·a:s.to avail-abil-ity,­ out· what we -have and;-what is· mol~e · im­ the fact-that -ri1Y ·ameridment·was ··off€red· and :we· h'ad the Krug ·report; ·lioth-front­ portant, ·when w.e: wiH have:· it;. because . riear closing time' yesterday aft'ern.oori: the.gefitlemaii's cabinet; ~and if: the:gen- · fertilizer )iF! · July is· na good.i,_ to: make a·· and very few ·Meinbers v/er~ ··on liie>: floor tleman has not read the pages of their­ crop·in'March, April; and May. to li!)ten to rpy . initial ' explanation of-' i'estimony., .. he -bet.fer do .· it .. before he­ : Mr.. ·.fULTON.; · Do~s .> the g·~ntleman why· we . should m:>t . export f~rm ~ ma­ makes such a wnd ·· statement. know that the, total amol,lnt was 942,912 chinery. and petroleum products at-this' .Mr. WHITTEN; I have ·. read the. tons.? : . . . time. · pages of this report and the report of. , Mr. ·H. CARL ANDERSEN: Mr. Chair­ Mr. Chairman, I want·to and will vote· the Secretary of -Commerce on ,fertilizer,­ man,.·! .ask unanimous censent to pro• for this ·bUI' in the ·hope that ·it. will ac­ and it is so general ·as·to be. of no yalue: ceed for 5 minutes~ .. : . complish two things: First, prevent·star-­ ~t .all, and if th~ ·- gent~eman.,from ·Ohio. ; ~ The .. CHAIRMAN;·· The : gentl-eman vation in · Europe ~ this winter-and,'secbnd,' had any knowledge of .the fertilizer-situ.-· ftom; Minnesota: does riot. need to -ask­ help_keep _- communism. from· ta!ctng over' ation, I do riot -believe -he would .fiav.e Jet'. unanimous·" consent · for··- that. .. Tne· Austria,' Italy; .and- France. . We must, pim get ,by ·With .it. - ·· .' . ·- .•. ·· ':' gentleman ·is recog.nized for 5 minutes iri· however, protect OUJ; OWO ··people from ~ Mr. -JUDD. ·Mt. Chairman, . will· the. opposition· .. to th'e pending -pro forma ·suffering and -with the · news f-rom · Min.: gentleman yield? · amendment. · · nesota as it is today; I·h.ope it ~s · not. ask­ Mr. WHITTEN: · I yie-ld-to the gentle- · Mr: VORYS. Reserving the 'right to ing. too .much to ·seriously ccnfisidcr the ~ man· from Minnesota-. .. . opj~ct; Mr. :Chai·rman-· -·.- · · .... ·· fuel-_oi} situation·:· rt· is rather· ·unK'jnd· Mr. JUDD. We·. also ha.d separate:· _. The CHAIRMAN: There is ·nothing to. .lor a distinguished Member to ·cast re- studies put out-by the Herter. conimitte~ ­ ohjec_t t.o. ·.. · . : . , , .. . .. , , ~· . :fiections as to .. otir effort1Lhe-re, \Vhen .he· not -On . fertilizer ' alone, but also' On coal Mr. VORYS; I had.intended to object ·asse'rted that we: the· supporters of Mr~ and petroleum. And, our own staff of to the unusual request of the gentleman · ABERNETHY's and my amendments, were experts made a study of this situation from Minnesota, but I now wish· to. pro.; ~·cutting the guts" out of this .. b-ill:· as well. pound this unanimous-consent · request.· If, Mr. Chairman, trying to keep suf­ Mr. WHITTEN. Did the gentleman Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. Does this ficient fuel oil in our own country with· know until yesterday that the Depart- ~ come out of my time? . which to keep children and old. people ment of Commerce was taking the entire The CHAIRMAN. It does. . warm, is "cutting the guts" out of this output of nitrate fertilizer fro'm a num-­ ·Mr. H. -CARL ANDERSEN. I refuse bill, I· stand convicted. If, Mr. ·Chatr­ ber of the larger plants for the purpose to yield if· it comes out of ·my time. :rpan, trying-to keep·farm machinery for. of foreign commitments and that such Mr; VORYS. I am reserving the right our own farmers, ··is "cutting the guts" companies were writing their American to object to his speaking at all. He has out of this bill, I am likewise guilty. · · farm customers they could not meet their. already spokeri on his amendment~ · Yesterday, I voted against an amend­ commitments to the American farmers The CHAIRMAN; I think what the ment which, if adopted, would have kept· bec.ause the Government was taking' their gentleman from Ohio is attempting to do wheat, which is in short supply, frcm · entire output? · · is make a point of order against the gen­ being exported. Surely, we, the Ameri­ Mr. JUDD. Yes, and. I will say that t!eman from Minnesota speaking twice can people can ·tighten our belts and· a great deal of discussion was had with on the same amendment. ·send a. ·tremendous. quantity ·or · food· reference to the War Department open­ Mr. VORYS. 'That is rlght. abroad. I only hope, when voting for ing up our ordnance 'plants thr.t are The CHAIRMAN. Of course, there is this bill, that our food will go to those capable of manufacturing fertilizer and a lot of difference between a point of or­ who are hungry. That point disturbs getting them into full production. But, der and a unanimous-consent request. me about this bilL If church organ- · we did not have authority to do that. · Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. I make izations could have the distribution of We were discussing a relief bill, and the the point of order that the point of order this food· under their charge, I could gentleman.certainly would have objected. comes too late, Mr. Chairman. vote with clear conscience for this leg- i'f ·we had put ·into 'this bill .a matter., M:~-._ VORYS. I was· on mY, feet ,m~}png islation. · · · ·· · - · · which rightly'' belongs in his of other the point of order before the gentleman · Mr: -ChaJrm'an, ·'the·· following · n~~s ··· committees.. ' r ., < ' ; c' > L t was recegnized.. I now wish to propound· . item·. in . yesterday's · St': Paul Pioneer· 11208 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOlJ-SE DECEMBER~ Press illustrates the problem facing Min­ Why should we take away from the peo­ length of pipe with which to repair their . nesota and the Northwest today. This ple of America, Mr. Chairman, fuel oil well. I wish some of you Members here news item is as follows: needed to keep themselves warm, by rea-.. could know, as I .know, what it means to INTERNATIONAL FALLS OUT OF FUEL OIL son of being too liberal with other na­ have thirsty livestock waiting for you to INTERNATIONAL FALLS, MINN.-An estimated tions? As yoti know, thousands of GI's haul water to them. 500 homes, several churches, and business in ea.ch and·every district throughout the · Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, will the firms were without a drop of fuel oil· here northern belt of this great Nation have gentleman yield? Saturday n ight when bulk plants ran dry built new homes and have put in fuel-oil Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. I yield. and city officials said there was no hope of furnaces. They put in fuel-oil burners Mr. RICH. You will notice here that relief before this afternoon. Fuel was rapidly dwindlmg in another 300 because strikes by John L. Lewis' coal the committee's report says there is $22,- homes using oil and Wayne Judy, president miners . made them distrustful of an 000,000 worth of petroleum products go­ of the city council, expressed fear that busi­ ample coal supply. What are these GI's ing to France and $13,000,000 worth of ness may be shut down throughout the city going to do? What are you going to petroleum products going to Italy. by Monday morning. reply to them when they asl{ you, as I Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. The com­ 'I'he weather was making conditions worse. was asked in this letter which came to me mittee report also says the purpose of At 7 p. m. it was only 10 above and getting the other day: "What is the matter with this bill is to keep the people of' France, colder. Judy said he wired Governor Youngdahl the fuel-oil situation?" You Members Italy, and Austria from suffering from for help and the Governor replied immedi­ who vote against this particular amend­ hunger and cold. So far as I am 'con­ ately that he is investigating the situation ment C3,nnot in good conscience say that cerned, I am going to try to do a little and promised help as soon as possible. you tried to do anything for them. This bit here today to make sure, first of all, In Minneapolis H . F. Horning, executive particular man from the Kerkhoven Oil that the people of our country have suffi­ secretary of the Northwest Petroleum Asso­ Co. writes as follows: cient fuel with which to keep warm and ciation, told the Pioneer Press that two tank cars which were sidetracked in Bemidji have KERKHOVEN OIL Co., INC., not have a condition exist as is revealed been started for International Falls by Kerkhoven, Minn., November 28, 1947. in the news release I quoted here. Let Northern Pacific Railroad offi :! ials. Hon. H. CARL ANDERSEN, us, as I said yesterday, give what we can Both cars, containing about 48 hours sup­ Washington, D. C. and do everything we can to help prevent ply of o11, were consigned to International DEAR 11~. ANDERSEN : I Wish tO enlist your starvation abroad but also let us remem­ Falls, but delayed for some unknown reason, help for about 150 families who are depend­ ing on fuel oil for heat in their homes. ber our first duty is to our own. Horning said. Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the Meanwhile, he promised a full investiga­ Our supplier whom we have dealt with for gentleman yield? tion to discover what the problem in Inter­ over 23 years has notified us that he has cut national Falls is and how it can be eased the down our allocation for this winter 15 percent Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN. I refuse to rest of the winter. where he should have increased it 45 percent yield. Your committee were so kind and Even when the oil reaches here, it will take over last winter, with the increased demand liberal in giving me time that I cannot several hours before tanks in homes and with what our supplier will ship us we will be yield. I am sorry. business houses can be replenished, Judy completely out of fuel by Feb uary 1, 1948. Mr. Chairman, in conclusion, is it not said. Can you help us so as to compel the pe­ ridiculous that the farmers of this great He added that the relief shipments will be troleum industry to distribute this very rationed so that everybody gets some. essential commodity to the consumers, who United States of America are not per­ The council president indicated that the are willing to pay them their price if they mitted to have ample fertilizer and am­ seriousness of the situation didn't become only can get it. If they won't do it I feel ple farm machinery, and ample fuel oil apparent until late Friday when bulk opera­ . it is time Congress does it for them. and gasoline for their tractors, to do tors found their tanks throughout the city This is a serious situation facing the peo­ everything they possibly can to try to were nearly empty. ple of the Northwest, who are depending on produce all the crops which our good "They borrowed from each other as long this commodity for keeping their homes lands are able to produce? Then we as possible, hoping shipments on order w~uld warm during the cold winter. could with additional labor grow millions reach here. Then the reserves ran out," he· Please do what you ean for the people in explained. this respect and kfndly let me hear from you. additional tons of grain and help those Saturday morning home owners staged a Thanking you for anything you may be this bill seeks to help and those whom run on kerosene supplies in grocery stores able to accomplish, I beg to remain, our people want to help. and filling stations, exhausting them within Sincerely yours, The CHAIRMAN. The time of the a few hours. Saturday night families A. J. NELSON. gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. H. CARL doublfi)d up with those who still had some ANDERSEN] has expired. - oil. Others kept gas ovens hot, and burned Mr. Chairman, how can any dealer Mr. McMILLAN of South Carolina. wood in combination stoves. help these GI's with heating their new Mr. Chairman, the farmers of my district Most families put on several layers of cloth- homes if their suppliers cut down on ing to keep warm. · • and the State of South Carolina have ex­ Judy said the city council is going to take their shipments of oil? This man needs perienced great difficulty in raising crops steps to insure against a recurrence of the 45 percent more oil than last winter-he during the past year on account of an shortage this winter, even though supplies gets 15 percent less. No wonder we hear extreme shortage of nitrogen and other generally are short in the State. about community after community types of fertilizer. I feel that since we He estimated that more than 50 percent threatened with cold homes this winter, have already committed ourselves in a of International Falls homes are heated by which has set in in earnest as evidenced oil. The city's population is about 7,000. previous act to send 30 percent of our by its severity. nitrogen and fertilizer to Europe we I repeat, Mr. Chairman, that, with 20° Think of these GI's who have asked to should not further delete our resources below zero weather in Minnesota this be put on any dealer's list to receive fuel by including an additional fertilizer al­ morning, I cannot but think that we must oil for their new homes. He will have lotment in this interim-aid bill. guard our own people's interests, much to tell them: "I am sorry, Jim, I just The farmers of this country are being as we would like to send shiploads of oil cannot give it to you. My supplier has called on to feed not only the 140,000,000 to Europe if those people need it. When not given me ample fuel to go around." people of this country but the 400,000,000 we realize that babies and old people are The real truth of it is that if we do not people in the European countries. The likely to suffer from the cold in our own put a prohibition here in this bill against farmers cannot raise sufficient food for country during the extremely severe the exportation of petroleum products at our standing Army and Navy which con­ weather, is it ''cutting the guts" out of this time, it will be the fault of the Con­ tains 1,500,000 soldiers, sailors, and ma­ this bill to offer an amendment to try to gress of the United States, because we rines, and also feed all the world unless stem the exportation of o'.lr fuel? Sure­ will not be giving ample consideration they are furnished with proper fertilizer ly let us give all the wealth that we can · to this problem. Yes, Mr. Chairman, and farm machinery. I, of course, want spare, but why should we take away from even if it does "cut the guts" out of this to do- everything possible to assist the the farmers of the Nation the right and bill; which it does not in any sense what­ people of Europe in getting back on their the ability th1·ough the use of ample fer­ soever, I still would try to first make sure feet so they can purchase our goods and tilizer and of ample farm machinery to our own children can be kept warm be­ s.how they can rebuild their own econ­ produce more wheat. God knows that the fore forsaking our duty and giving away omy. However, if we break our own average farmer has worked against ter­ of our substance in these few items; that economy down by sending beyond our rific ha!ldicaps since 1941, taking labor which we cannot spare. Farmers in my shores essential necessities -for our peo­ and farm machinery into consideration-. district sometimes ·cannot even secure a ple we will soon be in the same .. shape 1947· -.. . CONGRESSIONAL REOORD-· HOUSE · 11209 .

