Appendix E
Baseline Survey 2009
Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal
Baseline Survey 2009
April 2009 P:\VDMGroup\782_RumahBaruEMP\003_BaselineSurvey\Reports\Baseline Report\FINAL_baseline_20090402.doc
Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal
Baseline Survey 2009
Prepared for
Wyllie & Skene
Prepared by
Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd
April 2009
Report No. 782_003/1
Client: Wyllie & Skene
Revisions history
DISTRIBUTION REVIEW Version Author No. Copies & Recipients Date Reviewer Date Format Draft 1 M Nyegaard M Bailey 30/3/09 Draft 2 M Nyegaard J Cownie PDF 30/3/09 Draft 3 M Nyegaard J Cownie PDF 31/3/09 Final M Nyegaard J Cownie PDF 2/4/09
Status This report is “Draft” until the author and director have signed it off for final release. A “Draft” report should not be used for any purpose other than to be reviewed with the intention of generating a “Final” version.
Approved for final release:
Author: Marianne Nyegaard Director: Mark Bailey
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Copying this report without the permission of Wyllie & Skene or Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd is not permitted.
Cover Main image: Prison Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, February 2009 (Oceanica Consulting); Minor images: Porites australiensis. bommie off Rumah Baru, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, February 2009 (Oceanica Consulting); Thalassia hemprichii and Caulerpa spp. bed off Rumah Baru, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, February 2009 (Oceanica Consulting).
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© Copyright 2009 Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd
Contents
1. Introduction...... 1
2. Coral surveys...... 2 2.1. Verification of the Porites species ...... 2 2.2. Coral sites ...... 2 2.2.1. Monitoring sites ...... 2 2.2.2. Reference sites ...... 2 2.2.3. Additional monitoring sites ...... 2 2.2.4. Bommie selection...... 4 2.3. Coral health ...... 4 2.3.1. Assessment ...... 4 2.3.2. Results...... 4 2.4. Observations of coral spawning ...... 6 2.5. Visual inspection of coral bommies in channel...... 7 2.5.1. Search for ‘Bommie C, D and E’ – inner channel...... 7 2.5.2. Search for ‘Bommie B’ ...... 8 2.5.3. Search for “Bommie A”...... 8 2.5.4. Candidates for Relocation ...... 12 2.5.5. Relocation method...... 14
3. Seagrass and macroalgae ...... 15 3.1. Seagrass/macroalgae sites ...... 15 3.1.1. Monitoring sites ...... 15 3.1.2. Reference sites ...... 15 3.1.3. Additional monitoring sites ...... 15 3.2. Visual estimation of above ground biomass...... 17 3.2.1. Introduction...... 17 3.2.2. Visual estimation of above ground biomass ...... 17 3.3. Seagrass and macroalgae health survey...... 21 3.3.1. Site descriptions...... 21 3.3.2. Community composition and smothering...... 24
4. Water quality...... 26 4.1. Turbidity profiles at seagrass/macroalgae and coral sites ...... 26 4.2. TSS/turbidity correlation...... 26
5. References...... 28
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 i List of Tables
Table 2.1 Coral monitoring and reference sites ...... 5 Table 2.2 Previous observations of coral spawning at Cocos (Keeling) Islands ...... 6 Table 2.3 Summary of large bommies located in the proposed dredge channel during the baseline survey 2009. Proposed bommies for relocation are highlighted. Coordinates are given in UTM47 GDA94...... 13 Table 3.1 General description of each seagrass/macroalgae site ...... 22 Table 4.1 Turbidity levels (NTU) measured during the baseline survey 2009...... 26
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 The two species of bommie forming Porites found off Rumah Baru. P. lobata (left) and P. australiensis (right)...... 2 Figure 2.2 Coral sites selected and marked during the baseline survey 2009 (CH1- CH4 and CR1) and sites noted for potential future monitoring (CH5-CH6) ...... 3 Figure 2.3 Mean live coral cover (of total bommie area) and sediment cover (of live coral cover). 95% confidence interval shown as bars ...... 6 Figure 2.4 Small Porites australiensis (left and middle) and dead bommie cluster (A01-1) (right) at site A01 ...... 7 Figure 2.5 The two largest bommies found at location A01; Porites lobata (A01-2) (left) and the smooth, light coloured species (A01-3) (right) ...... 8 Figure 2.6 The two large Porites australiensis bommies at site A02 (A02-1 and A02- 2)...... 8 Figure 2.7 Examples of the scattered Porites lobata found throughout the outer third part of the proposed channel...... 9 Figure 2.8 A03-1: Large Porites lobata found at A03 (left); A05-1: Large Porites of the smooth, light species found at A05 (right) ...... 9 Figure 2.9 CB2-1: Mostly dead bommie (left) and CB2-2: mixed bommie of P. lobata and the smooth, light Porites species (left) found at CB2 ...... 9 Figure 2.10 CB1-1: The large, dead bommie (found at CB1 at the NE corner of the proposed channel ...... 10 Figure 2.11 Bommies located in the proposed dredge channel during the baseline survey 2009 ...... 11 Figure 2.12 Snorkeler picking up small bommie in the proposed dredge channel during the baseline survey 2009 ...... 14 Figure 3.1 Seagrass/macroalgae impact and reference sites assessed (S1-S8) or identified for potential future monitoring (S10-S11) during the baseline survey 2009 ...... 16 Figure 3.2 Seagrass/macroalgae mat (left) lifting off from the seabed (right) ...... 18 Figure 3.3 Biomass index 1-5 (left to right) ...... 18 Figure 3.4 Snorkeler harvesting the above-ground biomass (left) leaving a bare patch (right) ...... 19 Figure 3.5 Harvested seagrass and macroalgae left to drain prior to wet-weighing ...... 19 Figure 3.6 Harvest from the 5 biomass index reference quadrats 1-5 (left to right) ...... 19 Figure 3.7 Percent ground cover of the five biomass index categories...... 20 Figure 3.8 Wet weight of each biomass reference quadrat with ‘perfect scales’ superimposed ...... 20 Figure 3.9 Above ground biomass index and wet weight plot with fitted power curve ..... 20 Figure 3.10 Percent cover and above ground biomass. 95% confidence intervals are shown as bars...... 24
ii Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
Figure 3.11 Box plot of percent cover (left) and visually estimated above ground biomass (right) from 30 quadrats within each site ...... 24 Figure 3.12 Average total percent cover of Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium and Caulerpa spp as well as smothered T. hemprichii and Caulerpa spp at each site. 95% confidence interval shown as bars...... 25 Figure 3.13 Box plot of percent cover of Thalassia hemprichii (left) and Caulerpa spp (right) from 30 quadrats at each site ...... 25 Figure 3.14 Box plot of percent smothered cover (left), and smothered Caulerpa spp (right) from 30 quadrats at each site ...... 25
List of Appendices
Appendix A Coral survey data Appendix B Seagrass and macroalgae survey data
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 iii
1. Introduction The baseline survey for the Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal development was undertaken during February 23 to March 2 2009.
The survey was undertaken as a requirement of Wyllie & Skene’s contractual conditions and to assist the development of a detailed Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP).
This report presents the results of the baseline survey.
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 1 2. Coral surveys
2.1. Verification of the Porites species Two types of bommie-forming Porites were observed off Rumah Baru on the monitoring sites. One type was purple, the other yellow, as shown in Figure 2.1 with only one type present in any on location, and rarely both in proximity to each other. Only one type was present within each monitoring and reference site. Samples obtained during the baseline survey were sent to the Museum of Tropical Queensland in Townsville, Queensland, for identification. The purple variety was identified as Porites lobata, and the yellow as Porites australiensis. Both species are common of back reef margins, lagoons and fringing reefs across tropical Australia (Veron, 1986).
The growth forms of the two species were similar, with a tendency of the P. australiensis (yellow) to grow larger and rounder, and with a tendency of P. lobata (purple) to grow unevenly and lop-sided and harbouring dead areas on top.
Figure 2.1 The two species of bommie forming Porites found off Rumah Baru. P. lobata (left) and P. australiensis (right)
2.2. Coral sites
2.2.1. Monitoring sites Four coral monitoring sites were set; three north of the development (CH2, CH3 and CH4), and one immediately to the south (CH1) as shown in Figure 2.2.
2.2.2. Reference sites Two reference sites were set, one south of the development (CR1), and one off Home Island on the other side of the lagoon (CR2), as shown in Figure 2.2.
Reference sites were limited to areas of similar habitat and species as occurring off Rumah Baru. The reference site south of the development may be impacted by the development, however similar bommies are not known to occur further to the south and south of this region the lagoon gets shallow the area south is not easily accessible. Reference sites here would be inappropriate as access would not be possible at all or most times.
The reference site off Home Island was similar in that the same species of coral occurred in bommies within a restricted area. However, the area was insufficient for setting more than one reference site.
2.2.3. Additional monitoring sites An area with similar Porites bommies was identified further to the north of Rumah Baru, south of the existing West Island jetty. Two locations were noted in this area for the purpose of potentially setting future coral impact sites (CH5 and CH6 as shown in Figure 2.2). Sites in this area may be needed in the event the plume would be persistent and of substantial density further north of Rumah Baru than is currently expected.
2 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
Figure 2.2 Coral sites selected and marked during the baseline survey 2009 (CH1-CH4 and CR1) and sites noted for potential future monitoring (CH5-CH6)
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 3 2.2.4. Bommie selection 10 bommies were selected within each site, numbered and marked for future identification.