as the European countries .find them- , more than -7se~;~.rs. It should be obvious .. torlay have, not. spoken the sentiments af selves today. I shall vote: for ·· this • that-he cannot· continue -to' produce in my farmers. . amendment and use all the influence. I , such quantities: witbou returning seme, Now, let us look .at .. this pr.oposition. ~ .I . . have to keep additional fertilizer: from -. of these-ingredients back t.o his·soiL do not believe I could vote for this meas- being sent abroad as long as our; farmers,;_ , The~ Ametican..far:mex.-needs fettmzoo; . Jl.U· · ,~ced.. it solefy. upan the are in dire need of fertilfzer. It is. abso- - for his·soil now:mare:thfm;.a.~y tim.e:iib ground of relief. If-it wer.e purely a relief lutely useless ·for qur ·farmers to spend history. There is- today a-definite. acute ~ bill I think I w.ould be here advocating their.· own labor and employ additionaL- shortage::.._of· fertilizer-~ in__ the._ United~- ;;tp -am·endment that would give relief to labor at a g.reat ef{pense-to- ~ultivatE'-their : · · States,r .and I cannot subscribe to . the ·. tpe millions who are dying in sections of . farms if they do nat hav~ sufficient · _ p,olicy. of"COI1;tint¥ng to export: this com.- ·, Ipdia and China for lack of food where, . fertilizer.. to make their· crops grow. ·· In. _ modity while our.:. own peo_ple ar.e unable. ! ,understand, the food sit.uation is a great .. the Southern States it is absolutely nee:::- ·to procurejt"for. their... ewn rre.eds. ': deal worse than· in western Europe. . essary that we- have :fertilizer as we can- , . Furthermore;- this measur.e ·.:has.• been . Why, , I do not ,bel,ieve that western . not depend on our soil to grow· crops- presented to the people as a . stop-gap Europe is going , through the suffering without certain typ~s of fertilizer. relief bill, designed to furnish immediate . that my people. went t):lrough dt,tring the .. . I do hope the Foreign Affairs Commit-~ -relief .to the- peoples of. Eurqpe in order : r~construction days. I am voting for this . tee wi11 not vote down ,this amendment ~~ to prevent starvatioFL through the win- . measure as a defense m~asur .e . . I want to . as we must begin to think. of our· own ter. It is further argued that this is nqt preserve.democracY. • and that is what my people athom.e and· not become sa world- . part of the· Marshall plan for the r.e-:- . farmez:s want to do. They are not so minde_d that we will . permit our own habilitation of Europe. If this is_true, . - selfish as to withhold their support to a country to become bankrupt. then why the sending of fertiliz~r and measure designed'. primarily to .protect Mr. FLANNAGAN. Mr. Chairman; I farm machinery? Tbe people of Europe democracy here and to strengthen de­ rise in opposition to. the amendment..::_ . cannot ·eat or wear fertilizer or farm mocracy in western Europe simply _be- .. . Mr. VORYS. Will the. gentleman_ qiachinery during this winter. Now, I cause . their support call.s for a little yield? think we should be frank about. this. bill . sacrifice. If we are goiqg to protect our . . Mr. FLANNAGAN. I yield. and .leLtbe American people . know :that ~ o,wn democracy. why shQ.uld not my.farm-: 1\ilr VORYS. Mr. Chairman I ask.r a.ctuaUy._ it is an. integral part · of the _ ers contribute their part to the protec--·. unanimous consent that all debate._ on.. Marshall plan, and .its purpose is. as tion? . If we have to make sacrifices in. this amendment. and .all amendm:ents- much .to -rehai>ili.t:a.te.,. it,..i · to..fJ · .order - to- .p-rotectr· demccracy,.... wlly ·,..• ...,.,.,.""'"'"'""'""' thereto close in 5 minutes.. immediate relie!~ . . . should not my farmers, along with other The CHAIRMAN~'" Is ·there· o.bjaction::... . ~? n~tiorr o people in: the .histqry of._ Americans·, make·sacrifices? The Amer_i.,. to tbe request of ·the . gentle:maar,Jxmn...... , CIVIliZat.Ion have _been:.so tree-·m -shaFing · c·an ~ farmers neYer-.·have and:. never .WIU-· Ohio? t~?-e frmts of· their. lahoz:s· as .our people. · ask to be· xelieved .of--the. sact:ifices..inci- ·; ..... There was no objection.•. . Smce the war, we have shipped ~ore dent.to the · prot~ctiOn of democracy; . - Mr. WILLIAMS~ Mr. Cha~.~an $17 ,000;000,000 worth of. Amenc.an -· ~ I d? not bell eva _that.: those· wh'o are. amendment· of the ·gentleman· from: ·::Mis.- r ....~ r_esources and goods to aur.'less fortunate~·- .. sp:ea~ng:far . th'~Ta.rmers ·: here:. tada'Y~ are;· _ sissipyL [Mr. ABER.NEm:.Y.l":....no,.w.. _1mde _. ~re~hr~~ most. of who~ 3, y_ea~~ aga..~ere helpmg the cause. ai: agnculture:.. I .be-. consideration by the House ls:.ri:le.t:ely. a ~ryn:g to exter~x:at.e .· ~e:ry -~~~ ..... lieve' - ~.cu ha":.e -. r~dere:d: the-farmers- of·.· modincation of the amendment.;.which 1 -· Sol~Ier th,ey .could lme UP. m their sights:· Amerrca · a"·diss:ervzce, · because L.belteve: _ offered yesterday. an~ .which was ·voted::_ This represents an outlay_ ~f alm~-st ~5.- · that .the farmers of America •believe in . • ·t I sh~ · ll 000',000 for every-caunty-m the Umtect. democracy I know they do They want ~. d own b y a very s 1Im .maJ.on y. · cw St . I d t b 1· . th t ·· · · · · certainly support the amendment..o.f .the ate~. 0 no e Iev~ - a any. t_o protect democracy. I do not know of· gentleman from Mississippi.~ [Mr-. Ase-. ~mencan co.uld or wo.uld.?bJect .to_feed- ~ a be~ter :way to protect :democracy. here: .. :...... NETHY] mg"the. hungry and starVli~-g Of Europe~ ·. at home.. than. to .go.. to the rescue of the' a . It · · . . . terd ·:~;.:. but I thmk that every Amencarrwants to· !6 western powers in Europe who are- was my purpose;;:cyes ay_a~I l.S.~_ flrst' ta:ke care of : hi~home:: people, -and. strugg1ing-_"ta:-presen'e:their-~ aemOC1'3c-y; ...,.,..,..~ ·. th~ ~u~pose now of the.gentle:nan:.tr.onr.:_ ~hat; · Mr. · Chairman, is why I shall,;suiF"" and,- as the representative ~or ·a·· great-··-... ~..- ·4 • MisSissippi fMr. ABERNET&:J. to. gi!e ·- P9.X:.1l , ~he Abernethy amendment·-which:> farming-:district;·r ask yau ta. vote down.• ~:..... ~orne . protecti?n to.. th7 ~menc~ farmer · woald allow only ·surpl~fer.tilizo to; be<;... this amendni·ent. · · and the Amencan cans.~~~.trav-,= ·sent un~er this pr()gram;arrd.would-pro-' ' The. CHAIRMAN. ·. The ~ time a! ·the.'-·_ ine to undergrr .mo~e .c.nttcal short~~eS' 'vide protection· for the-American ·farmer·:-glmtleman"' from Virginia ha· . · -q.; than a~~eady exlst:m · s~ch c.~mm-ocrli:tres; ~:" agairist further shortages: ~·- ~ne. · amend- • all time":has~ expil:ed~ ··. · s. expire ' '". as fertilizer, farm mac~meiY. . petrol-eum.::: ... ment merely ·-puts• first, things· first ~ · Mr ...... : The.. question· is on the.· ·.Andersen.:-, :: :. produc~s-. and. sa fo~th. : . . Chairman, ..and '~· shourcl .• : cer:tainlY:> ~., hel: . amendment · to the.. Abernethy ".amen

. \. 1947 CO~G;RESSIONA~ . RECO~D-_ HOU$E 11211

now headed for a prewar condition of . a: good proposition. We will not h~ve a fairs but because of my inability, or for carrying only 3Q p~r-cet:lt of our c~mmodi .. . merchant marine because there 1s no whatever reason, I could not do it: I ties in American-flag ships. · other business of that kind in the world. leave it to you. Surely I want t-o go along Mr." RICHARDS: Mr. Chair~an, will The only merchant marine business in with the Committee on Foreign Affairs. the gentleman yield? the world is what you paid for, the Amer­ I am glad to see my friend from South Mr". RIVERf?. I yield. ican taxpayers. That· is all that is left. Carolina as one of the ranking members Mr. RICHARDS. The gentleman's . We pay for all the traffic on the oceans of the committee. He sees the reason­ amendment does. not make it compulsory . today. Is it wrong to carry a little of ableness of this amendment. I leave it that American ships be used, does it? this material in our own ships? to you. It was your money that paid for Mr. RI VERS ~ Of course it does not. Mr. CRAWFORD. If I understood the these ships. They are yours. If we do Mr. RICHARDS. It allows ships of gentleman to our left correctly, he in­ not have any merchant marine it will be recipient countries to be used. quired as to whether or :p.ot the gentl~­ a sad day in this country. Mr RIVERS. That is right, sir. man's amendment proposed that Amen­ Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, I Mr: RICHARDS. It suggests Ameri­ can ships first be used. I may be mis­ move to strike out the last word. can ships but allows others outside of the taken, but I understood the gentleman Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, will the United States to be used if, in the opin­ to reply that that is what he was propos­ gentleman yield? ion of the authorities, that becomes ing, that American ships first b~ ';!sed and, Mr. CRAWFORD. I yield. necessary. in the discretion of the admm1strators, Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, I ask Mr. RIVERS. That is right. that the ships of the recipient countries unanimous consent that debate on this Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will be used second. amendment and all amendments there­ the gentleman yield? Mr. RIVERS. No. The reason I put to close .in 15 minutes, not including the · the American-flag ship .first was because Mr. RIVERS. I yield to the gentle­ time of the gentleman who now has the I thought of the American-fl::tg ship be­ fioor. man from Michigan. fore I thought of the foreign ship. If the Mr. CRAWFORD. I am very sympa­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection gentleman wants to change it aroun~. to the request of the gentleman from thetic to the gentleman's amendment. that suits me. Let me ask this practical question: Here · South Dakota? Mr. CRAWFORD. No, I was simply il­ Mr. BOGGS of Louisiana. I object, we are proposing to put in the hands of . lustrating the point on which I was other countries American dollars that Mr. Chairman. talking. • Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, I they may use as tokens to buy our goods . Mr. RIVERS. You have to put one or with, because they are short on dollars. have taken this time to try to analyze the other in that order. If you want to this picture a little bit and not so much The amendment, as sympathetic as I am put it one-two or two-one, that is al.l ri'ght with it, would say to the administrators ·to oppose the amendment. Here we are : with me. I just happened to thmk of proposing to ship goods of the United of this act, "Do not use the other fel­ the American-flag ship first. low's ships and pay him dollars for the Sta"tes to other countries in response to . You say it is too expensive. Do you the call of the dollar credit that we first use of them, but use our own ships, at know that a certain nation, the recipient our own expense, to transfer the equiva­ extend to those people as these dollars of ships under our Santa Claus agree- . are placed back in this, our market. In lent of dollars to the other fellow." Now, ments-we have so many of them I can­ if we could get dollars in his hands by · other words, we are trying to give them · not keep track of them-but, under the · dollars with which to buy our goods. · hiring his ships that partially accom­ various Santa Claus agreements to which plishes the objective of this bill, as much Then the proposal is that we ship those · we have subscribed, one of the nations goods in ships· belonging to the United . as the gentleman and I might be opposed took our ships. We gave them some to the laying of our ships aside and keel3- States only, or to the recipient countries, Victorys and some Libertys. You, who if I understand the amendment correct­ ing away from work the American citi­ built the ships, know that we had two zens. Now, there is the practical thing ly. I should like to ask my friend, the categories of ships in this war. One was gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. we are up against, and all through this the Liberty. That was the first category. bill we have got the most contrariwise RIVERS] if a recipient country uses its The Liberty made about 9 knots and the · ship With which to haul goods from economic forces that this House has con­ Victory made about 12 or 13 knots. One sidered since I have been a Member of it. American shores, will that country not country, characteristically looking -the pay its seamen in its local currency? Mr. RIVERS. To answer my friend gift-horse in the mouth, said, "We do not from Michigan, may I say that he is ex­ Mr. RIVERS. If I understand the want the Libertys, we want the Victorys." world situation properly, the currency actly 100 percent wrong, and I will tell They got them, and then what did they · him why. My amendment says "recip- · of no nation other than ours is worth the do? They went down to another coun­ paper it is written on. ient nations." We are giving to only try and registered the ships under that three nations. You cannot give 5 cents Mr. CRAWFORD. That is not the foreign flag and brought them up here question I am asking. · I will come to worth of this material to anybody but to New York competing with our boys Austria, France, and Italy. I have never that. and ran them out of business. I just do Mr. RIVERS, So far as that is con­ .heard of an Austrian merchant marine, not care about that kind of business. although they may have one. But I know cerned, I agree with the gentleman. that we have given France ships and we I spent 7 years on the Committee on Mr. CRAWFORD. Will not the Italian have given Italy ships. We have given Naval Affairs and I believe I know a ship or French ship operators pay their sea.., them the coal to operate them and we from a truck. I honestly and conscien­ men in Italian lira or French francs? have given them the oil to operate them. tiously do. I tell you we are pursuing a Mr. RIVERS. I assume they will, but In spite of all that, I say, let them come stupid, crazy policy. if they could get American dollars, they and get the materials if they want to, and To show you this is not a pipe dream­ would use those first. I do not preclude them from taking a you know I would not have that, any­ Mr. CRAWFORD. However, shipping percentage of the shipments, but let us how; you know that-back in 1934 an in foreign bottoms to me would be a once in a while cast a favorable glance at identical amendment was