Bommies were selected according to the following criteria: • Proximity to a central marker buoy; • Location – bommies were chosen in a ‘circle’ around the central marker, but at random distances; • Bommies had to be discrete, i.e. with clear boundaries and not attached to other bommies or forming part of chains of bommies; • Bommies had to have high live coral cover; and • Bommies with dead tops were avoided as far as possible.
Each bommie was tagged with a discrete ID number, the distance and bearing from the central buoy was noted, and the bommie was photographed for future identification.
2.3. Coral health
2.3.1. Assessment Each coral was assessed individually according to the parameters: • Total live coral cover (percent of total bommie area); • Sediment cover (percent of area of live coral cover); • Mucous (percent of area of live coral cover); • Bleaching (percent of area of live coral cover); and • Overall “health” (subjective overall impression on a scale from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) as described in Maunsell, 2003).
In addition, notes were taken to add contextual information. Many bommies harboured borers in dead crevices. Long strands of mucous were typically extending from the borers, with associated sediment particles caught. Though the mucous strands would extend from the borers over the surface of the corals, these strands were not recorded as belonging to the coral as an indication of a coral response to sedimentation. Once dredging starts further mucous excretion may occur from the borers and a quantitative measure may need to be developed.
All the coral health assessments were undertaken by the same person, with an additional person present for cross-sampler calibration purposes at the three of the six sites monitored.
2.3.2. Results The live coral cover was high at all sites, and tended to vary only little, as outlined in Table 2.1 and shown in Figure 2.3. The high cover and low variation within sites was in part due to the selection criteria of corals. Bommies with low cover were unsuitable as samples, as increased sedimentation would not be picked up readily if settling on a dead patch. Likewise, the monitoring programme relies on the production of mucous by live coral to assess the persistence of settled sediment over time, and bommies with low coral cover would provide little information in this regard.
The selection of bommie-samples did not, however, distinguish between clean bommies, and bommies with sediment accumulated in crevices or caught in mucous sheets. The variation between bommies with respect to sediment cover over live coral was quite high, in particular at monitoring site CH3. This site was distinct from the others in regards to the general high percent of live coral covered with sediment and mucous, suggesting a existing turbid environment. It is not known if this is consistent over time, as little data exists to describe these phenomena. However, Maunsell (2003) reported on the percent sediment cover at sites off Rumah Baru. Even though the data reported in Maunsell (2003) were collected using several randomly placed quadrats on each bommies (rather than assessing the whole bommie as one sample), the results are somewhat comparable. Sediment cover was reported between 0-3%. The high sediment cover observed at CH3 during the baseline survey was in this regard unusual. Likewise, mucous cover was observed in the range of 0-
4 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
3% (Maunsell, 2003), rendering the high mucous production observed at CH3 during the baseline survey unusual (Table 2.1).
The rest of the sites were generally free of mucous sheets and sediment cover, with sedimentation often occurring as ‘light drizzles’ of larger particles, possibly an artefact of the tag installation and associated snorkeler activity.
Generally across all sites very little bleaching was observed (Table 2.1). The little bleaching recorded was observed on the edge of a crevice where sand had accumulated, probably over time. Typically, there was no mucous production associated with such crevices, and the coral was often bleached completely white underneath, though still alive. Also, at times a thin bleached edge would be present around a dead patch overgrown with algae. On a number of corals small slightly discoloured dots were present; this was typically the case for Porites lobata (purple species), and not P. australiensis (yellow species). These dots did not appear to be caused by bleaching. Also, feeding scars were present on some bommies.
The amount of bleaching reported by Maunsell (2003) was comparable to that observed during the baseline survey, with bleaching from 0-3%.
The field data is appended in Appendix A.
Table 2.1 Coral monitoring and reference sites
Average Average Average SE of SE of SE of Average SE of Site Type Species coral sediment mucous mean mean mean bleaching mean cover1 cover2 cover Porites 0 0.00 0.9 0.30 CH1 Purple 92 3.12 2 0.17 lobata Porites 2 0.75 0.2 0.15 CH2 Yellow 84 4.77 3 1.25 australiensis Porites 34 12.45 0.1 0.05 CH3 Yellow 91 4.88 35 12.25 australiensis Porites 1 0.17 0.3 0.15 CH4 Purple 95 1.28 1 0.29 lobata Porites 1 0.49 0.3 0.20 CR1 Yellow 93 1.75 4 0.92 australiensis Porites 2 0.48 0.6 0.22 CR2 Purple 90 4.58 2 0.59 lobata 1Percent of total bommie area 2Percent of total live coral cover
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 5 Live coral cover Sediment cover 100 Mucous cover
80
60 Percent
40
20
0 CH1 CH2 CH3 CH4 CR1 CR2
Figure 2.3 Mean live coral cover (of total bommie area) and sediment cover (of live coral cover). 95% confidence interval shown as bars
2.4. Observations of coral spawning A coral spawning event took place on February 7, 2009. A SSW or W wind pushed the coral spawn slick over to Home Island and Direction Island where a malodour was associated with the slick (Ismail MacRae, Parks Australia on Cocos Island, pers com, March 2009).
Previous observations of coral spawning at Cocos (Keeling) Islands have been noted by previous employees of Parks Australia, Cocos Islands, as summarised in Table 2.2.
According to local anecdotal knowledge, more than one coral spawning event may take place during the autumn, with the belief that coral spawning is linked to a full moon coupled with calm conditions causing lagoon water temperature to rise. Two events were indeed observed in 1998 however only one entry has been made for subsequent years (Table 2.2). While the notes are not necessarily exhaustive, it appears as if one main event takes place as early as January, and as late as April. One event may last for more than one day. Based on these previous observations it is unlikely that spawning extends beyond April.
Table 2.2 Previous observations of coral spawning at Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Year Date Observation notes Observer1 1998 12 Mar Coral spores observed around South Island Kim Gossage 1998 7 April Coral spores ‘everywhere” at the lagoon Greenie 1999 18 January Coral spore or fish spore at the lagoon Paul Todd 2000 6-9 January Coral spores reported at the lagoon areas between the 6th to the 9th Unknown 2001 14 January Small amount of coral spores in the lagoon Greenie 2002 30 March Coral spores observed Greenie 12-14 2003 Coral spores observed Greenie February SSW or W wind pushed the coral spawn slick over to Home Island Ismail 2007 7 February and Direction Island where a malodour was associated with the slick MacRae 1Employees of Parks Australia, Cocos (Keeling) Islands at the time of observation. Source of information: Ismail MacRae, current employee of Parks Australia, Cocos (Keeling Islands)
6 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
2.5. Visual inspection of coral bommies in channel The dredge channel was inspected for the five ‘significant bommies’ identified in the EMP for relocation (GHD, 2008). The original set of coordinates for these bommies was no longer available.
To locate the five significant bommies earmarked for relocation, the current proposed channel layout was re-surveyed during the baseline survey by towing to snorkelers along both the northern and southern edge of the channel. The divers were each surveying an area from the transect and out to either side, so that the observed swath covered the entire channel.
Whenever a large bommie was sited, the snorkelers would let go of the towing rope and place a buoy on the coral. The vessel would re-position itself next to the buoy and a GPS fix taken. Photographs were obtained, and the bommie size estimated. Notes on the coral cover were also taken. Initially the snorkelers would signal to the vessel crew when smaller bommies were sighted, however this method proved unpractical when the vessel reached the outer third of the proposed channel. Here the amount of small and medium-sized bommies was so high that signalling their position was impracticable. It was instead noted that this area had a very high density of small to medium sized bommies (see also Section 2.5.1).
2.5.1. Search for ‘Bommie C, D and E’ – inner channel In the inshore part of the proposed channel two areas were sighted with large bommies: area A01 and A02 (Figure 2.11). A01 hosted a number of smaller Porites austaliensis (yellow) along with a large cluster of dead, interconnected bommies. In addition, a large Porites lobata (purple) (A01-4) was sighted in close proximity to a smooth, light coloured Porites bommie of unknown species (A01-5) (Figure 2.5). While the P. lobata (purple) bommie was in good condition, A01-5 was bleached and impacted from sediment accumulated in crevices.
Further to the south at A02 three large P. australiensis bommies were sighted, two of which were in good condition and had high coral cover. The third was smaller and mostly dead.
A02-1 and A02-2 are considered likely to be part of the C-D-E cluster (GHD, 2008). A01-4 or A01-5 may be the third in the cluster. Of these two, A01-5 is considered more ‘significant’ in that this is either an uncommon species, or uncommon growth form of Porites in the wider area. Only two other specimens of this variety was sighted off Rumah Baru (both in the outer end of the proposed channel, see Section 2.5.2). However, the condition of this bommie was relatively poor.
Figure 2.4 Small Porites australiensis (left and middle) and dead bommie cluster (A01-1) (right) at site A01
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 7
Figure 2.5 The two largest bommies found at location A01; Porites lobata (A01-2) (left) and the smooth, light coloured species (A01-3) (right)
Figure 2.6 The two large Porites australiensis bommies at site A02 (A02-1 and A02-2)
2.5.2. Search for ‘Bommie B’ The middle third part of the channel was scattered with sporadic small Porites bommies, (mainly P. lobata – purple) and typically with high coral cover. No large bommies were sighted here, and no candidates for ‘Bommie B’ were found.
2.5.3. Search for “Bommie A” The outer third part of the proposed channel was scattered with numerous small and medium-sized bommies of up to approximately 2 m in diameter, almost exclusively Porites lobata (purple). Most were alive and had high coral cover. The larger bommies typically had dead patches and many had the appearance of rings or bands of live coral growing on boulders, as shown Figure 2.7 (left and middle panel) The smaller bommies were typically round with high coral cover (Figure 2.7, right panel).
On location A03 a particular large P. lobata bommie was found (Figure 2.8 left panel).
At location A05 a large Porites bommie of the smooth, light variety was sighted (A05-1) (Figure 2.8 left panel).
At location CB2 two large bommies were found, one was mostly dead (CB2-1) while the other was a mixture of P. lobata and the smooth, light Porites variety, and had overall high coral cover (CB2-2) (Figure 2.6).
8 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
A large bommie was found at the northern offshore corner of the proposed dredge channel, however this bommie was dead (CB1-1 in Figure 2.10). Another large, dead bommie (A04) was sighted just outside the northern edge of the proposed channel (no photos were taken).
None of the sighted bommies in the outer third part of the proposed channel corresponded well with the position of Bommie A from GHD (2008). However, a slight realignment of the proposed channel, or a shift in datum and projection could easily produce a slight variation in locations, and it is perceived possible that A05-1 or CB2 could be ‘Bommie A’. A03-1 could also be a candidate due to the large size and high coral cover not otherwise seen commonly for P. lobata off Rumah Baru (pers obs, February 2009).
Figure 2.7 Examples of the scattered Porites lobata found throughout the outer third part of the proposed channel
Figure 2.8 A03-1: Large Porites lobata found at A03 (left); A05-1: Large Porites of the smooth, light species found at A05 (right)
Figure 2.9 CB2-1: Mostly dead bommie (left) and CB2-2: mixed bommie of P. lobata and the smooth, light Porites species (left) found at CB2
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 9
Figure 2.10 CB1-1: The large, dead bommie (found at CB1 at the NE corner of the proposed channel
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Figure 2.11 Bommies located in the proposed dredge channel during the baseline survey 2009
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 11 2.5.4. Candidates for Relocation A summary of the largest bommies sighted in the proposed channel, as discussed in Section 2.5.1, 2.5.2 and 2.5.3, is outlined in Table 2.3 including likely candidates for the five ‘significant bommies’. As it was not possible to relocate 3 of the 5 significant bommies with certainty, it is proposed that the bommies highlighted in Table 2.3 are relocated.
12 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
Table 2.3 Summary of large bommies located in the proposed dredge channel during the baseline survey 2009. Proposed bommies for relocation are highlighted. Coordinates are given in UTM47 GDA94.
Location Name Speices / type Coral cover Size Candidate Reason Easting Northing A01-1 Boulder Dead Large (>3m) No Dead 263946 8655376 Porites australiensis - High Several small (<1m) No Too small (yellow) A01 Porites lobata Possibly part of C-D-E A01-2 High Medium (2 m) Large, right location (purple) cluster Possibly part of C-D-E Unusual species or A01-3 Smooth light Medium Medium (2 m) cluster growth form Porites australiensis Medium (dead Possibly part of C-D-E 263951 8655355 A02-1 Large (3 m) Large, right location (yellow) in middle) cluster Porites australiensis Medium (dead Possibly part of C-D-E A02-2 Large (3 m) Large, right location A02 (yellow) in middle) cluster Interconnected Porites australiensis Mostly dead, not - Mostly dead cluster of small- No (yellow) discrete bommie medium A03 A03-1 Porites lobata (purple) High medium (2m) Possibly A Not in right location 264143 8655462 Dead, not in right 264160 8655512 A04 A04-1 Boulder Dead Large (3.5 m) No location Unusual species or 264169 8655470 A05 A05-1 Smooth light Live Large (3 m) Possibly A growth form A06 A06-1 Porites lobata (purple) High Medium (2 m) No Not in right location 2639921 86553801 Dead, not in right 264222 8655529 CB1 CB1-1 Boulder Dead Large (3.5 m) No location CB2-1 Boulder Mostly dead Large (2 m) None Mostly dead 264193 8655494 CB2 Large, unusual CB2-2 Smooth light High Medium (1.5 m) Possibly A species, right location 1Indicative position only
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 13 2.5.5. Relocation method The smaller bommies were consistently found to be sitting on top of the sediment, and were easily picked up by snorkelers. It is anticipated that all (or most) of the coral bommies, including the larger ones, can be relocated without the need to use pneumatic underwater tools. However, as the larger bommies were too heavy to lift or mobilise by snorkelers, and it is still not known if some may be deeply rooted into the underlying limestone layer. The proposed relocation method is detailed in Section 7.2 of the CEMP.
Figure 2.12 Snorkeler picking up small bommie in the proposed dredge channel during the baseline survey 2009
14 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
3. Seagrass and macroalgae
3.1. Seagrass/macroalgae sites
3.1.1. Monitoring sites The eight seagrass/macroalgae sites indicated in the EMP and for which long-term data exists were all found to be suitable for monitoring purposes with regard to accessibility, location in relation to the proposed development, and the habitat present at the time of the baseline survey. All these sites were included in the baseline survey (Figure 3.1).
However, after review of the monitoring programme in relation to site logistics and the distances between the eight sites, a subset of five sites were selected for the monitoring programme, namely S2, S3, S5, S6, S7 (Figure 3.1) as detailed in Section 6.4.3 of the CEMP.
The water depths at all seagrass/macroalgae sites were very shallow (less than 1 m) with the inshore sites extremely shallow (ankle deep at low tide).
3.1.2. Reference sites The southern-most site (S8) was identified as the best candidate for a reference site off Rumah Baru, as all seagrass/algae beds inshore in a northerly direction are likely to be in the path of the plume, and the area further south of Rumah Baru into the lagoon is not easily accessible, neither by boat nor foot. In the event that S8 is found to be influenced by the plume, relocation further south may prove to be difficult due to the very shallow waters.
To set a site outside the area of influence the seagrass beds off the Home Island settlement were inspected. The seagrass/macroalgae beds here were found to be quite different to those off Rumah Baru; however a reference site was set here to enable the monitoring programme to identify potential lagoon-wide changes not attributable to the Rumah Baru dredging and construction programme. No other easily accessible area was identified for setting seagrass/macroalgae reference sites along the Home Island shore or elsewhere on the eastern side of the lagoon.
3.1.3. Additional monitoring sites In the event that the plume is observed to persist along the shore of West island, and impacts are observed on the Rumah Baru seagrass/macroalgae monitoring sites, further monitoring sites may be needed further north off Rumah Baru. A suitable area for setting monitoring sites with similar seagrass and macroalgae beds was identified between Rumah Baru and the existing West Island jetty. Two locations were noted in this area as shown in Figure 3.1.
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 15
Figure 3.1 Seagrass/macroalgae impact and reference sites assessed (S1-S8) or identified for potential future monitoring (S10-S11) during the baseline survey 2009
16 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
3.2. Visual estimation of above ground biomass
3.2.1. Introduction The seagrass and algae communities off Rumah Baru generally fell into two broad categories: • Thick Caulerpa species mats with high above ground biomass with some Thalassia hemprichii present as sparse leafs protruding from the mats; and • Thalassia hemprichii beds with some Caulerpa spp with overall low above ground biomass.
It appears that the algae mats lift off at intervals, probably when they reach a certain thickness and/or the wave action is of sufficient strength. They leave behind sparse vegetation, which appears to be re-colonised by Caulerpa brachypus and Thalassia hemprichii. In some places the Thalassia hemprichii appears to be left behind after the algae mats lift off. This corresponds well with previous observations where both Thalassia hemprichii and Caulerpa spp ground cover varied considerably over time (Maunsell, 2003).
To classify the algae and seagrass mats in terms of percent cover does not capture the above ground biomass well. Percent cover will only capture differences in biomass early in the re- colonisation stage, where the growth is sufficiently sparse to show bare ground underneath.
As outlined in the EMP (GHD, 2008) the technique developed by Mellors (1991) of visually estimating the above ground biomass was applied, modified to suit the specific ground conditions off Rumah Baru.
3.2.2. Visual estimation of above ground biomass
Method The seagrass/algae beds off Rumah Baru vary tremendously both spatially and temporally in regards to the presence and absence of the main species (Maunsell, 2003):
• Thalassia hemprichii • Caulerpa brachypus • Caulerpa taxifolia • Caulerpa trifaria • Caulerpa racemosa
Mellors (1991) technique includes harvesting all above ground biomass from within quadrats, and drying these before weighing. However, as the seagrass and algae beds vary widely in the contribution by each species, and as the water content of Thalassia hemprichii and the various species of Caulerpa differs, the wet weight of the drained biomass was considered an acceptable estimate to reflect the biomass.
Following Mellors (1991) five indices of biomass were chosen in the field, based on the sparsest and densest seagrass/algae assemblages found within the broader area off Rumah Baru. The index ranged from 1 (sparsest) to 5 (densest), with 1 and 5 chosen first, followed by 3, which was defined as the middle density between 1 and 5. 2 and 3 were chosen subsequently as the middle points between 1 and 3, and 3 and 5. The densities were chosen based on a visual and physical impression of the density. The thickness of the mats were measured as an aid in setting the categories, but were not found to provide a good indication of biomass as the density varied substantially between mats of similar depths.