passed by the much sounder proposal than to support the American merchant marine. The Congress, when the Reconstruction Fi­ this whole proposition of sending these American flag fluttered ~nd fell at Pearl nance Corporation was sending stuff incentive goods about which we talked Harbor. Do not let the American flag across. That ·was passed and approved yesterday, because the shipping opera­ flutter and fall on our American mer­ March 5, 1934. It appears on page 502 tions are creating a market place to chant marine, because these ships are of the United States Statutes of the spend local currencies and thereby get definitely going to the boneyard. Seventy-thi-rd Congress. A majority of rid of the pressure of local currency. You are paying for this. All I ask is · the language in my ame1:1dment is taken Now, that is one approach to this prob­ that you send this material in Ame ~ican bodily from that, so there is certainly lem from the standpoint of giving em­ ships wherever possible. What is wrong . ample precedent. · ployment to· people of other countries with that? I do not know how anybody You who represent the great por!,j. of who can be paid in terms of their own could try harder than I to get this before this Nation, go out and look at the snips local currency. :. But suppose these goods the Committee on Foreign -Affairs. I that were there when VE- and VJ-days · are ·shipped in American registered · asked them to accept it. You can write it came and went. I tried to sell this prop­ ships? What currency do we use to pay or anybody can write it, but I think it is osition to the Committee on Foreign Af- the seamen? Why, we pay them in · 11212 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9 American dollars, and then the Ameri­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection by their merchant marine, and their can seamen come back into this market to the request of the gentleman from strength upon the seas. in time of war and bid in this market for goods and South Dakota? the merchant marine in America has thus push prices upward. It is a terrible There was no objection. been treated as a strong, favored child thing for us to have to admit, but that Mr. BOGGS of Louisiana. Mr. Chair­ with the food and supply lines of our is about the way this situation would man, unless members of the Foreign troops dependent upon it. In time of work out. Suppose we do not ship the Affairs Committee can point out some peace it has been treated as a step-child. goods in American ships. So long as we valid reasons fe.r opposing the amend­ After the First World War it was allowed are furnishing the world with goods, ment offered by the distinguished gen­ to disintegrate. what do you suppose will happen to the tleman from South Carolina [Mr. As I understand, the background of American merchant marine? Why, it RIVERS], I shall most certainly support it. this amendment was the announced in­ will be sent to the boneyard, as our It is a logical· amendment. It is an tention of taking some 800 or 900 Amer­ friend from South Carolina has pointed amendment drafted for the best inter- ican ships and turning them over to for­ out. That is exactly what would hap~ ests of our country. · eign countries to haul these supplies that pen. Just a few days ago I was in south~ The facts as brought out by the gen~ are to be sent across the seas. It has been ern waters in the vicinity of Beaumont, tleman from South Carolina [Mr. stated that this will not affect ships now Tex., and I saw where we are stacking RIVERS] point out the neglect which is afloat because the ones to be turned over them up there by the dozens, substan~ overtaking our merchant marine. I be~ will be taken out of the graveyard. When tially new oil tankers, if you please, doz~ lieve it is well known to practically all they are taken out of the graveyard ens of them being sent -to the boneyard. Members of this Congress. We just with the merchant marine now in dif­ Have you heard of any scarcity of fuel have to think back a few years to the ficulty it will mean that an equal num­ oil and gasoline and petroleum products aftermath of the First World War. ber of ships will go into the graveyard as a result of the shortage of steel with After we had made a stupendous effort with the incident loss of commerce, loss which to build tankers? You certainly to build a magnificent American mer­ of employment, loss to the American have if you have been listening to the chant marine we then saw it fall into economy, and loss to one of the vital de­ radio and reading the newspapers in the decay and the American :flag leave the fenses of America. last few days. So why not use some of seven seas. We see what is happening The purpose of this legislation accord­ those tankers that are rusting away in now, and it makes us realize the impor­ ing to the debate is severalfold; pri­ southern waters so that they can move tance of recognizing the Amer'ican mer­ marily to stabilize the world and keep fuel oil and gasoline to New England and chant marine. peace. A strong America is one of the the Atlantic and· Pacific coast cities? The American merchant marine is the greatest stabilizing influences for peace But the point is this-you come back to lifeblood of the Army, the Navy, and the in the world. If our merchant marine is this inevitable result to give away what Air Forces in time of war. If we are allowed to disintegrate America becomes we have to other countries. Our idea is going to pursue the course which we pur­ weak. to give them dollars with which to come sued after the First World War, we may In the discussion the other day much and buy our goods and services. The again be called upon to make a super­ was said about the administration of this philosophy of this country at the present human effort to restore our American relief. We cannot go into these particu~ time is to pour our substance into the merchant marine. This amendment is lar countries and actually administer it, hands of other countries, regardless of reasonable. It is not exclusive. It does but it is vitally important for us to see what it does to the American merchant not say that these goods must be carried what . is going on. If we cut the cord marine or some of our other operations. in American bottoms, but it does give here in America and lose contact with It is one of those contrary economic some preference to American bottoms. the goods as soon as it leaves our shore forces I was talking about a while ago I can imagine nothing of more impor­ there is less opportunity for our people when the gentleman kindly yielded to tance at this time than the preservation abroad who are charged with the obliga­ me. That is what we are up against on of the ships of this Nation and the main­ tion to see that it is used for the pur­ this. Now, do we want to go all out and tenance of the men who man those ships. poses for which it is sent and to observe give everything we have to other coun~ The gentleman from South Carolina the distribution and see that it is prop­ tries or do we want to hold back a little [Mr. RIVERS] has correctly stated the erly applied. I hope the amendment is now and then? I think the general move fact that we have withdrawn from the adopted. is in the direction of giving all we have manpower of the merchant marine thou­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the to other countries. sands and thousands of men and officers. gentleman from Maryland has expired. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the That has come about for numerous rea­ · The gentleman from Maryland [Mr. gentleman from Michigan [Mr. CRAW~ sons. First, we have transferred mil­ MEADE] is recognized for 3 minutes. FORD] has expired. lions of tons of shipping; secondly, we Mr. MEADE of Maryland. Mr. Chair­ Mr. BOGGS of Louisiana. Mr. Chair­ have transferred from American regis­ man, I rise in support of the amendment man, I rise in support of the amendment. try to Central American registry thou­ that the supplies made available for for­ Mr. MUNDT. Will the gentleman sands of American ships. If we do not eign relief under the bill now under con­ yield? ·correct this tendency, if we do not face sideration shall be carried abroad in ships Mr. BOGGS of Louisiana. I yield. the facts of our merchant marine, the :fiying the American flag, manned by ·Mr. MUNDT. I wonder if we cannot time may come again when we will have American merchant seamen and sailing come to some agreement as to time for to spend billions of dollars out of the under the United States Maritime Com~ debate on this amendment. I see four American Treasury to try to recoup. mission's rules and regulations. I do not gentlemen standing. I ask .unanimous I certainly hope that the members of take this position because I come from consent that all debate on this amend­ the committee will support this very con­ Baltimore city, the Nation's leading for­ ment and all amendments thereto close structive amendment. eign trade port in volume of cargo in 16 minutes. I yield back the remainder of my time, handled, ranking even ahead of New Mr. HOFFMAN. Reserving the right Mr. Chairman. York, but because I want to make sure to object, on the next amendment may The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman that the money spent for foreign relief I have my daily allowance of 5 minutes? from Maryland [Mr. SASSCER] is recog­ is not wasted. I want these supplies Mr. MUNDT. Yes. We will take care nized for 3 Yz minutes. shipped on our own ships. I want it de~ of you on the next amendment. Mr. SASSCER. Mr. Chairman, I rise livered into the hands of those delegated Mr. KEE. Mr. Chairman, reserving in support of the amendment. to handle these supplies and I want to the right to object, I may want some Mr. Chairman, our merchant marine be sure that it is not left to rot on the time or I may not. Will the gentleman through the history of our country has docks of any foreign country as was done add about 3 minutes to that for me? been one of its most important factors of with supplies shipped to Greece during Mr. MUNDT. I will amend the re­ defense. Not only in America but the past summer. I want to be sure it is quest, Mr. Chairman, to make it 19 throughout the history of the world the not sold into the black market before it minutes. strength of nations has been measured reaches the people for whom it is sent. 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11213 Why talk about getting these supplies The place to go into that is on the out regard for political alinements is to Europe as quickly as possible? Can long-range plan. With respect to this showing to the world that we are de­ we.do better than the United States lines aid we should obtain 'OUr ships wherever termined to prevent the further spread and the American export lines are doing we can do so most expediently, most ef- of communism and to stamp out these in delivering the food from the Friend- ficiently, and at the least cost to .the subversive forces in our country. We ship Trains to France in 10 days and to American taxpayer. I therefore request cannot afford to sit supinely by and Italy in about 11 days? Of course not that the amendment be voted down. allow the last remaining friendly nations, and, I am sure there will be ·plenty of . Mr. KEE. I thank the gentleman for who stand in the breach, to be extermi­ American merchant ships available long his contribution. nated by the spread of communism. before any of the supplies covered by this The CHAIRMAN. The time of the Time is of the essence. · It is already bill are ready for shipment. I intend to gentleman from has ex- later than we think. support the amendment and I can see no pired. Right-thinking people all over our valid reason why any American should The Chair recognizes the gentleman country are cemmending the courageous object to sending American supplies over- from south carolina [Mr. BRYSON]. aets upon the part of the Un-American· · seas in Amel'ican ships. . Mr. BRYSON. Mr. Chairman, I rise Activities Committee in its recent ex- The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog- in support of the pending amendment. posure of communistic propaganda · nizes the gentleman from West Virginia · Mr. Chairman; in rising to support the which has been disseminated through.-. [Mr. KEE] for 3 minutes. the motion-picture industry. Mr. KEE. Mr. Chairman, I have al- amendment offered by the distinguished .. Although the membership of the Com- : gentleman from South Carolina, my · ways had the greatest respect and r-egard colleague, Congressman :RIVERS, I see no . munist Party in the United States is ·' for my distinguished friend and colleague . reason whatever for any objections to· the relatively small, it is estimated -that for · from North Carolina who has proposed amendment. every party member· there are 10 sym- this amendment. While tlie amendment - pathizers or fellow travelers. The.ques- · proposed by him is more or less innoc- It seems to me since. we are providing. tion .comes to mind: Do these sympa- · uous, because of that very fact it will not , tfie assistance set out in this foreign-aid thlzers actually .know what the aims of , a~complish the purpose. for .which.Jt 'is , prqgram w.e should surely reserve the the communist-Party are? Or have they ·. intended and will. mer.ely .encumber the:. rignt to make deliyeries. thereof in our been deceived-· by the calculated miSrep- : bill. own ships. We h~ve, as you know, resentations· of the party? The publicly : . This question of carrying. the -goods -· countless numbers Df .fine: ships adapt- a vowed goal of the Communist Party is. a Provi.ded fo.,.._I·n... this bi'll m· Ame ...u can.bot.- . ,...,able to the use of the merchant marine. _ society in w h.IC h everyone, wou ld con- , toms was presented. in the other body . vve have· many skiiled sailors ready and : tribute. to the common go_od according to , .mi'lar measure was·adon·tod the willing to :fly our :flag, and 'thus : d . d' t h' Where a SI ~"' country~s his abilities an receive acc.or mg o IS ~· other day. The matter was .brought up to carry the food, clothing, and other _- d Th t 1 . . 1 h tr d ·t d' assistance to the several ·po ·ts. of con- - n.ee s. · a genera prmcip e as a cer.- b y_ S enat or 1\dGNUSON an I was Is- s[gnment. By providing for the delivery ~ tain superficial glamor and_ may .be re- .. cussed by Senator MAGNUSON and Sena- . · · sponsible for bringing certain unsuspect- tor VANDENBERG. I would like to read , of these goods in c;n~r ships, un~r. o~r '. · ing persons into the clutches of the in- . what Senator VANDENBERG said in r.eply , . fi.ag, and by our Citizens; we will hav~ ~ sidtous-workers of the Communist Party. to an objection raised by Senator M.m- pe_rsonal kno_wledge of where ~ the goodS Let us make it clear to everyone in this . NUSON to the fact that.the bill contained go,. ~0 receives them,_ and unde .V:hat country of ours that the Communists . no clause compe111ng these goods to be conditiOns. : I concur m th~ proVIsi_ons-. regard· revolution and, following that·, a . carried in American bottoms. Mr. VAN- . 0 ! .the ~mendme;nt and urge Its adoption. · dictatorship as the necessary means of . DENBERG said· The general purposes of this stopgap · transition tothat.promised society. "The ·j t t ti t · 11 aid bill are twofold. We, of course, de- Bolshevik ·revolution took place in 1917. I have no ob ec ion ° sta ng ca egonca Y · sire to alleviate suffering and to stop the · my hope and expectation that American -bot- ~OW, 30 years ·-later; the dictatorship toms will be _used in the transportation ot Pftngs of h_unger, but at the same tiine we · which followed is still very much in exist- . relief commodities to the maximum practi- are not unmindful of the fact that the ence: Nor is there. any indication that . cable degree. I do not think it is possible to matter of national security and self pres~ the Union of Soviet Socialist R-epublics · start writing specific percentages into the ervation is of first importance. I believe , is to be freed. from the yoke of totali- · . bill or specific exceptions in connection with that ·we can justify granting aid in rea- tarianism at any time in the foreseeable the requirements, because we might· defeat · sonable amounts for humanitarian pur- future. our own purposes. In the.final analysis our ppses, but the greatest cause for action in purpose is not to protect .the American mer- It is imperative that everyone should · - chant marine or to protect American petrole- my judginent is for national security. . be aware of the ways in which com- · urn. Our purpose is to help free citizens to There can be no question. but that com- munism operates in this country: The ; remain free during a winter when their star- munism is seeking to engulf the · entire methods of Communist infiltration have . vation might drive them into. virtual slavery. world. · been described at length on the :floor of · Mr. LODGE. Mr. Chairman, will the . ·The other night while rereading Chief both Houses of the Congress. I shall not · gentleman yield? Jilstice M·arshall's Life of George Wash- · attempt to restate what has already been · Mr. KEE. I yield to the gentleman ington; I came upon these words of so ably expounded by my colleagues. It .. from Connecticut. admonition: seems desirable, therefore, that there · Mr. LODGE~ May I say to the gentle­ Let me conjure you, in the name of our should be established .in the law a clearer common country, as you value your own definition of communism ·as a · protec­ man that in my opinion the reason the honor, as you respect the rights of hu- transportation clause was put in this ·bill manity, and as you regard the military and· t.ion for all of US. was to make sure that the appropriation national character of America, to express Making the practice of communism a covered transportation. I kno.w that ·in yeur utmost horror and detestation of the · treasonable act in the United States · connection with the long-range plan the -man who wishes, under any specious pre- seems to me to be a logical part of our whole question of shipping and freight tences, to overturn the liberties of our coun- system of national defense. Certainly forwarding will be fully explored. There try, _and who wickedly attempts to open every government has the right to pro­ is no one who is more anxious to have a the floodgates of civil discord, and deluge teet itself against a threat to its very · vital, vigorous merchant marine than I our rising empire in blood. existence. We, as the duly elected rep- am. As an ex-naval officer I am also Already there is indisputable evidence· resentatives of the people, owe it to alert to the importance. of American that Communists are actually engaged them and to ourselves to do all that is merchant shipping as a link in our na­ in our own country in a persistent effort in our power to make sure that · our tional defense. But I do not ·believe this to overthrow our friendly democratic democracy does not perish. And there is the place to do it. The gentleman Government even by force and violence can be no doubt that the Communists from Virginia, Congressman BLAND, in a if necessary. The ' greatest threat to do constitute a threat to our Govern­ letter to Senator VANDENBERG said: world peace and security today is ment. To be sure, the Communist Party I agree with you that it is not practicable communism. as it is constituted in the United States - to put this private-enterprise position in the Congress by passing this foreign-aid today camouflages its commitment to bill.. bill by an overwhelming majority with- support and advance the interests of the 11214 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9 Soviet Union under cover of legitimate son of the fact that they are considered At present we are operating about 28 domestic issues. For this reason it is all bad security risks. There is no place percent of the world tonnage, with the the more dangerous. We cannot com~ in our country for a divided loyalty. result that thousands of trained seamEID bat this very real threat to our Nation by One cannot serve both God and mam­ and shipyard workers are forced to seek saying, "Naughty, naughty!" It is now mon. other employment. time to bring out the rod and apply it In May of 1945 orders were given to It is now proposed to further deplete where it will do the most good. We came occupation troops in Germany to arrest the ranks of these trained men by turn­ perilously near to losing the recent war seven United States citizens under in­ ing our ships over to foreign govern­ because we did "too little, too late." We , dictment for treason. These seven per­ ments for operation by foreign crews, must not allow ourselves to be guilty of sons had all served the Nazis by making who will be paid with money we are lend­ that same laxity now that we are trying propaganda broadcasts beamed to North ing their governments. Every Liberty to win the peace. America. We all agree that what they ship we lend, lease, or give to a foreign It has been pointed out that the defini~ did was abhorrent and disgusting. But government means another American tion of treason in the United States again I ask were the lies they told any ship will be laid up, throwing 40 more Constitution is an extremely narrow one, worse than the lies which are being seamen out of employment, 8 of whom based on our eighteenth century experi~ served up to well-meaning but mis­ are officers who require Government ence with attempts by the British Crown guided American citizens today? After licenses obtained only after 3 years of to suppress all criticism or dissent. It all, very few people knew about or paid service at sea for the lowest grade up to goes to great lengths to protect the in­ any attention tp these broadcasts. But . 7 years or more service at sea during dividual while risking the security of the. how about the worker in the factory peacetime. The wages paid American state. We may eventually find it neces­ who is urged to join a strike? What of seamen are spent in this country. sary to amend this part of the Consti­ the Communist-inspired organizer or The proposal to give our ships to other tution. But narrow though the defini­ agitator who feeds the worker with tales · nations and let them haul the cargo, tion may be, it is still wide enough to in­ of exploitation by management, of so­ thereby effecting a saving, may have its clude those who advocate the overthrow cial injustice, while his true aim is to appeal, but this is due entirely to a mis­ of the Government of the United States. create unrest and industrial turmoil so conception. The saving-less than 2 per­ Let me read you the language of article that the Communists may take over? cent of the total relief-must be com­ III, section 3 of the Constitution: Which is the greater crime? It is my pared to the long-range damage to our sincere belief that the crimes being com­ Treason against the United States, shall merchant marine,_to our economy, to our consist only in levying war against them, mitted in this country today by Com­ national defense, and our position in or in adhering to their enemies, giving them munists are worse than any of the crimes world affairs, if we are weak upon the aid and comfort. for which convictions for treason were seas. These facts must be weighed obtained during the war. against the very small saving. ''Adhering to their enemies, giving In summing . up my .remarks let me · Before the war 75 percent of the ship­ them aid and comfort." Does this not again call to your attention the need for describe exactly what our Communist ping facilities of the world were located a clearer definition of communism. Let in the 16 countries to whom we propo~e friends are doing? Certainly by no us make it plain to every person in this to give relief under our long-range for­ stretch of the imagination can we con­ country what we mean by communism. eign-aid program. The recovery of vince ourselves that overthrowing our This will serve two very useful purposes. their shipbuilding is vitally necessary to . form of government, by force or vio­ First, it will furnish a guide by which lence if necessary, is a friendly act. Is their economy. They do not have any people can judge whether or not an or­ need now for ships of 5,000 gross tons or not a person who advocates overthrow ganization or policy is inimical to the over. This would be the Liberty-ship of our Government by that very fact an American way of life. _Secondly, it will enemy of the United States? type. Their present fleets of such ves­ provide a safeguard for those persons sels is over a million tons more than There have been very few cases of who, for one reason or another, may be their 1938 capacity. Their need is for treason in the United States. Let us falsely charged with being Communists smaller and light-draft vessels, suitable look at some of the cases in which con­ or Communist sympathizers. And in for their small harbors and coastal trade. victions for treason were obtained dur­ making the practice of communism in ing the war years. There was Max Ste­ In World War I we spent $3,000,000,000 the United States a treasonable act, we building up our merchant marine, which phan, a Detroit restaurant operator, who are, in a sense, merely reaffirming our gave food, money, shelter, and entertain­ by 1939 had diminished to about 22 per­ faith in democracy as a way of life by cent of the world tonnage. ment to a Nazi aviator :who had escaped demonstrating that we care enough from a Canadian internment camp. about it to take positive action to defend In World War II we spent $14,000,000,- Stephan was convicted of treason and it from its enemies . . We have engaged in 000 building up our merchant marine. hanged. That conviction and sentence two great World Wars, which have cost . There is no doubt but that during the were eminently just. But was what Max millions of lives and billions of dollars, next few years these countries will be Stephan did any worse, or even as bad, in order to preserve our democracy. We building ships with American steel, to as the things which are being done in must not allow a few unscrupulous per­ their full capacity; and if we also trans­ this country today by men and women sons to render these sacrifices vain. fer to them any considerable number of who adhere to the tenets of the Com­ Let us, therefore, give ear to and heed our ships, they will then be in command munist Party? Was the shelt-er and the admonitions of our first President of the seas and we will be in the unen-. concealment of a single escaped prisoner quoted herein above. viable position of being unable to com­ of war worse than plotting to overthrow The CHAIRMAN. The Chair recog­ pete in world trade and weak in our sec­ our Federal Government? nizes the gentleman from Maryland [Mr. ond line of defense-the American mer­ Let us take another case-this time GARMATZ]. chant marine. those persons who aided the Nazi sab~ .Mr. GARMATZ. Mr. Chairman, I rise Mr. RIVERS. Mr. Chairman, I ask oteurs who landed from submarines on in support of the pending amendment. unanimous consent to proceed for 1 the coasts of Florida and Long Island Mr. Chairman, an efficient merchant minute to explain my amendment more 'in June 1942. Walter Froehling and marine requires efficient, specially fully at this time. Otto Wergin were sentenced to death trained personnel. Between 1939 and Mr. MU:lqDT. Mr. Chairman, a point and their wives to 25 years' imprison­ 1946 over 5,600 vessels were constructed of order. The gentleman has explained ment. Again justice was done. But under the merchant-marine program. his amendment once, and, under the again let me ask-was their crime any At the end of the war we possessed about rules of the House, he cannot do so worse than the crimes which the Com­ 56,000,000 dead-weight tons of ocean­ again. munists are committing today-and going ships, approximately 60 percent. of Mr. RIVERS. You can do anything every day-in our labor unions, and even . the total world tonnage. In order to here by unanimous consent. 1n our Government? man these ships, many men who had re­ The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman's It is heartening to note that several tired from the sea returned to sea again, point of order is well taken. agencies of the Government are screen~ and training scbools were established at The question is on the amendment ing and constantly discharging imd re­ Gov~rnnient expense to train men to offered by the gentleman from Souta jecting many civilian employees by rea- man these ships. Carolina [M~IVERS]. 1947 eONGR~SIONAL RECORD-HOUSE ~1215 .