After each category was set, a photo was taken (Figure 3.3) and the percent ground cover estimated. The total above-ground biomass was harvested by a snorkeler (Figure 3.4) and sampled in a large plastic bag. On land the biomass of each category was placed in a crate with mesh bottom and left to drain off for a few minutes (Figure 3.5). The total wet weight was then obtained. Figure 3.6 shows the harvest from each of the five quadrats.
Results The results show that the percent ground cover only picks up differences between the first three categories, and is a poor indicator of the above-ground biomass (Figure 3.7).
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 17
Figure 3.8 shows the wet weight of each biomass index. Post-assessment of the reference index (Figure 3.8 left panel) shows that category 2 and 3 were set somewhat too low in relation to category 1 and 5. It is interesting how this affected the setting of category 2 and 4. Both these categories were placed approximately half way between 1 and 3, and 3 and 5 respectively (Figure 3.8 right panel).
As was often the case in the work undertaken by Mellors (1991) the fitted line did not cross zero, as a zero category was not included on the index scale. The seagrass/algae beds were seldom of category 1, and only bare sand areas without any growth at all were ranked below 1 (assigned a zero to indicate the lack of biomass).
Fitting a power curve to the results gave a high R2-value (Figure 3.9), and this equation was subsequently used to obtain the above ground biomass from the monitoring results.
The biomass index was used during the seagrass/algae surveys on sites S1-S9 to assign the biomass within each quadrat an index to an accuracy of one decimal point (i.e. 1.3 or 2.4 etc). Two observers ranked all quadrats on all sites individually before discussing and agreeing on the index, and the intuitive ranking of biomass was remarkably similar between observers, with a difference of no more than 3 decimal points at any stage.
Before monitoring starts and/or when a new observer is recruited to the programme, it is necessary to redo the visual estimation calibration of setting indices, harvesting and wet weighing.
Figure 3.2 Seagrass/macroalgae mat (left) lifting off from the seabed (right)
Figure 3.3 Biomass index 1-5 (left to right)
18 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
Figure 3.4 Snorkeler harvesting the above-ground biomass (left) leaving a bare patch (right)
Figure 3.5 Harvested seagrass and macroalgae left to drain prior to wet-weighing
Figure 3.6 Harvest from the 5 biomass index reference quadrats 1-5 (left to right)
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 19 120
100
80
60
40
20
Percent cover (allspecies) 0 12345 Biomass category
Figure 3.7 Percent ground cover of the five biomass index categories
4500 Wet w eight (g) 4500 Wet w eight (g) 4000 Perfect scale 4000 Perfect scale (1-3) 3500 3500 Perfect scale (3-5) 3000 3000 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 1500 Wet weight (g) weight Wet Wet weight (g) weight Wet 1000 1000 500 500 0 0 012345 0123456 Biomass index Biomass index
Figure 3.8 Wet weight of each biomass reference quadrat with ‘perfect scales’ superimposed
5000 y = 103.1x2.3498 4500 R2 = 0.9978 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 Wet weight (g) weight Wet 1000 500 0 0123456 Biomass index
Figure 3.9 Above ground biomass index and wet weight plot with fitted power curve
20 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
3.3. Seagrass and macroalgae health survey Seagrass/macroalgae health surveys were carried out on all seven impact sites (S1-S7) and both reference sites (S8 and S9) to allow maximum flexibility in selecting the most appropriate seagrass/macroalgae sites for the monitoring programme.
3.3.1. Site descriptions As described in Section 3.2.1 the sites off Rumah Baru varied widely in community composition, above ground biomass, dominant Caulerpa species and the amount of Thalassia hemprichii present. One site Syringodium isoetifolium was also present.
Generally, the community types fell into two broad categories: • Thick Caulerpa spp mats with high above ground biomass with some Thalassia hemprichii present as sparse leafs protruding from the mats; and, • Thalassia hemprichii beds with some Caulerpa spp with overall low above ground biomass.
The Caulerpa spp mats were in some places very thick and lifting off from the bottom. In places where mats had lifted off, the substrate was either bare or had Thalassia hemprichii or Caulerpa brachypus recolonising. It is plausible that the more deeply rooted Thalassia hemprichii was left behind after the mats had lifted off.
Table 3.1 summarises the sites with general descriptions.
The average percent cover and average above ground biomass of each site is shown Figure 3.10. The percent cover was assessed as the cover of all species (both seagrass and macroalgae) attached to the substrate. In accordance with Maunsell (2003), epiphytic algae were not included in the overall percent cover. The percent smothered cover was set in relation to the quadrat, and NOT in relation to the percent cover. A 10% smothered cover should thus be interpreted as 10% of the quadrat.
The percent cover did not vary greatly between sites off Rumah Baru (S1-S8 in Figure 3.10), however the Home Island reference site (S9) had significantly lower cover, and as noted in the general descriptions in Table 3.1 and discussed in Section 3.1.2, the Home Island reference site S9 was a poor match to the Rumah Baru sites, but nevertheless a valuable reference site to pick up lagoon-wide changes unrelated to the dredging and island construction.
The above ground biomass index was converted to wet weight using the power equation fitted to the calibration quadrats, as discussed in Section 3.2. Sites S4 and S7 stand out, corresponding well to the visual observations of thick mats of Caulerpa spp lifting off from the ground. The above ground biomass at the Home Island reference site S9 stands out with the lowest biomass of all the sites.
The variability of the visually estimated above ground biomass between quadrats within each site is shown with box plots in Figure 3.11. The box plots show the smallest observation (lower whisker), lower quartile (lower edge of box), median (middle line in box), upper quartile (upper line in box), and the largest observation (upper whisker). The triangles denote observations considered outliers. High variability in the data set reflects the general impression of the observers that the seagrass/algae beds were highly variable both in terms of species present, species dominating, and the thickness of the mats. The high variability occurred in a mosaic pattern in some places, with variation within meters or less, other sites were dominated by two main community types.
Site S4 stands out with consistently high above ground biomass. S7 shows very high variability, reflecting the observations of thick mats lifting off the bottom, and other patches of bare sand with little growth, probably recolonising after a patch of algae mat had lifted off. Also, S9 stands out as having consistently low above ground biomass.
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 21 Table 3.1 General description of each seagrass/macroalgae site
Site Type Description/comments Example photograph(s) 2 main community types were present:
1. Thick Caulerpa spp mats with high above ground biomass, with some Thalassia hemprichii 2. Thalassia hemprichii beds with some Caulerpa spp, and with much lower S1 impact biomass
Epiphytes on Thalassia hemprichii were mainly foraminifera, bryozoans and small colonial ascidians. Extensive snail activity on Thalassia hemprichii. Epiphytes on Caulerpa racemosa were mainly small colonial ascidians.
Generally sparse cover/low biomass, in places dominated by Thalassia S2 impact hemprichii, thick Caulerpa spp mats were found only sporadically, some sediment smothering of the Caulerpa spp.
Epiphytes on Thalassia hemprichii was foraminifera and bryozoans, S3 impact foraminifera and small colonial ascidians. Epiphytes on Caulerpa spp was red algae, foraminifera.
Thick, clean Caulerpa spp mats lifting off, clean Thalassia hemprichii, very little smothering, variability of dominant Caulerpa species: generally either S4 impact Caulerpa brachypus or Caulerpa racemosa (both Caulerpa racemosa forms/species).
22 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
Site Type Description/comments Example photograph(s)
Caulerpa spp mats were generally dominated by Caulerpa racemosa. Epiphytes on Thalassia hemprichii consisted mainly of foraminifera and S5 impact unattached epiphytic filamentous red algae. This red epiphytic algae occurred also on the Caulerpa spp.
Caulerpa spp heavily overgrown by epiphytic filamentous red algae. Algae mats were lifting from the bottom in places. High occurrence of non-attached epiphytic filamentous red algae forming balls in the bare depressions. Sparse S6 impact Thalassia hemprichii was found in some bare patches, in other Caulerpa brachypus appeared to be recolonising. The bare patches were likely left after an algae mat had lifted off.
Thick, healthy Caulerpa spp. mats lifting off, healthy Thalassia hemprichii, S7 impact very little smothering, variability of dominant Caulerpa spp: generally either No photos Caulerpa Brachypus or Caulerpa racemosa (both forms/species). Two main types of community: 1) Sparse cover/low biomass of Thalassia hemprichii and smothered Caulerpa S8 Ref No photos spp. 2) thick mats with little sediment smothering but some epiphytic 'smothering Reference site at Home Island was poor match with Rumah Baru sites: mostly Thalassia hemprichii and Caulerpa racemosa with heavy smothering by silt and epiphytes, above ground biomass was consistently low compared to the Rumah Baru sites. Caulerpa racemosa was the only Caulerpa spp observed. S9 Ref Epiphytes on Thalassia hemprichii mainly strands and balls of the red filamentous red algae. Less variability between replicates compared to the Rumah Baru side. Caulerpa racemosa was the large ball variety with fleshy stems.
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 23 Percent total cover Above ground biomass 100 5000
90 4500
80 4000
70 3500
60 3000
50 2500
Cover (%) Cover 40 2000
30 1500
20 1000 ground (g) biomass Above
10 500
0 0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Figure 3.10 Percent cover and above ground biomass. 95% confidence intervals are shown as bars.
Figure 3.11 Box plot of percent cover (left) and visually estimated above ground biomass (right) from 30 quadrats within each site
3.3.2. Community composition and smothering The community composition was measured as the average contribution of Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium and Caulerpa species to the overall cover (not the contribution to the biomass).