, The question . was taken; and . on a t_he _ r~ci_pj~~t c9:untry w.lll be )e~s ~ ~l!~n ~he the process of. giving comm_odities away, divison

Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. If it 1~ lators got in after that. The Commodity · Mr. AUGUST H. Al\TDRESEN. I do not taken out of my time. Credit Corporation kept on buying flour not feel that we should go outside of the Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, I ask from the flour mills of this country, but United States to get anything to give unanimous consent that the gentleman the CCC had dried up all sources of sup­ away, and that happens to be true for may h ave 5 minutes and that then de­ ply of wheat in the terminal markets, wheat. Now, if '\-ve start in with a policy bate close in 5 minutes after he has con­ and the millers went out and had to bid of going out to fill these relief needs of cluded. up the price, and the price went up $1 the world, and go out and buy these vital The CHAIRM.A..N (Mr. MICHENER)~ On a bushel in 4 weeks' tilne. They did the commodities to fill the relief needs of the the Crawford amendment? same thing just recently when they world, then we shou.ld pursue the policy Mr. VORYS. On the Crawford bought around 40,000,000 bushels of advocated by the committee. I do not emendment. wheat- within 20 days' time, rlriving the feel that we should do so. I think that The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection price from $2.80 up to $3.12 a bushel. . we should confine ·our activities and to the request of the gentleman from The Commodity Credit Corporation, or energies to giving what we can out of the Ohio [Mr. VORYS]? the Government, is the dominating United States . without destroying our There was no objection. factor in our market today. They will own economy rather than to finance the 1\I.Ir. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mr. go into the market and purchase tre­ entire world. · Ch airman~ the Crawford amendment is mendous quantities, dry up the imme­ Mr. MUNDT. Mr. Chairman, I rise in one that permits purchasing agencies diate source of supply so the miller will opposition to the Crawford substitute of the United States Government to go have to go out and find a source of wheat, amendment. outside of the United States and buy and they drive the price up; with the . Mr. Chairman, I think that we should up to 25 percent of the commodities pro­ help of the speculators, and one of, these keep in mind that we are dealing now vided the cost is not greater than it is days I hope to show who some of these with the anti-inflationarY effects of this ·· in the United States. speculators are on the market. program. Insofar as possible, · your We should clearly understand the issue Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will committee and you want to reduce the before the House so far ·as this amend­ the gentleman yield? • inflationary impact of this $600,000,000 ment is concerned ·and the philosophy Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I yield 'purchasing power upon our domestic under which the :committee and t.he ad­ to the gentleman from Michigan. economy. That is the purpose of the ministration is proceeding in the bill. l\1:r. CRAWFORD. Under these cir­ amendment now before you. It seems to be the idea on the part of cumstances, why on earth does our com­ The difficulty with the Crawford the administration that it is the obli­ mittee sit here and beg and plead and amendment is that in striking out one gation of the American people to under­ urge us to support a 10-percent premium ·aspect of our, committee amendment it write the relief needs of the entire in these other. markets? What do we strikes out also the safeguai·ds against world. That is what they are proposing pay the Argentine for ·wheat, for inflation. I call your attention to the to do not only in the. bill now before example? committee amendment, which will be the House, but also in the overr-all Mar- Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN.' The lost if the Crawford. amendment is shall program. · . price · today is between $5.30 and $5.60. adopted. We provided that- Mr. · Chairman, our country is not Mr. CRAWFORD. And what is it to The President spall promulgate reg1,1lations strong encugh nor do we have resources our farmers in this country? controlling the purchase or procurement of enough to go out over the world and Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. About supplies under this act designed to mini­ underwrite the needs of every country $3.12. mize the drain upon the natural resources . that is short of dollars. At the present of the United St ates and the impact of such . time the world is asking for approxi­ Mr. CRAWFORD. Two dollars a purchase or procurement upon the domestfc bushel difference on wheat. You cannot price level. · mately 10,000,000 tons of foGd more than justify that. . is available. They do not have the dol- I can see how in normal times the phi­ .lars with which -to buy the food. So Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. We losoppy of my good friend from Minne­ it is proposed that we take our . dollars are not helping the farmer of the Argen­ sota [Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN], who says and go out over the .world, buy the food tine, which happens to be the only source that the Government should not buy that is available in other countries· at a of supply, because the farmer in the anything outside the United States, ·price fixed in the.· Case amendment, ·Argentine only gets $1.35 a bushel from might be sound and good economy, but :which is 10. percent above our price, and ·his government, and the government now when we are: living in an era of furnish the rest of the world with food. sells his wheat for between $5.30 and :shortages, to insist that we buy from . The· Crawford amendment provides .' $5.60. So, we are financing the G.ov­ ·those shortages ·and intensify the _pres­ -that we. can huy: 25 .' percent of .the sup:­ . ernment of the Argentine. By ad·opting sure of inflation _and . the upward price . plies in _other . countries provided the the ame:p.dment offered by the gentle~ spiral in · order· to buy in our f:hortage price is not in excess of the price· in the man from Michigan ['Mr . .CRAWFORD] we · area is not· good economics, when \Ve can United States. His . amendment should 'will drive the price that Mr. Peron gets buy abroad instead, sometimes at prices be adopted because it definitely places a for the wheat down to around the price which are cheaper and never at prices limitation on what we can purchase out­ level in the United States without paying which are more than 10 percent higher side of the country. I feel that th.e peo­ him a premium for it. than our domestic price level. ·If we ple of the United States will do what Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Chairman, will raised the price of bread even 1 cent in we can to provide relief for the desti­ the gentleman yield? this country, we would be squandering tute countries of the world. But they do Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I yield more of the people's money, 10 times not want to go beyond what we can do to the gentleman from Indiana. over, than we would by paying 10 percent within our own resources. Mr. HALLECK. Under the commit­ extm for wheat in the Argentine. I did not get time to discuss the Case tee amendment there could not be that Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Mi'. amendment before the deba,te was closed. difference in the price for Argentine · Chairman, will the gentleman yield? I would like to point out that on J!:..nuary wheat, because it would be limited to 10 Mr. MUNDT. I yield to the gentleman 20 of this year the Commodity Credit percent. from Minnesota. Corporation went into the market at Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. That Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Does Kansas City and announced the pur­ is true in that respect under the original the gentleman feel we should go out chase of $40,000,000 worth of wheat in provisions of the bill. through the world and buy these com­ one day. They purchased all of this Mr. HALLECK. The question that modities to give them away? wheat in the cash market. Here is a arises in my mind is simply this: Wheat Mr. MUNDT. I have just gotten chart of the Commodity Credit Corpora­ is short in this country, and we all know through sayipg what I believe, but I will tion showing the purchase announced on that the price is high and it has an ef­ repeat it again,· and then I cannot yield January 20. It shows that they pur­ fect on the cost of living, but would the any further. In normal times, I would chased around 19,000,000 bushels of gentleman agree with me that it might see s-ome wisdom in making it purely an wheat on that day, or about $40,000,000 well be that we might pay a 10-percent American-purchase program, but when worth. What happened? They bought premium to get Argentine wheat, if we our shelves are nearly bare and our bar.. it around $2.08 a bushel, and:then they could get it at a premium no more than rels are almost empty and when to in· stayed out of the market, but the specu.. 10 percent. tensify the pressure upon our short sup- 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11223 ply would force prices skyward, I do not So the substitute amendment was re­ merce, whom I am sure we will trust in believe that is good American economics. jected. a duty so difficult and so important, must As our distinguished majority leader has Mr. HAND. Mr. Chairman, I offer an certify to the President that the oil pointed out, our interest is to curtail amendment to the committee amend­ which is about to be exported will not the inflationary effects of this vast Gov­ ment. interfere with the national defense or ernment purchasing program. That was Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, I ask the national security, or use by the Army the purpose of the committee amend­ unanimous consent that debate on this and Navy, or with the normal civilian use ment which we just adopted ·in iieu of particular amendment close in 10 of petroleum products in this country. the original Case amendment, which minutes .. It is as simple as that. All we have to do provides that the Government shall not Mr. HOFFMAN. Mr. Chairman, re­ is have the Secretary of Commerce put 11ay beyond prevailing market prices ex­ serving the right to object, may I talk his 0. K. on the export, and then this cept insofar as it is necessary to do so in before 5 o'clock? ·amendment has nothing further to do conformity with price-support- legisla­ Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, I ask with prohibiting or in any way restrain­ t~ on. This is another part of that same unanimous consent that debate on this ing that export. But if a responsible program. The gentleman from Minne­ amendment close in 10 minutes, with 5 Cabinet officer says that the export of sota, Dr. JuDD, and I joined forces minutes for the sponsor of the amend­ that oil would impair our national secu­ in committee to develop these two ment and 5 minutes for the committee, rity., who in this House would want that amendments and now that we have ac­ and that immediately after that our col­ oil to be exported under any circum­ cepted our amendment regulating the league from Michigan may speak. stances? price the Government can pay domesti­ Mr. HOFFMAN. That is before we Mr. Chairman, I would like to take cally, we should adopt this other com­ adjourn. about 30 seconds to tell you that this is mittee amendment to round out the Mr. VORYS. Before we adjourn. not a novel approach. On July 21, 1947, protection. I think we should defeat the The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection in this House the Committee on Mer­ Crawford amendment and give our ap­ to the request of the gentleman from chant Marine and Fisheries, being im­ provaf to the committee amendment Ohio? pressed at that time with the fact that presented by the gentleman from Ohio There was no objection. petroleum products were in very short [Mr. VORYS]. The CHAffiMAN. The Clerk will re­ supply, unanimously reported, after con­ . Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the port the amendment. siderable discussion and considerable gentleman yield? The Clerk read as follows: preparation, a bill the identical language Mr. MUNDT. I yield to the gentle­ Amendment offered by Mr. HAND: At the of which I have incorporated in this pro­ man from Minnesota. end of subparagraph 4, section 4, strike out posed amendment. That bill was passed Mr. JUDD. Inasmuch as under the the period and insert a semicolon and the by the House of Representatives on July following: "Provided further, That no gaso­ program we have to buy wheat some­ line, Diesel oil, bunker oil, nor lubricating 22, 1947. It failed to pass the Senate, due where, is it not better to buy it abroad oil shall be moved or transported from the to the late time at which it was consid­ if we can, rather than buy it here and United States to a foreign country unless the ered here. It was presented by the chair­ thereby increase the price levels for our Secretary of Commerce shall certify to the man of our committee, the gentleman owri consumers and the strain on our President in writing that any such move­ from Ohio [Mr. WEICHEL]. - own economy? ment or transportation of gasoline, Diesel oil, I am not asking the House to give a l\4r. MUNDT. Certainly, it seems to or lubricating oil will not impair the na­ tional defense, endanger the national. se­ new or· novel approach to this situation. me as long as any product is in short curity, nor impair the civilian use of gaso­ I am asking the House to reaffirm, by supply, in this country, if we can pur­ line, Diesel oil, bunker oil, or lubricating oil this amendment, the language of a bill chase it abroad it is much more logical by the people of ·the United States; and that which they passed unanimously on July · to do so than to intensify our own short­ the Secretary of Commerce make a monthly 22, 1947. I think the gentleman from ages and force prices up on all the report of such petroleum pro(iucts exported, California, who I am advised has put in laboring people and consumers of to the President pro tempore -;>f the Senate subsection 4 in the present bill, has done America. and the Speaker of the House." a pretty careful job, but I am not satis­ Mr. RIZLEY. Mr. Chairman, will the Mr. HAND. Mr. Chairman, I have fied that it is quite good enough to take gentleman yield? listened to the· various amendments care of the needs of the American people Mr. MUNDT. I yield to the gentle­ which have been offered and have ob­ at this particular time. So I see no harm man from Oklahoma. served their fate. I am very sorry that in again affirming what this . House did Mr. RIZLEY. Assuming we follow we were not able to adopt the amendment on July 22. That is, that we must not the gentleman's philosophy and pay a offered by the gentleman from Missis­ export ··oil which would impair the premium to the other countries for their sippi with· respect to fertilizer, which I national security nor prevent normal wheat, what is to keep them from com.: think was quite important, and the civlian use. ing in here and bidding against everyone amendment offered by the gentleman Mr. JUDD. Mr; Chairman, will the here on wheat? There is no price con­ from South Carolina concerning Ameri­ gentleman yield? trol on wheat. That certainly would can shipping, which I think was worthy Mr. HAND. I yield. have an impact that would cause wheat of better consideration. Notwithstand­ Mr. JUDD. The Secretary of Com­ to go up. ing the fate which was visited on those merce, who as I understand under your Mr. MUNDT. What would prevent it early amendments, I am taking the lib­ amendment would have the power of de­ is the export-control program. We have erty and a few moments of the time ·of cision, said to us in his testimony before to assume the President is going to ad­ the Committee to again suggest that the the committee that the import and ex­ minister it properly. I have declared shortage of oil and gasoline, particularly port of petroleum for the United States myself that if the President does not on the eastern seaboard and in the Mid­ are practically in balance, and that a administer it properly we should have an dle West, while not due entirely of course decrease in shipments to Europe from export-control agency responsibile di­ tc this foreign program, but due also to the United States would merely mean a rectly to the Congress. the 10 percent increase in domestic de­ decrease in shipments into the United Mr. Chairman, I ask for the rejection mand, has reached such proportions that States from other areas, because the peo­ of the Crawford amendment and the there are going to be a great many hun­ ple who are now getting it from us would approval of-our committee amendment, dreds of thousands of peop1e in this then have to get it from those areas. which is designed to work in conjunction country who will actually suffer, not from Mr. HAND. If the gentleman will per­ with the other committee amendment the want of pleasure riding in automo­ mit me, that still would not be an argu­ which we have just adopted in lieu of the biles, but because of the need for fuel oil ment against this amendment, because one proposed by my colleague the gen­ to heat their homes this winter. There­ if, in the opinion of the Secretary of tleman from South Dakota [Mr. CASE]. fore I have offered an amendment which Commerce, it is all right to export this The CHAIRMAN. The question is on it seems to me is extremely mild and oil, let him say so. Then it is all right. the Crawford substitute for the Vorys extremely reasonable. It is an additional safeguard. , amendment. The amendment simply provides that, Mr. JUDD. But it would not increase The question was taken; and on a divi­ if you are going to export oil, which is the oil supply in the United States. sion (demanded by Mr. CRAWFORD) there in exceedingly tight supply, that before Mr. HAND. No; but it will probably were--ayes 40, noes 85. you. can export .it the Secretary of Com- increase the amount which will remain 11224 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9 in the United States . . Let the Secretary, try for such purposes as the Government of was the use of appropriating money as take the responsibility. the United States, pursuant to act or joint we did in that case to help the Greeks resolution of the Qongress, may determine; Mr. JUDD. If less goes out, then less (c) to give ·run and continuous publicity and the Turks get food, and have the comes in. by all available media (including govern­ State Department give it to Luckman l\1r. HP>..ND. That may be, but let us ment press and radio) within such country, to tell us that we must not eat eggs on see. so as ·to inform the ultimate consumers, as a certain day and must not eat meat on Mr. JUDD. That is his testimony. to the purpose, source, character, and another day. All we ever did, most of That is what he told us. amounts of commodities made available the folks, anyway, was to switch the Mr. HAND. I do not agree, and I will under the authority of this act; menu. not take the responsibility of voting for (d) to furnish promptly, upon request of The gentleman from Illinois [Mr. the President, information concerning the any measure which will reduce the al­ production, use, distribution, importation, DIRKSEN], always :very eloquent .and al­ ready short supply of oil and gasoline in and exportation of any commodities of the ways persuasive, was talking here earlier this country. Character covered in this act; in the day and his argument ran along The CHAIRMAN. The time of the (e) to m2ke available to its people at the line-he was opposing an amend­ gentleman from New Jersey EMr. HAND] reasonable prices, consistent with economic ment-that even though there was a has expired. conditions in the recipient country, such scarcity, in that case of fertilizer, in this The CHAIRMAN. All time has ex­ commodities as it may sell under the terms country, we should still ship it abroad; of this act; pired. (f) to mc.ke all possible efforts to se:::ure that even though there was a scarcity The question is on the Hand amend­ the muimum prcduction and distribution of farm machinery we should send it out ment. of locally -produced commcdities, and not to of the country; and so on all down the The question_ was taken; and on a di­ permit any measures to be taken involving line, grain and everything else. vision

· be available:. . The proposed .legislation is ~ alllo..ve him the more when he does that. granted this: spring , to ·Greece and designed only. to provide assistance for a However, 1 think it is quite well under- Ttirkey. . very limited period· of time; to require as stood by everybody that there is no com­ Surely by this time we should h.a ve a condition before receiving assistance : mitment expressed or implied in the con­ learned that Russia agrees to nothing un­ that !mig-drawn-out negotiations must sideration of this measure or in its en­ less it is for Russia's advantage. Rus­ be entered into with respect to the pro- actment if it is enacted into law. sia, as a member of the United Nations, duction, specification, and shipment of Mr. GOFF. l.Vir. Chairman, I move to . has now a pretext for the entry of- Red certain types of goods would delay the . strike out the last word . army troops into Palestine. . rendering of assis.tance and thereby de- Mr. Chairman,. in spite of disagree­ We have touched off a fire in the Mid­ . feat the basic objective .of. the proposed . ment as to details, it seems plain that the dle East .which may spL"ead to the whole legislation. We are opposed to the . House will approve this-authorization for world. We have staked the full prestige . amendment. We ask that it be defeated. further aid to Europe. In spite of some of the United Nations on an action that The CHAffiMAN. The question is on very substanti::;;I misgivings, it is my in­ · may wreck the entire .structure of peace. -the amendment offered by the gentleman · tention to vote 'for the bill. It is further The vast struggle with communism that from Arkansas [Mr. GATHINGS]. evidence to the world of the altruistic -faces us now is too serious for futile The amendment was rejected. spirit of the American people and is af- gestures of sympathy. Mr. HALLECK. - Mr. Chairman; I · firmative action to halt -communism: __ _ The truth is that we have, in.. .this..one move to strike out the last word. Let us have no illusions as to the grav- unwary act, thrown away the most stra- Mr. Chairman, I have taken this time · ity of the world situatior.. ·nor as to the - tegic crossroads in. the .world. We have to suggest that if. we do not finish the unfor'Gunate•position in which this coun- . done that in the· name of humanity, but . bill this evening, and it now seems quite . try has been placed.• As things stand we have gravely injured .A_rnerica. , To­ apparent that we will not, it is my plan now, the apparent result of all our sac­ d:::y what is . bad for America is bad for to have the House meet at 11 o'clock · rifices in World War II has been to make al1 mankind. We have served a few peo- tomorrow morning. the world safe for Russia. ·Our Nation . pie at the cost of the safety and security I think we will all agree that this bill ' played a major part in the elimLflation of · of the whole world. has been carefully debated and that the threat of Germany on the west, and If we pass the present bill, the Con­ careful consideration has been given to . the dominant role in crushing Japan, the gress will haye done its ·part in this new each of its provisions as we have pro- Soviet's rival in Asia. Our policy in grapple with the Soviet bear. Then let gressed thus far in the reading of the China has thrown that vast country open the administration justify qy perform­ bill. I understand there are other im- for the Communist advance. The pres- portant amendments to be offered that · ance a trust which past faiiures have will undoubtedly require some consider- ent favorable position of this new apost1 e net earned. · ab!e time in debate. However, I express ·of tyranny is the direct result of the mis­ Mr. TOLLEFSON. Mr. Chairman, I the hope that we can conclude co.nsider- handling of our foreign affairs by the move to strike_out ttie last word. ation of the measure tomorrow evening. national administration. Mr. Chairman, I desire to speak ln The foreign-aid bill is being pushed It must be recognized that the measure through at the insistence of that admin­ behalf of the provision in this bill which we pass here in the House will go to provides assistance for China. Upon conference, and it will be necessary for istration, which continues to pile up a Secretary Marshall's return last spring the conferees to adjust the differences record of bungling every international _ from Europe, he made the st.atement between the s enate and House bills. crisis. I shall vote for the bill, because it "The doctors deliberate while the pa­ Moreover, there are some other meas- presents at least some hope, however tient sinks." He had reference to the urs that may be reported from com- doubtful, of saving the friends we have in matter of aid for Europe. The state­ mittees dealing with matters involved Europe. God knows we have too few ment is equally pertinent to the Chinese in the call for this special session which friends left. situation. That China needs help des­ will require careful consideration on the Let me demonstrate to you the reck­ perately cannot be denied by any in­ floor. We will also have a deficiency less way we make enemies. At the in­ formed person-and it needs that help appropriation bill to provide the funds sistence of the administration, the United immediately if it is to withstand the on­ ·to pay for this legislation, if it is adopted. States delegates to the United Nations slaughts of those forces which seek. to There will also be other matters in the succeeded in their efforts to secure the destroy it. Secretary Marshall, in his · deficiency appropriation bill having to do, · approval of the partition of Palestine. appearance before the Foreign Affairs as I understand it, with relief for the By an unnatural joinder with Russia, the Committee, recognized China's need and Navajo Indians as authorized in_the. bill administration forced an international the importance of it. He stated that-his which passed the House today. decision based on a highly controversial Department was working on a long­ Of course the Members, particularly premise and on rights of doubtful legal range program beginning in April 1248. from the West, who have a distance to basis. The administration committed But that may be too late. We must act traV-::!1 are desirous that we conclude our our representatives on the United Na­ now. As my distinguished colleague, work so as to have time to get home for tions Council to this dangerous inter­ the gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. Christmas. If we handle the matters national course for reasons of domestic JunnJ has stated, the situation in China. which come before us expeditiously, it political expediency. Whatever our may even now be so desperate that it is my view that we should try to conclude sympathies for a particular group may cannot be retrieved. But to do nothing this session on the 18th or 19th, which · be, this was no time to let emotion or now would be tantamount to letting the is the latter part of next week. political expediency determine our action. situation go by default to those who op­ ·I thought it might be helpful for all of I may not qualify as an expert or the pose us in our efforts to establish peace . . us in planning our personal affairs, and Middle East, but I served there for 16 Such abandonment by us would result iri furthering the consideration of this months and claim at least some basis for in a serious threat to our security in bill and of the other measures which personal observation. the Pacific. might come before us to make this state- The Arabs are serious in their objec­ We have an obligation to our allies ment regarding the legislative situation. tions to what we have done, for there is in China, and in supplying interim aid Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, will the no belief so deeply rooted as one based now it would be a recognition of that gentleman yield? on religious conviction, and there is no obligation. But we would also be acting Mr. HALLECK. I yield to the gentle- opposition so bitter and lasting as that in our own self-interest. China is of . man from Pennsylvania. founded on religious fervor. We must great importance to this hemisphere and Mr. RICH. Why not add the names - have bases in the Middle East if we are to western civilization. Its potential in­ of the other European countries in this to hold the line against Russia's aggres­ fluence and impact upon our future eco­ bill and increase the amount and then sian. We cannot now obtain nor hold nomic life is immeasurable. we would have the Marshall plan already those points of vantage in the vast My reference to our obligations stems adopted. hostile hinterland outside Greece and from the fact that we made certain lend­ Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Chairman, I do Turkey, which stretches more than half lease commitments to China upon which not know whether the gentleman is se- way around the Mediterranean and . that nation depended. But we failed to rious or not. He frequently is facetious • across the heart of Asia. The practical keep all of our commitments and ·sus­ in his inimitable way, and of course we effect has been to nullify_ the ai9, we . pended them. We did so at a time when 1947 C(}NGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 11229 there were those who said we must not of any of the commodities made available the context from the plain, evident pur­ suspend our commitments to Russia, under the authority of this act or commod­ pose of his amendment. Regardless of ities of the same character produced locally and we thereby left China in the hole, or imported from outside sources and to merit the Chair finds that the amend.:. so to speak. furnish, within 30 days hereafter, a schedule ment 1s not germane. For a period of many years, and until indicating the dates on which fixed numbers Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, I approximately 2 years ago, Americans will be so released. Nothing herein con­ have another amendment which I offer. have seen clearly the tremendous ad­ tained shall require a commitment or un­ The Clerk read as follows: vantage to our country in having a dertaking to release any person held for Amendment offered by Mr. KE.~TING: On strong, friendly, and independent China. trial or after conviction for any offense com­ page 5, line 17, after the word "commodities", All of us remember our open-door pol­ mitted against the laws of the country where insert "and for that purpose to release from icy. We recall the Nine Power Pact. held, since his capture as a prisoner of war." custody and repatriate, within 6 months Great men such as Charles Evans Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, a point thereafter, all foreign nationals heretofore captured and held as prisoners of war and Hughes and Elihu Root and many others of order. heretofore or hereafter employed in the pro­ saw clearly that peace in the Pacific The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman will duction, planting, harvesting, sale, distribu­ depended in large measure upon a sov­ state it. tion, or use either of any of the commodities ereign and independent China. Cordell Mr. VORYS. The amendment pres­ made available under the authority of this Hull, likewise, recognized the value of ently submitted is subject to the same act or commodities of the same character such a policy. infirmities as the original amendment. produced locally or imported !rom outside If we also believe that policy to be I submit that merely weaving in some­ sources and to furnish within 30 days there­ sound, then we must act, and act quick­ thing about the use of prisoners for pro­ after a schedule indicating the date on which ly, to aid China. To wait longer may be duction of some of the relief supplies that . fixed numbers will be so released." too late. The patient might well expire are referred to in this bill does not make l\1:r. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, a point in the meantime. the amendment germane any more than of order. Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, I if the fact would appear that those same The CHAffiMAN. The gentleman offer an amendment, which I send to the prisoners might have eaten some of those will state it. desk. supplies. The amendment, I submit, is Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, the The Clerk read as follows: subject to the same infirmity. It simply amendment is still subject to the same Amendment offered by Mr. KEATING: Page has nothing to do with this bill but deals infirmities its predecessors were. What 6, line 18, after the subsection (j) add a new with the. matter of release of prisoners the gentleman has done is to stick it in subsection reading as follows: and therefore is out of order. the wJ.ddle of the section which has to do "(k) To release from custody and repatri­ The CHAffiMAN. Does the gentle­ with increasing maximum production in ate, within 6 months hereafter, all foreign the country, and the way it reads now, nat ionals heretofore captured and held as man from New York desire to be heard prisoners of war and to furnish, within 30 on the point of order? in order to require maximum production, days hereafter, a schedule indicating the Mr. KEATING. I do, Mr. Chairman. they must release all of the prisoners who dates on which fixed numbers will be so re­ The CHAIRMAN. The Chair will hear are working on production. It is fan­ leased. Nothing herein contained shall re­ the gentleman. tastic the way it fits in, and it is per­ quire a commitment or undertaking to re­ Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, all of fectly obvious that in its present context lease any person held for trial or after con­ the subsections covered here, (a) to (j), it is, as the Chairman has ruled with viction for any offense committed against the deal with commodities made available reference to its immediate predecessor, laws of the country whe.re held, since his cap­ under authority of this act, or commodi­ merely an attempt to make something ture as a prisoner o! war." ties produced in the foreign country germane that relates to prisoners, which Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, a point which are, one might say, competitive is not germane to this legislation. of order. with the commoditi~s sent from this Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, may I The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman will country. be heard? state it. The amendment, in my opinion, is now The CHAIRMAN. Yes. Mr. VORYS. I make the point of or­ made germane to the issue because it Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, I call der against the amendment that it is not deals with those who are handling the the particular attention of the Chair to germane to this bili, since it deals with commodities furnished ·under the pro­ the fact that the beginning of this an entirely foreign subject, r~lates to visions of this act and is just as much amendment says "for that purpose." It international law and the laws of war, germane as two or three of the other sub­ is inserted at an entirely different place and cannot conceivably be germane to sections which are involved in this omni­ from the one where the other amend­ this type of legislation. bus measure. ment was attempted to be inserted. The CHAIRMAN. The Chair listened We are here endeavoring to establish Under subsection (f), one of the com­ very carefully to the reading of the a number of undertaldngs which these mitments which the foreign nations must amendment and is satisfied and is now foreign countries are to enter into, cover­ make is to exert all possible efforts to ready to rule. However, if the gentle­ ing various transactions with relation to secure the maximum production and dis­ man from New York [Mr. KEATING] de­ these commodities, and this is simply tribution of locally produced com­ sires to be heard on the point of order, another of the same general character. modities. the Chair will be glad to hear him. The CHAIRMAN. The Chair is ready Mr. Chairman, we are here concerned Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, I am to rule. with four different countries. One of ready to allow the Chair to rule and have The gentleman from New York, the them is Austria, a former enemy country: a substitute amendment to offer if the proponent of the amendment, has .sug­ Another is France, perhaps now holding Chair should rule adversely. gested that this is just as germane as Ap.strian prisoners of war. The CHAIRMAN. The Chair rules some other subsections of the bill. In My point is that it does increase the that the amendment is clearly out of that statement the Chair is in hearty ac­ likelihood of a more effective production order because it is not germane to any­ cord, but the rule provides that points and distribution of locally produced com­ thing dealt with in the bill. of order are waived against everything modities if these countries employ self­ The Chair therefore sustains the point in the pending bill. help rather than serf help. At least so of order. The purpose of the pending amend­ far as Austria is concerned, she may have Mr. KEATING. Mr. Chairman, I ment was set forth in the gentleman's nationals now prisoners in France-let offer a substitute amendment. original amendment, which was declared us take those two instances-it will be to The Clerk read as follows: to be not germane. The same purpose the advantage of Austria in producing Substitute amendment offered by Mr. obtains at this time in the second amend­ and distributing these commodities to Keating: Page 6, line 18, after subsection ment, and the Chair is constrained to be­ have her prisoners of war released by (j) add a new subsection reading as lieve that the purpose of this amendment France. follows: is not to further or to help the bill in Furthermore, Mr. Chairman, we are "(k) to release from custody and re­ patriate, within 6 months hereafter, all for­ question, but by adding something that not concerned on the argument of this eign nationals heretofore captured and held is incidental and not of substance so far · point of order with the merits of the pro­ as prisoners of war and heretofore or here­ as the purpose of the bill is concerned. posed amendment. I shall endeavor to after employ~d in the production, planting, The distinguished gentleman from New go into that at the proper time if the harvesting. sale, distribution or .usa either York attempts by language to change Chair permits by ov.erruling this point 11230 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER--9 of · order. We are only concerned now Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. If there The Clerk read as follows: with the question whether the release of are other amendments, certainly I would Amendment offered by Mr. AUGUST H. AN­ war prisoners can have any conceivable like to see them considered. DRESEN: Page 6, line 18, strike out t he period connection with increase of production The CHAIRMAN. There is one addi­ and insert a semicolon; and after line 18 in­ . and distribution of locally produced com­ tional amendment on the desk to sec­ sert the following indented paragraph: "(k) to insure that, notwit hstanding any modities in any of these countries. In tion 5 other than the Andresen amend­ other provision of this act, the following con­ my judgment, this amendment is ger­ ment. ditions are fulfilled in the case of food m ade mane to this section of the bill. Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Chairman, will available to Austria, France, and Italy, under The CHAIRMAN. The Chair is ready the gentl-eman yield? the authority of this act: (1) Not more than to rule. Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I yield. 33 ¥3 percent of such food shall be sold; (2) The gentleman from New York has the proceeds from such sales, m· as much as Mr. HALLECK. Is that the Redden is required, shall be used only for paying offered three amendments. amendment? local expenses of processil:fg and dist ributing The first amendment makes it clear The CHAIRMAN. Yes. food made available under the authority of that the purposes of the three had noth­ Mr. HALLECK. The gentleman from this act; and (3) all food made available to ing whatever to do with the bill in ques­ North Carolina EMr. REDDEN] suggested it under the authority of this act which is not tion. The second amendment attempted sold shall be distributed among needy per­ to me that another Member who was to sons in low-income groups in such countries; . to make that purpose germane by ma~ing assist him in the presentation of that the purpose incidental to the main ptir- without cost to such persons, except the sur­ amendment is not present and he did render of coupons for rationed food, through . pose of the bill now under consideration. not want it to come up this evening. the Red Cro·ss and through such other relief, That has been held to be out of order Might I make this inquiry, if there is charitable, and church organizations as may for the reason stated. The third amend­ anyone who wants to talk, who has a be approved by the field administrator re­ ment has the same frailty and defect and pro forma amendment? Does the gen­ ferred to in section 10 of this act." clearly shows on its face that its purpose tleman from Texas have an amendment? is not to aid and help in carrying out Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, I reserVe the provisions . and the intent of this Mr. GOSSETT. Yes; I have an all points of order against the amend­ bill, . but has the express purpose of amendment. ment. releasing and repatriating this particu­ Mr. HALLECK. To which section? The CHAIRMAN. In order that-things lar group of persons. Mr. GOSSETT. Section 5. may be understood, the understanding Tpe ·chair is again constrained, much Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. If the of the Chair is that the Andresen amend­ as he dislikes to rule against his col­ gentleman desires to speak on his amend­ ment has been read for information, that league, to hold that while his argument ment, I will yield the floor. ail points of order have been reserved, is ingenious, his logic is not sound. A Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, and that the Andresen amendment will shifting of words does not make the will the gentleman yield? be the first order of business when the amendment germane. The point of Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I yield Committee resumes it session tomorrow. order is sustained. to the gentleman from Massachusetts. Is that correct? · Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN·. . Mr. Mr. McCORMACK. I was going . to Mr. VORYS. That is not quite my un- make the pbservation that certainly. my derstanding: _ . Chairman, I move to strike out the last - The CHAIRMAN. What is the gentle­ word. friend would never mal~e a suggestion Mr. Chairman, I am taking this time that would interfere with the Chairman man's understanding? to address the acting chairman of the at this time to grant anyone recognition. Mr. VORYS. My understanding is that committee about· an amendment that I Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Cer­ the amendment was read for informa­ have at the Speaker's desk. This amend-· tainly not, and I do not want to disrupt tion, points of order were reserved, and ment proposes to provide for a distribu­ any of the. usual and customary pro­ the amendment could be called . up to­ tion of a portion of the food that is sent cedures. morrow by the gentleman from Minne­ to France, Italy, and Austria through the Mr. JUDD. Mr. Chairman, will the sota. However, -if he so desires, it is Red Cross and through charitable and gentleman yield? agreeaple to me,_at least, that it shall be church organizations. the first order of business. Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I yield The CHAIRMAN. Of course, the gen­ Now, I would like · to speak on that to the gentleman from Minnesota. amendment when the House convenes tleman can offer it at this time as a Mr. JUDD. After the somewhat de­ matter of right if he so desires. to'morrm~ hoping . that the membership rogatory remarks that hav.e been made . wili be here so that it will not be neces­ Mr. 'AUGUST H. 'ANDRESEN. · Mr. about· the Committee on Foreign Affairs Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that . sary to ·make a seconr;i explanatioi). of all the last few days, the gentleman will of the provisions of the amendment. when the Committee of -the Whole re­ agree that if we consent to his .request sumes its session-tomorrow I may be per­ The hour is getting'late, and~ I- am won­ we are certainly putting him and· the dering if I could reach an understanding mitted to discuss my amendment for 15 advocates of an amendment to which minufes. · with the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. we are opposed, in a most favorable posi­ VoRYS] to have my amendment read to­ The CHAIRMAN. Is there objection tion to get the amendment adopted, are to the request of the gentleman from night and then permission to go on with we not? I just want to get it into the my discussion of it tomorrow in the hope Minnesota? RECORD that once in a while we do some­ Mr. RIVERS. Reserving the right to that we can expedite action on it and. thing that is proper. limit debate tomorrow. object, Mr. Chairman, may I propound a Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, will the Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I can question to the gentleman from Ohio? gentleman yield? · say to the gentleman, who is my very I think the Committee of the Whole Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I will distinguished and able colleague from should understand this matter of when be glad to yield. Minnesota, that I have the highest re­ Mr. ANDRESEN's amendment comes up, Mr. VORYS. My sole purpose is to. gard for him and the members of his because, as I understand it, we have not use, as well as we can, the remaining committee, all of them, with no one ex­ yet completed the consideration of sec­ time this evening. I was wondering, be­ cluded, and I appreciate any cons-idera­ tion 5 and section 6, and the. amendment fore I answer the question, if I could · tion they may show me. to be offered by the gentleman from Min~ inquire whether there are not other Mr. VORYS. -Mr. Chairman, I ask nesota .is proposed to come under sec­ amendments to section 5 pending on the unanimous consent that the gentleman's · tion 7. Clerk's desk or in the bosom of our Msm­ proposed amendment may be read for Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, I have bers which could be brought up at this the information of the Committee of the no objection to the statement the Chair time and disposed of, and then the gen­ Whole at this time and may be called up made that this should be the first order tleman could speak on his amendment tomorrow by the gentleman from Min:. of business tomorrow, but I am con­ and introduce