Figure 3.12 shows the average community composition of all sites.
The community composition varied between sites, though overall the communities off Rumah Baru consisted mainly of Caulerpa species with a smaller component of Thalassia hemprichii, as shown in Figure 3.12. The Home Island reference site (S9) was markedly different to all sites of Rumah Baru in that the contribution by Caulerpa was low, and consisted only of Caulerpa racemosa.
Figure 3.12 shows the average silt smothering at each site. The degree of smothering varied between sites, however on all Rumah Baru sites only Caulerpa spp was smothered. Thalassia hemprichii and Syringodium isoetifolium were never smothered. However, on the Home Island reference site (S9), Thalassia hemprichii was found to be smothered extensively by silt. This is illustrated in Figure 3.14 where the box plot of overall smothering (left panel) differs from the smothered Caulerpa spp (right panel) only at site S9.
24 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
The degree of smothering by epiphytic organisms was beyond the scope of the baseline study, however it was noted that the type of epiphytes varied slightly between sites, though this was based solely on qualitative observations (Table 3.1).
The seagrass and macroalgae survey data is appended in Appendix B.
100% Bare ground 90% Syringodium 80% Smothered Thalssia 70% Clean Thalassia r 60% Smothered Caulerpa Clean Caulerpa 50% 40% Average cove 30% 20% 10% 0% S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Figure 3.12 Average total percent cover of Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium and Caulerpa spp as well as smothered T. hemprichii and Caulerpa spp at each site. 95% confidence interval shown as bars.
Figure 3.13 Box plot of percent cover of Thalassia hemprichii (left) and Caulerpa spp (right) from 30 quadrats at each site
Figure 3.14 Box plot of percent smothered cover (left), and smothered Caulerpa spp (right) from 30 quadrats at each site
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 25 4. Water quality
4.1. Turbidity profiles at seagrass/macroalgae and coral sites Turbidity profiles and surface/bottom readings were obtained on a number of occasions and in sea states 2 and 3 on the Beaufort scale. The sea state did not vary beyond 2-3 during the baseline survey.
All turbidity readings were very low with a maximum reading of 1.9 both at the surface and bottom (Table 4.1).
Turbidity readings were also obtained in situ with a snorkeler stirring up sediment to form a small cloud of fine particles around the turbidity meter. These readings were high and yielded readings of up to 98 NTU.
Table 4.1 Turbidity levels (NTU) measured during the baseline survey 2009
Site Reps Date Beaufort Surface turbidity (NTU) Bottom turbidity (NTU) CH4 2 25/02/2009 3 1.9 1 CH4 4 25/02/2009 3 1 1.9 CH4 5 25/02/2009 3 0.8 0.9 CH3 1 25/02/2009 3 0.9 0.6 CH3 2 25/02/2009 3 0.8 0.8 CH3 3 25/02/2009 3 0.8 1 CH2 1 25/02/2009 3 0.8 0.9 CH2 2 25/02/2009 3 0.8 1 CH2 3 25/02/2009 3 1 0.7 CH1 1 26/02/2009 3 0.4 0.5 CR1 1 26/02/2009 3 0.8 0.5 CR1 2 26/02/2009 3 0.5 0.5 CR1 2 26/02/2009 3 0.4 0.4 CR1 3 26/02/2009 3 0.7 0.8 CH2 1 28/02/2009 3 0.9 0.6 CH2 2 28/02/2009 3 0.4 0.3 CH2 3 28/02/2009 3 0.5 0.9 CH3 1 28/02/2009 2 0.4 0.5 CH3 2 28/02/2009 2 0.1 0.8 CH3 3 28/02/2009 3 0.3 0.4 CR2 1 1/03/2009 2 0.7 0.4 CR2 2 1/03/2009 2 0.7 0.5 CR2 3 1/03/2009 2 0.9 0.6 S9 1 1/03/2009 2 1.5 not recorded (too shallow) S9 2 1/03/2009 2 0.8 not recorded (too shallow) S9 3 1/03/2009 2 0.8 not recorded (too shallow) S1 1 1/03/2009 2 0.5 not recorded (too shallow) S1 2 1/03/2009 2 1 not recorded (too shallow) S1 3 1/03/2009 2 0.5 not recorded (too shallow)
4.2. TSS/turbidity correlation Sediment obtained in situ was mixed with seawater on site, and then left for the larger particles to settle out. As the Rumah Baru development will retain as much sediment as possible for the land reclamation, it is anticipated that only the fine silt will be released into marine environment. For this reason, only the fines were included in the seawater-sediment mix. The silt was found to stay in suspension during the six hours sampling took place. Subsamples were diluted with seawater to obtain different turbidity readings (TSS) and these samples were then filtered through filter paper on a filter tower. These filter paper samples are currently being subjected to gamma irradiation by AQIS prior to release, however once
26 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
released an estimate of the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) can be obtained, and a relationship between turbidity and TSS set. The results are expected in late May 2009.
In addition, sediment samples were also obtained in situ and freighted back to a quarantine approved facility in Perth for handling according to AQIS requirements. The samples are currently held at SGS in Perth. The sediment samples will be subjected to the same analysis as was carried out on site, adding to the information to establish the TSS-turbidity relationship. Results are expected after Easter 2009.
Prior to the commencement of dredging the relationship between TSS and turbidity established as described above will be used to refine the thresholds as detailed in Section 6.2.2 and Section 6.2.3 of the CEMP, and reported separately to DEWHA.
Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009 27 5. References GHD, 2008. Rumah Baru-Freight and Passenger Facilities, Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Environmental management Plan. Unpublished report prepared on behalf of Attorney- General’s Department, November 2008. Maunsell, 2003. Environmental Investigations for the proposed freight and passenger facilities at Rumah Baru. Report to GHD. November 2003 Mellors, J.E., 1991. An evaluation of a rapid visual technique for estimating seagrass biomass. Aquatic Biology, 42, p 67-73. Veron, J.E.N., 1986. Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific. Syndey, Angus and Robertson, 644p.
28 Oceanica: Wyllie & Skene: Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Baseline Survey 2009
Appendix A
Coral survey data
%live %bleached (of live) %sed (of live) % mocous (of live) Health Site Rep Comments coral Comment Comment Comment index under clean Sediment in depressions on top, 1 borer with CH1 1 80 3 3 0 4 accumulated sediment associated mucous under clean Very healthy and clean bommie, only few feeding CH1 2 100 1 2 0 5 accumulated sediment scars Very healthy and clean bommie, only few feeding CH1 3 95 0 1.5 0 4 scars, few patches of growth w borers in crevices under sediment Very healthy bommie, 2 small odd-shaped light CH1 4 97 1 1.5 0 5 accumulated on top purple/discoloured patches on top Very healthy bommie, 2 small odd-shaped light CH1 5 98 1.5 under sediment 2 0 5 purple/discoloured patches on top CH1 6 100 0 2 0 5 Very healthy bommie Patch of algae and tube worms in crevices and one CH1 7 97 0 1 light drizzle 0 4 patch on side, otherwise very healthy On top: tube worms with associated mucous and CH1 8 70 0 1.5 light drizzle 0 4 sediment, algae-growth in patches and in crevices, otherwise healthy CH1 9 97 1 under sediment 1.5 light drizzle 0 4 Very healthy, overgrown patch on side Little on edges of Sediment and growth in crevices and depressions CH1 10 90 1 2 light drizzle 0 4 overgrown patch on top. Otherwise healthy. Little under CH2 1 100 0 10 Light 5 5 Some feeding scars sediment One overgrown patch on side, edges with mucous Little under CH2 2 85 0 10 5 4 and live coral under, light sedimentation with sediment associated mucous on other side Feeding scars, sedimentation as sporadic particles (‘drizzle’) without associated mucous, dead spots CH2 3 90 0 1 0 No 4 around borers with associated mucous and sediment. Little under CH2 4 80 1.5 On top 1 1 sediment on edges 4 Discoloration on top, some purple spots (disease?) of dead patch Sporadic particles (‘drizzle’) without mucous, very CH2 5 99 0 1 0 5 healthy and clean bommie, one borer associated with the 1% sediment On one side: many borers with associated mucous CH2 6 75 0 5 5 Yes 4 and sediment over dead coral, on other side: dead
patch overgrown with algae Sporadic particles, (‘drizzle’) very healthy and CH2 7 98 0 1 0 5 clean bommie Sporadic particles (‘drizzle’), very healthy and CH2 8 85 0 1 0 5 clean bommie 5 of 5 for live cover, borers in dead part with CH2 9 50 0 0 0 5 associated mucous, some feeding scars, small purple spots on one corner (disease?) CH2 10 75 0 0 0 4 Live part very clean and healthy Heavy sediment in mucous, can still be removed, CH3 1 100 0 25 25 under sediment 4 live under Heavy sediment with mucous, can still be CH3 2 100 0 70 70 under sediment 4 removed, some algae growth but still healthy underneath CH3 3 90 0.5 15 15 under sediment 4 Bleaching on edges of patch of algae growth CH3 4 100 0 95 95 under sediment 3 Discoloration under sediment on top side Only the live coral attached to large dead bommie CH3 5 60 0 5 5 under sediment 4 was assessed Extensive sediment with algae growth, in places CH3 6 100 0 100 100 under sediment 2 discoloration under sediment a little under CH3 7 100 0 5 2 5 Feeding scars, 5% recent dead patch on side sediment CH3 8 65 0 1 0 4 Heavy sediment with algae growth on one half CH3 9 100 0 25 25 under sediment 4 lower side, coral appeared live and healthy underneath, some feeding scars Borers on top with associated mucous, collection only a little on the CH3 10 95 0 5 2 4 of clean sediment without mucous in depressions side with sediment on top side. Small patches of sediment and algae growth, CH4 10 95 0 0 0 5 feeding marks CH4 2 98 1 under sediment 1 1 very little 5 Feeding scars CH4 3 95 0 0 0 5 Feeding scars, two overgrown patches on side Sporadic particles (‘drizzle’), feeding scars, 4 CH4 4 99 0 1 0 5 borers with associated mucous Sporadic particles (‘drizzle’), feedings scars, 7 CH4 5 90 0 1 0 5 borers with associated mucous CH4 6 90 0 0 1 very little and 5 Feeding scars, 6 borers with associated mucous
clear – no sediment caught very little and Sporadic particles ('drizzle'), small patch of CH4 7 98 0 1 1 clear – no 5 sediment with algae growth on side, feeding scars, sediment caught 6 borers with associated mucous Sporadic particles ('drizzle'), sediment CH4 8 99 1 under sediment 3 0 5 accumulation in crevices, 4 borers with associated mucous very little and CH4 9 90 1 random patches 1 1 clear - no 5 Sporadic particles ('drizzle') sediment caught very little and CH4 1 100 0 0 1 clear - no 5 Sporadic particles ('drizzle'), feeding scars sediment caught CR1 1 95 0 3.5 0 4 Very healthy apart from dead patch/hole in middle very little CR1 2 100 0 3 1 associated with 5 generally only clean sediment in crevices on top sediment particles 2 patches overgrown: 1 patch belongs to rock underneath (but part of assessment). Generally CR1 3 90 0 7 0 4 clean with sediment accumulated in depressions on top Clean sediment in depressions on top, sediment CR1 4 95 0 10 5 under sediment 4 patch with mucous on sides, otherwise healthy Some borers with associated mucous, sporadic CR1 5 98 0 1 0 5 sediment particles ('drizzle') in depressions on top Sediment in depressions on top, some patches CR1 6 98 2 under sediment 3 2 under sediment 4 with associated mucous (2%) Very healthy apart from 1 overgrown patch on CR1 7 85 0 0.5 0 4 side Very healthy apart from 2 overgrown patches on CR1 8 98 0 1.5 0 4 top Little patch on side not Sediment in depressions on top, very healthy CR1 9 85 0.5 associated with 5 1 4 bommie apart from overgrown patches sediment or mucous 2 overgrown patches but otherwise very healthy CR1 10 90 0 3.5 1 4 bommie. Sediment in depressions on top Very little under Colour variations but dark, bommie seems very CR2 1 100 0 1 1 5 sediment healthy
on edges of CR2 2 60 1 1 0 3 Extensively overgrown on top, otherwise healthy growth On edges of sediment Sediment accumulated in depressions on top + CR2 3 98 1 2 1 with drizzle caught 4 patches sporadic sediment particles ('drizzle') Overgrown sediment patch on side, one CR2 4 80 0 1 1 with drizzle caught 4 depression with sediment on top CR2 5 100 0 1 1 with drizzle caught 4 Some discoloration in dots and streaks Some discoloration in dots and streaks, 1 CR2 6 97 0 2 light drizzle 0 4 tubeworm with associated mucous 2 patches with sediment on top, some CR2 7 98 0 1 light drizzle 1 with drizzle caught 4 discolouration in dots 1 tubeworm with associated mucous and CR2 8 97 1 2 2 with light drizzle 4 sediment, some discolouration in dots CR2 9 98 2 Dots 3 3 with light drizzle 4 7 small holes with accumulated sediment Heavily overgrown on top, 2 patches of mucous in sheets with CR2 10 70 1 Dot 7 5 3 sheets with sediment, otherwise healthy, 2% sediment burial with sediment
Appendix B
Seagrass and macroalgae survey data
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S1 1 1/03/2009 MN/SS 97 5 15 0 82 5 0 0 3 2.8 S1 2 1/03/2009 MN/SS 70 0 15 0 55 0 0 0 30 1.8 S1 3 1/03/2009 MN/SS 85 0 15 0 70 0 0 0 15 1.9 S1 4 1/03/2009 MN/SS 80 0 20 0 60 0 0 0 20 2 S1 5 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 0 25 0 75 0 0 0 0 3.8 S1 6 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 2 20 0 80 2 0 0 0 4 S1 7 1/03/2009 MN/SS 80 5 20 0 60 5 0 0 20 1.7 S1 8 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 5 15 0 85 5 0 0 0 3.5 S1 9 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 5 10 0 90 5 0 0 0 4 S1 10 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 7 10 0 90 7 0 0 0 3.8 S1 11 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 5 15 0 85 5 0 0 0 4 S1 12 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 3.4 S1 13 1/03/2009 MN/SS 80 5 45 0 35 5 0 0 20 1.5 S1 14 1/03/2009 MN/SS 70 5 40 0 30 5 0 0 30 1.4 S1 15 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 3.5 S1 16 1/03/2009 MN/SS 80 0 30 0 50 0 0 0 20 1.6 S1 17 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 0 20 0 80 0 0 0 0 3.2 S1 18 1/03/2009 MN/SS 65 5 15 0 50 5 0 0 35 1.4 S1 19 1/03/2009 MN/SS 90 5 15 0 75 5 0 0 10 2.2 S1 20 1/03/2009 MN/SS 75 10 15 0 60 10 0 0 25 1.3 S1 21 1/03/2009 MN/SS 95 7 15 0 80 7 0 0 5 1.9 S1 22 1/03/2009 MN/SS 95 5 25 0 70 5 0 0 5 2.3 S1 23 1/03/2009 MN/SS 97 5 20 0 77 5 0 0 3 2.4 S1 24 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 0 20 0 80 0 0 0 0 3.8 S1 25 1/03/2009 MN/SS 90 5 7 0 83 5 0 0 10 2 S1 26 1/03/2009 MN/SS 97 5 15 0 82 5 0 0 3 2.4 S1 27 1/03/2009 MN/SS 97 5 25 0 72 5 0 0 3 2.7 S1 28 1/03/2009 MN/SS 75 7 15 0 60 7 0 0 25 1.6 S1 29 1/03/2009 MN/SS 80 3 20 0 60 3 0 0 20 1.6 S1 30 1/03/2009 MN/SS 100 5 15 0 85 5 0 0 0 4 S2 1 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 15 45 0 55 15 0 0 0 1.5
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S2 2 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 25 70 0 30 25 0 0 0 1.5 S2 3 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 25 70 0 30 25 0 0 0 1.5 S2 4 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 20 25 0 60 20 15 0 0 1.8 S2 5 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 30 60 0 35 30 5 0 0 1.3 S2 6 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 20 60 0 35 20 5 0 0 1.8 S2 7 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 25 65 0 30 25 5 0 0 1.4 S2 8 27/02/2009 JB/MN/SS 100 30 55 0 35 30 10 0 0 1.3 S2 9 27/02/2009 MN/SS 95 5 55 0 40 5 0 0 5 2.1 S2 10 27/02/2009 MN/SS 80 15 65 0 15 15 0 0 20 1.5 S2 11 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 4 0 95 0 1 0 0 3.7 S2 12 27/02/2009 MN/SS 70 10 50 0 20 10 0 0 30 1.8 S2 13 27/02/2009 MN/SS 75 0 55 0 20 0 0 0 25 2.5 S2 14 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 4 S2 15 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 15 0 85 5 0 0 0 2.5 S2 16 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 4 S2 17 27/02/2009 MN/SS 85 0 0 0 85 0 0 0 15 4.7 S2 18 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 25 49 0 50 25 1 0 0 1.7 S2 19 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 7 0 90 5 3 0 0 2.5 S2 20 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 25 50 0 50 25 0 0 0 2 S2 21 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 85 0 5 0 0 4.3 S2 22 27/02/2009 MN/SS 95 45 19 0 75 45 1 0 5 2.6 S2 23 27/02/2009 MN/SS 98 38 58 0 38 38 2 0 2 1.7 S2 24 27/02/2009 MN/SS 75 10 20 0 50 10 5 0 25 1.8 S2 25 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 25 25 0 70 25 5 0 0 2.5 S2 26 27/02/2009 MN/SS 95 55 25 0 55 55 15 0 5 2.2 S2 27 27/02/2009 MN/SS 95 55 25 0 55 55 15 0 5 2 S2 28 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 30 25 0 70 30 5 0 0 2 S2 29 27/02/2009 MN/SS 90 20 50 0 35 20 5 0 10 1.3 S2 30 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 15 0 83 15 2 0 0 2.3 S3 1 28/02/2009 MN/SS 97 0 20 0 77 0 0 0 3 2.2 S3 2 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 0 15 0 65 0 0 0 20 1.8
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S3 3 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 0 10 0 70 0 0 0 20 1.8 S3 4 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 0 10 0 85 0 0 0 5 2.5 S3 5 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 3 10 0 90 3 0 0 0 3.5 S3 6 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 3.8 S3 7 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 4 S3 8 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 3.8 S3 9 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 3 7 0 88 3 0 0 5 2.3 S3 10 28/02/2009 MN/SS 90 5 25 0 65 5 0 0 10 2.2 S3 11 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 5 20 0 55 5 0 0 25 1.8 S3 12 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 5 20 0 60 5 0 0 20 2.2 S3 13 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 15 0 85 5 0 0 0 2.8 S3 14 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 3 15 0 85 3 0 0 0 3 S3 15 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 3 10 0 90 3 0 0 0 3.8 S3 16 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 2 10 0 90 2 0 0 0 3 S3 17 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 3 10 0 75 3 0 0 15 2 S3 18 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 60 0 40 15 0 0 0 2.2 S3 19 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 15 0 85 10 0 0 0 2.7 S3 20 28/02/2009 MN/SS 90 5 15 0 75 5 0 0 10 2 S3 21 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 2 15 0 65 2 0 0 20 1.8 S3 22 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 2 15 0 60 2 0 0 25 1.5 S3 23 28/02/2009 MN/SS 70 2 20 0 50 2 0 0 30 1.5 S3 24 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 3 15 0 70 3 0 0 15 2 S3 25 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 3 10 0 70 3 0 0 20 1.8 S3 26 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 0 15 0 70 0 0 0 15 2 S3 27 28/02/2009 MN/SS 90 2 10 0 80 2 0 0 10 2.2 S3 28 28/02/2009 MN/SS 90 5 15 0 75 5 0 0 10 2.5 S3 29 28/02/2009 MN/SS 90 2 10 0 80 2 0 0 10 1.5 S3 30 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 3.5 S4 1 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 0 0 0 75 0 0 0 25 1.3 S4 2 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 10 0 90 10 0 0 0 5 S4 3 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 15 0 85 5 0 0 0 4.5