it tomorrow. I have no nesota for action. strained to object at this time to any objection to the general procedure the The CHAffiMAN. Is there objection extension of debate, on behalf of my gentleman suggests, but I thought that to the request. of the gentleman from brethren who are not here. I certainly we might go along with the bill a little Ohio? shall make no such objection tomorrow. further tonight. · There was no objection. But all points of order against the 1947 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 11231 amendment have been reserved, and it case the distinguished gentleman from world wants peace. However, the shoot­ is quite possible if a point of order Michigan-the right of recognition. ing has stopped and, in our eagerness to against the amendment were sustained The CHAIRMAN. As the Chair un­ go back to our old ways of living, we that the gentleman would not have any derstands the rule, the presiding officer forget the price that we paid to win the time at all to speak on his amendment. in the Committee is in a dual capacity. beachheads for peace which we have se­ Therefore, I reluctantly object to any First, he is selected to be the presiding cured throughout the world. These agreement as to time being made this­ officer during the consideration of the beachheads cost us in the neighborhood evening. bill. But by accepting such appoint­ of $300,000,000,000, and what is- of in­ Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. If the ment he does not lose his right to vote finitely more value, the lives of 300,000 of gentleman feels that he must object to and object as any other Member. That our finest young people and the wound­ my request, I will withdraw it. is, his district is not deprived of its rights ing and maiming of countless thousands Mr. VORYS. I would have to object by virtue of the Chairman selection. more. When we, - the Congress, asked to any arrangement as to time for the That being true, the Chair not making them to hit the beaches and fly the planes gentleman to speak being made at this any objection, I cannot see how the loaded with bombs and to· man the ships time. rights of the Chair are infringed upon if that carried troops and provisions and The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman the Committee, by unanimous consent, the submarines that protected them, they from Minnesota [Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRE­ wants to provide that a certain individ­ did not hesitate. They hit those beaches, SEN] withdraws his request to have 15 ual may speak at a certain hour during flew those planes, and manned those minutes of time to speak on his amend­ the Committee consideration. If the ships, and they never asked what it would ment tomorrow. Therefore, as the mat­ Chair is agreeable and all Members are cost or whether or not they could afford ter now stands, the gentleman from agreeable. it. Sometimes they were hungry. Often Minnesota is to be permitted in his dis­ Mr. McCORMACK. But this is in they were cold. cretion to call up his amendment at the Committee of the Whole. What the Now we are called upon here in the beginning of the session of the Com­ Chair states is correct. Every other relative safety of this Congress to de­ mittee tomorrow. If any points of order Member.has a right to object. It is my cide whether or not we will continue to are made against the bill they must be understanding that the unanimous­ sacrifice to hold those beachheads for made before debate proceeds on • the consent request was not directly put in peace until such time as the peoples of amendment. Committee of the Whole, that the gen­ the world who have suffered so much can Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, I tleman be recognized as the first order get on their feet to help the United Na­ move to strike out the last word in order of business tomorrow. I hope the gen­ tions keep the peace. When I get dis­ to try to clear up this situation. As I tleman is; but if that unanimous-con­ couraged about the apparent inability of understand the situation, the amend­ sent request were made, I would object, the United Nations to function, I think ment offered by the gentleman from from any source. of our own great country and the diffi­ Minnesota was for the information of Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. · Mr. culties that faced our forebears from the the House, as the Chairman has stated. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? original Thirteen Colonies as they strug­ It is not pending before the Committee Mr. McCORMACK. I yield. gled to form a government. They had at this time, and therefore there is no Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. I can many difficult problems to solve. Dele­ formal action other than for informa­ assure the gentleman that anything I gates were disappointed and chagrined. tion. The gentleman from Ohio has re­ have said was not intended to take over I think, too, that after the Constitution served points of order which while he had the prerogatives of the Presiding Officer. was finally drafted and submitted to the to do so, was not really necessary be­ Mr. McCORMACK. I understand. Colonies that they would not all ratify it. cause the time to . raise a point against Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. All I It is not difficult, then, for us to under­ an amendment is when the amendment wanted to make sure was that my amend­ stand how nations with different lan­ is formally offered. Is my understand­ ment would be read for information and guages and divergent beliefs find it diffi­ ing of the rule correct, Mr. Chairman? that no further reading of the bill would cult to get together in an organization to The CHAIRMAN. The Chair under­ take place today and that when we con­ work out the problems of the world. stood from what the gentleman from vene tomorrow in Committee of the Jealousies and misunderstandings are a Ohio said that the understanding was Whole then we could go ahead and the natural result. This great Nation of that the Andresen amendment would be ours was born on travail, and it suffered taken up first on tomorrow, subject to Chair could recognize whomever he chose, at that time for consideration of a great fratricidal strife, but out of each points of order. Then the gentleman travail it has become stronger. If we from Minnesota attempted to get 15 the amendment. Mr. McCORMACK. In the hopes that can bear with the human weaknesses minutes' additional time, but failed to and shortcomings of our fellow men who do so. you would be the first one. Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN. Well, have suffered far greater hardshjps with Mr. McCORMACK. My understand­ this war than we have and get them to ing is that a unanimous-consent request at some time. Mr. McCORMACK. The gentleman their feet, I think we can and will ar­ that it would be the first order of busi­ rive at a just and lasting peace. ness was not made because if that were and I understand one another . . the case I would be compelled to object, The CHAIRMAN. The Chair believes Mr. VORYS. Mr. Chairman, if it is in although I hope the gentleman from this can be settled by agreeing that the order at this time and not in violation of Minnesota is recognized first because the last statement made by the gentleman any agreements or understandings, I right of recognition rests with the from Minnesota [Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRE­ move that the Committee do now rise. Chairman, and I would never . agree to SEN], which has the approbation of the The motion was agreed to. a unanimous-consent request which gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. Accordingly the Committee rose; and takes away from the Chairman of the McCoRMACK], is what the committee has the Speaker having resumed the chair, Committee, no matter who may be the agreed to. Mr. MICHENER, Chairman of the Com­ occupant of the chair, the right to recog­ Mr. TRIMBLE. Mr. Chairman, Ire­ mittee of the Whole House on the State nize Members in Committee of the Whole. gret that it will be impossible for me to of the Union, reported that that Com­ My understanding of the situation is that be present tomorrow. If I were present mittee, having had under consideration the amendment was simply read for the I would vote for this bill. the bill H. R. 4604, had come to no reso­ information of the House and that the Mr. Chairman, in my humble judg­ lutiop thereon. Chairman of the Committee of the Whole ment no greater emergency has ever HOUR OF MEETING TOMORROW House on the State of the Union has re­ faced a Congress of the United States. served for himself the right of recogni­ We are still at war. The peace treaties Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, I ask tion, which is a matter of fundamental have not been signed. No longer do we unanimous consent that when the House importance. I am sure that the Chair­ hear the rumble of guns or the whir of adjourns today it adjourn to meet ·at 11 man will recognize the gentleman from planes, nor do we have daily casualty o'clock tomorrow. Minnesota first if the situation permits lists to remind us of the tragedy of war. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to him to do so. But there is a distinction But nevertheless we are still in it. the request of the gentleman from Indi­ between that and taking away from the The composite heart of the world ana [Mr. HALLECK]? Chairman, whoever he is-and in this longs for peace above anything else. The There was no objection. 11232 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 9 EXTENSION OF REMARKS House, pursuant to its previous order, ad­ which claims under such act may be pre­ Mr. H. CARL ANDERSEN (at there­ journed until tomorrow, Wednesday, De­ sented to Federal agencies or prosecuted in cember 10, 1947, at 11 o'clock a. m. the United States district courts; to the quest of ·Mr. MuRRAY of Wisconsin) was Committee on the Judiciary. granted permission to extend the re­ By Mr. RAMEY: marks he made in Committee of the EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, ETC. H. R. 4683. A bill to amend the Service- . men's Readjustment Act of 1944, as amended, Whole by including certain letters. ·Under clause 2 of rule XXIV; executive Mr. REEVES the Tort Claims Act to increase the time within ters and Joiners, of West New York, N. J., ' 1947 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-SENATE 11233 favoring general election days being declared MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE There being no objection, Mr. LODGE's national building trades holidays; to the A message from the House of Repre­ individual views were ordered to be Committee on Education and Labor. printed in the RECORD, as follows: 888. Also, petition of the Catholic' Central sentatives, by Mr. Chaffee, one of its Society and _catholic Women's Union, New reading clerks, announced that the House UNITED STATES PUBLIC RELATIONS IN WESTERN Jersey branches, relative to legislation per­ had passed a bill (H. R. 4627) to author­ EUROPE-INDIVIDUAL VIEWS OF SENATOR taining to inflation; to the Committee on ize an appropriation for the immediate LODGE Banking and Currency. relief of the Navajo and Hopi Indians, Unless the United States promptly takes 889. By the SPEAKER: Petition of Charles and for other purposes, in which it re­ two forthright steps, we run the risk of hav­ E. Brown, Lake Worth, Fla., and others, peti­ ing a sort of Marshall plan in reverse. tioning consideration of their resolution with quested the concurrence of the Senate. This means (1) that the suicidal sepa­ reference to endorsement of the Townsend INTERIM EUROPEAN AID PROGRAM ratist and nationalist tendencies of Europe plan, H. R. 16; to the Committee on Ways will be enhanced instead of discouraged. It and Means. · The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The means (2) that the working out of the Mar­ 890. 'Also, petition of A. F. Horton, Oviedo, Chair wishes to make a statement to the shall plan will resemble that famous Ameri­ Fla., and others, petitioning consideration of Senate. On Monday a recess was taken can political campaign in which one candi­ their resolution with ·reference to endorse­ until today on the theory that the Sen­ date spends most of the money and the other ment of the Townsend plan, H. R. 16; to the ate would today receive from the House candidate receives most of the votes. It need Committee on Ways and Means. of Representatives Senate bill 1774, hardly be said that in such a case the Amer­ 891. Also, petition of Miss Marie A. Wood, which is the interim relief bill, and it icans would be the money spenders and the Hialeah, Fla., and others, petitioning con­ Communists the vote getters. sideration of their resolution with reference was the general understanding that no Such a development would be far worse to endorsement of the Townsend plan, H. R. business would be transacted today ex­ than doing nothing and letting the present 16; to the Committee on Ways and Means. cept that the Senate would receive the desperate situation take its course. Indeed, 892. Also, petition of Mrs. Fannie R. report and proceed to a conference with such a development would be an utter trag­ Shearer, West Palm Beach, Fla., and others, the House. edy. The tragedy can, however, be avoided pet.itioning consideration of their resolution The House has not yet acted on the and the Marshall plan can measure up to with reference to endorsement of the Town­ bill. · It is expected it wm act in the the highest hopes which we all have for it send plan, H. R. 16; to the Committee on course of the afternoon. It seems to the if ( 1) we develop clear-cut ideas regarding Ways and Means. our hopes for Europe and our aims for our­ 893. Also, petition of American Hellenic Chair needless to hold the Senate in selves, and (2) we develop means which are Parliamentary Group, Athens, Greece, peti­ continuous session today, or to ask Sena­ at once tactful and effective for presenting tioning consideration of their resolution with tors to return tomorrow for the mere those ideas to the great masses of population reference to seventh anniversary of Pearl purpose of joining in the conference in Europe. We are doing neither of these Harbor day; to the Committee on Foreign action; but in•order to accomplish the things at present. The foreign information Affairs. desired result and st111 relieve Senators program, as presently conceived, is utterly in­ 894. Also, petition of Victory Townsend of the necessity of attendance, the Chair adequate for such a purpose. Its conception Club, No. 13, of St. Petersburg, Fla., petition­ is so limited that even were its appropriations ing consideration of their resolution with suggests that the following order be far greater, it could never be more than a reference to signing of Discharge Petition No. entered: drop ln the bucket. 7, relative to the Townsend plan; to the Com­ Ordered, That notwithstanding the ad­ What follows here attempts to outline a mittee on Ways and Means. journment or recess of the Senate today, the modern, effective, and far-reaching public­ Secretary of the Senate be, and he is hereby, relations policy which will in fact present· authorized to receive a message from the America and her aspirations to the world. House of Representatives on the bill (S. 1774) The world can then take us or leave us. It to promote the general welfare, national in­ is confidently hoped that once our hopes SENATE terest, and foreign policy of the United States and aims are known that they will be em­ by providing supplies to certain European braced with enthusiasm. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10,1947 countries on an emergency basis; that the Background for these ideas lies in recent Senate disagree to any amendment or amend­ travel to Europe, to many trips in other