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S4 4 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 3 0 97 0 0 0 0 5 S4 5 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 3 0 97 0 0 0 0 5 S4 6 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 4.8 S4 7 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 4.9 S4 8 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 5 S4 9 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 5 S4 10 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 5 S4 11 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 5 S4 12 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 5 S4 13 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 30 0 70 0 0 0 0 4 S4 14 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 4.2 S4 15 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 4.8 S4 16 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 3 0 97 0 0 0 0 5 S4 17 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 3 0 97 0 0 0 0 5 S4 18 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 4.8 S4 19 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 3 0 97 0 0 0 0 5 S4 20 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 4.8 S4 21 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 4.9 S4 22 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 5 S4 23 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 3 0 97 0 0 0 0 5 S4 24 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 4.7 S4 25 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 1 0 99 0 0 0 0 4.9 S4 26 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 4.8 S4 27 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 5 S4 28 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 3 0 97 5 0 0 0 2.5 S4 29 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 5 S4 30 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 0 3 0 77 0 0 0 20 4 S5 1 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 10 0 90 10 0 0 0 3 S5 2 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 5 0 95 5 0 0 0 3.5 S5 3 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 7 10 0 90 7 0 0 0 2.5 S5 4 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 7 0 93 10 0 0 0 2.3
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S5 5 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 30 5 0 95 30 0 0 0 2.3 S5 6 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 5 0 95 5 0 0 0 3.8 S5 7 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 5 0 95 5 0 0 0 3.8 S5 8 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 10 0 90 15 0 0 0 2.5 S5 9 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 10 15 0 70 10 0 0 15 1.5 S5 10 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 10 10 0 70 10 0 0 20 1.4 S5 11 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 30 10 0 90 30 0 0 0 3 S5 12 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 10 0 90 10 0 0 0 3.2 S5 13 28/02/2009 MN/SS 70 5 25 0 45 5 0 0 30 1.2 S5 14 28/02/2009 MN/SS 25 5 15 0 10 5 0 0 75 1.8 S5 15 28/02/2009 MN/SS 60 5 25 0 35 5 0 0 40 1.5 S5 16 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 7 0 93 10 0 0 0 3.5 S5 17 28/02/2009 MN/SS 60 5 20 0 40 5 0 0 40 1.6 S5 18 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 5 0 95 15 0 0 0 3.8 S5 19 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 5 0 95 10 0 0 0 3.5 S5 20 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 5 0 95 15 0 0 0 3.8 S5 21 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 5 0 95 5 0 0 0 3 S5 22 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 3 7 0 93 3 0 0 0 3.5 S5 23 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 5 0 95 15 0 0 0 3.7 S5 24 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 10 5 0 90 10 0 0 5 3.8 S5 25 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 3 0 97 5 0 0 0 3.7 S5 26 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 3 0 97 5 0 0 0 4.3 S5 27 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 7 0 93 5 0 0 0 2.5 S5 28 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 2 0 98 5 0 0 0 3.8 S5 29 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 3 3 0 97 3 0 0 0 3.7 S5 30 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 3 2 0 98 3 0 0 0 4 S6 1 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 1 0 99 15 0 0 0 4.5 S6 2 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 30 0 0 85 30 0 0 15 4 S6 3 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 25 10 0 90 25 0 0 0 3.5 S6 4 28/02/2009 MN/SS 50 15 30 0 20 15 0 0 50 1.1 S6 5 28/02/2009 MN/SS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S6 6 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 5 0 95 15 0 0 0 3 S6 7 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 5 7 0 88 5 0 0 5 3 S6 8 28/02/2009 MN/SS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 S6 9 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 3 0 97 10 0 0 0 4.5 S6 10 28/02/2009 MN/SS 90 10 10 0 80 10 0 0 10 2.7 S6 11 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 40 10 0 90 40 0 0 0 3 S6 12 28/02/2009 MN/SS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 S6 13 28/02/2009 MN/SS 97 15 10 0 87 15 0 0 3 3 S6 14 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 2 5 0 95 2 0 0 0 3.5 S6 15 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 7 10 0 85 7 0 0 5 3 S6 16 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 3 0 97 5 0 0 0 3.7 S6 17 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 3 0 97 10 0 0 0 2.7 S6 18 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 5 7 0 78 5 0 0 15 2.5 S6 19 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 5 0 95 15 0 0 0 3.5 S6 20 28/02/2009 MN/SS 40 0 15 0 25 0 0 0 60 1.2 S6 21 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 15 0 85 15 0 0 0 3 S6 22 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 3 0 97 15 0 0 0 4.3 S6 23 28/02/2009 MN/SS 25 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 75 1.3 S6 24 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 5 0 95 5 0 0 0 4 S6 25 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 2 3 0 97 2 0 0 0 4 S6 26 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 5 0 95 10 0 0 0 3.2 S6 27 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 2 0 98 5 0 0 0 3.8 S6 28 28/02/2009 MN/SS 60 35 0 0 60 35 0 0 40 1.1 S6 29 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 45 0 0 75 45 0 0 25 1.3 S6 30 28/02/2009 MN/SS 50 30 0 0 50 30 0 0 50 1.4 S7 1 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 4 S7 2 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 15 0 85 0 0 0 0 3.8 S7 3 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 4 S7 4 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 2 7 0 93 2 0 0 0 3.5 S7 5 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 20 0 80 0 0 0 0 4 S7 6 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 3
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S7 7 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 15 0 85 0 0 0 0 4.3 S7 8 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 4.5 S7 9 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 3 S7 10 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 4.3 S7 11 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 3.5 S7 12 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 15 0 85 0 0 0 0 4.5 S7 13 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 5 0 95 0 0 0 0 4 S7 14 27/02/2009 MN/SS 35 0 3 0 32 0 0 0 65 2.3 S7 15 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 4.8 S7 16 27/02/2009 MN/SS 90 0 5 0 85 0 0 0 10 4.8 S7 17 27/02/2009 MN/SS 80 5 55 0 25 5 0 0 20 3 S7 18 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 2 0 98 0 0 0 0 5 S7 19 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 7 0 93 0 0 0 0 4.8 S7 20 27/02/2009 MN/SS 90 10 1 0 89 10 0 0 10 4.5 S7 21 27/02/2009 MN/SS 98 0 25 0 73 0 0 0 2 4.5 S7 22 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 60 0 40 15 0 0 0 2 S7 23 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 15 0 85 0 0 0 0 4.5 S7 24 27/02/2009 MN/SS 75 0 70 0 5 0 0 0 25 1.5 S7 25 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 50 0 50 5 0 0 0 3 S7 26 27/02/2009 MN/SS 60 0 7 0 53 0 0 0 40 1.5 S7 27 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 15 0 85 0 0 0 0 4.5 S7 28 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 30 0 70 5 0 0 0 3.5 S7 29 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 0 10 0 90 0 0 0 0 4.5 S7 30 27/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 10 0 90 5 0 0 0 4 S8 1 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 10 20 0 75 10 0 0 5 2.3 S8 2 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 10 10 0 65 10 0 0 25 1.3 S8 3 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 0 15 0 60 0 0 0 25 1.4 S8 4 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 10 5 0 90 10 0 0 5 2.8 S8 5 28/02/2009 MN/SS 90 15 15 0 75 15 0 0 10 2.6 S8 6 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 40 10 0 85 40 0 0 5 2.5 S8 7 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 50 20 0 75 50 0 0 5 3.2
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S8 8 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 25 15 0 60 25 0 0 25 2 S8 9 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 35 15 0 70 35 0 0 15 2.2 S8 10 28/02/2009 MN/SS 60 20 20 0 40 20 0 0 40 1.7 S8 11 28/02/2009 MN/SS 45 25 5 0 40 25 0 0 55 1.5 S8 12 28/02/2009 MN/SS 50 25 5 0 45 25 0 0 50 1.5 S8 13 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 7 0 93 5 0 0 0 4.5 S8 14 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 30 7 0 93 30 0 0 0 4 S8 15 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 7 0 93 15 0 0 0 3.8 S8 16 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 40 10 0 75 40 0 0 15 4 S8 17 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 30 10 0 75 30 0 0 15 2.4 S8 18 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 10 7 0 93 10 0 0 0 3.5 S8 19 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 15 25 0 75 15 0 0 0 3 S8 20 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 10 0 90 5 0 0 0 3.5 S8 21 28/02/2009 MN/SS 95 25 10 0 85 25 0 0 5 3 S8 22 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 15 15 0 70 15 0 0 15 2 S8 23 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 20 10 0 75 20 0 0 15 2.5 S8 24 28/02/2009 MN/SS 80 10 40 0 40 10 0 0 20 1.8 S8 25 28/02/2009 MN/SS 75 10 40 0 35 10 0 0 25 1.8 S8 26 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 10 5 0 80 10 0 0 15 2 S8 27 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 10 10 0 75 10 0 0 15 2 S8 28 28/02/2009 MN/SS 100 5 7 0 93 5 0 0 0 4.5 S8 29 28/02/2009 MN/SS 85 10 10 0 75 10 0 0 15 1.5 S8 30 28/02/2009 MN/SS 55 20 30 0 25 20 0 0 45 1.8 S9 1 1/03/2009 MN/SS 50 35 25 20 25 15 0 0 50 1.7 S9 2 1/03/2009 MN/SS 30 18 25 15 5 3 0 0 70 1.4 S9 3 1/03/2009 MN/SS 27 21 25 20 2 1 0 0 73 1.1 S9 4 1/03/2009 MN/SS 61 46 60 45 1 1 0 0 39 1.7 S9 5 1/03/2009 MN/SS 61 46 60 45 1 1 0 0 39 1.8 S9 6 1/03/2009 MN/SS 45 20 45 20 0 0 0 0 55 1.7 S9 7 1/03/2009 MN/SS 45 15 30 10 15 5 0 0 55 1.7 S9 8 1/03/2009 MN/SS 30 18 25 15 5 3 0 0 70 1.5
% % % % % % % % % bare Biomass Site Rep Date Observer smothered smothered smothered smothered cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium ground index cover Thalassia Caulerpa Syringodium S9 9 1/03/2009 MN/SS 25 12 10 5 15 7 0 0 75 1.3 S9 10 1/03/2009 MN/SS 57 29 7 4 50 25 0 0 43 2 S9 11 1/03/2009 MN/SS 35 25 35 25 0 0 0 0 65 1.3 S9 12 1/03/2009 MN/SS 50 27 10 7 40 20 0 0 50 2 S9 13 1/03/2009 MN/SS 37 21 35 20 2 1 0 0 63 1.6 S9 14 1/03/2009 MN/SS 25 16 20 15 5 1 0 0 75 1.3 S9 15 1/03/2009 MN/SS 19 9 15 7 4 2 0 0 81 1.2 S9 16 1/03/2009 MN/SS 33 16 25 13 8 3 0 0 67 1.5 S9 17 1/03/2009 MN/SS 18 6 15 5 3 1 0 0 82 1.2 S9 18 1/03/2009 MN/SS 35 20 25 15 10 5 0 0 65 1.7 S9 19 1/03/2009 MN/SS 20 7 5 2 15 5 0 0 80 1.2 S9 20 1/03/2009 MN/SS 35 13 5 3 30 10 0 0 65 1.4 S9 21 1/03/2009 MN/SS 25 9 10 4 15 5 0 0 75 1.4 S9 22 1/03/2009 MN/SS 70 57 60 50 10 7 0 0 30 1.3 S9 23 1/03/2009 MN/SS 25 15 25 15 0 0 0 0 75 1.1 S9 24 1/03/2009 MN/SS 27 12 7 5 20 7 0 0 73 1.4 S9 25 1/03/2009 MN/SS 37 20 30 15 7 5 0 0 63 1.2 S9 26 1/03/2009 MN/SS 60 30 30 15 30 15 0 0 40 2 S9 27 1/03/2009 MN/SS 65 30 25 15 40 15 0 0 35 2.4 S9 28 1/03/2009 MN/SS 40 25 40 25 0 0 0 0 60 1.3 S9 29 1/03/2009 MN/SS 50 35 20 10 30 25 0 0 50 1.6 S9 30 1/03/2009 MN/SS 15 10 15 10 0 0 0 0 85 1.2
Appendix F
CVs of the environmental team
About Us Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd (Oceanica) is an environmental and engineering consultancy that specialises in coastal and marine issues. Oceanica is located in Perth, Western Australia and has extensive experience in the management and implementation of environmental programmes for coastal and estuarine systems, and in the preparation of detailed documentation for regulatory approval, including interaction with all statutory authorities. Oceanica has also been actively involved in public consultation and community information programmes for many major projects in Western Australia.
All of Oceanica’s professional personnel have high-level academic qualifications and wide experience, and can provide a range of multi-disciplinary skills and services. The Oceanica team has built a reputation for quality environmental consulting with a high degree of integrity and reliability in the areas of:
• Project and Data Management; • Environmental Surveys/Monitoring; • Engineering/Modelling; • Coastal Processes and Geomorphology; • Technical Reports/Reviews/Advice; • Environmental Impact Assessment; • Communications/Public Relations; • Environmental Management Plans; and • Research/Teaching.
Oceanica has undertaken over 600 separate projects for approximately 90 clients, with a relatively even distribution of work for Government, Corporations and Professional Service Firms. These projects have ranged in size and complexity; from multi- disciplinary projects with budgets in $Millions to pro bono work on single issues. The vast majority of this work has been marine and coastal work in Western Australia, as shown in the following project maps.
General Information
Street Address: 99 Broadway Nedlands, Western Australia Postal Address: Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd PO Box 3172 Broadway NEDLANDS WA 6009 AUSTRALIA
ABN: 89 093 752 811 Phone: 61 8 9389 9669 Fax: 61 8 9389 9660 Web: www.oceanica.com.au
OCEANICA CAPABILITIES STATEMENT 1
Distribution of Oceanica projects in WA
Systems, Quality Assurance and Insurances Oceanica has systems in place for all elements of its business, including: policy; business planning; project management; office procedures; occupational health and safety; and maintenance of technical excellence. Oceanica has a strong commitment to ensuring that the systems in place within the organisation are current best practice (e.g. alignment with ISO 9001 Quality Procedures). Systems have been developed with the two-fold aim of: (1) improving the efficiency of our work environment for all employees; and (2) maximising the level of service we can provide to our clients.
Oceanica’s systems are managed via state-of-the art software that allows the sharing, searching and editing of content; online collaboration; knowledge management and document management. In addition, Oceanica’s project and finance control systems are managed via advanced project management software, to enable detailed time and cost tracking at sub-project levels in real time.
Oceanica maintains the following insurance covers:
• Professional Indemnity Insurance; • Public Liability Insurance; • Workers’ Compensation Insurance; • Commercial Insurance; • Business Person Insurance.
OCEANICA CAPABILITIES STATEMENT 2 Professional Staff Oceanica employs 14 full-time professional consulting staff, three part-time consulting staff, three full-time management/administration staff and two part-time management/administration staff. Details on Oceanica staff and the staff organisation chart are provided below (in alphabetical order within experience levels).
Principals Mark Bailey is a director of Oceanica and is an experienced Certified Practising engineer in the fields of civil and environmental engineering. He has experience as a civil engineer in the fields of marine construction and commercial project management and extensive experience in marine environmental impact studies, environmental project management, modelling of aquatic ecosystems and marine quality assessments.
Dr Bruce Hegge is a director of Oceanica and an experienced coastal scientist. Bruce's background is in coastal geomorphology; particularly beach systems, nearshore and coastal hydrodynamics and marine sedimentology. He also has extensive experience in environmental assessment and management of dredging operations. Bruce has a long- term involvement in the development and application of techniques for the broad-scale mapping of benthic habitats. He has strong skills in project management, data analysis, report writing and presentation.
Dr Karen Hillman is a director of Oceanica and aquatic ecologist with over twenty seven years experience in research, and the development and co-ordination of environmental monitoring programmes, in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Karen has strong skills in strategic planning, programme evaluation, the distillation and interpretation of multi- disciplinary data, and report writing.
Senior Consultants Dr Robert De Roach is a Ph.D. qualified marine biogeochemist (UWA) with over eight years consulting and research experience in environmental impact assessment (EIA), biological surveys, water quality management, environmental compliance and approvals. Robert completed his research studies on the Swan River Estuary, Western Australia,
OCEANICA CAPABILITIES STATEMENT 3 within the context of eutrophication management. His professional experience includes several years as an environmental consultant, mainly undertaking biological surveys and broader EIA for clients associated with the Western Australian North West Shelf oil and gas industry. Prior to joining Oceanica, Robert was a senior consultant, where his role entailed EIA support to mining company clients, environmental auditing, risk assessment and on-site environmental adviser at a mineral processing refinery.
Spencer Shute is a Masters qualified marine scientist with extensive experience in varied marine projects for a range of international and Western Australian clients. Spencer has experience in the collection and analysis of biological and environmental data sets, and in the preparation of baseline reports, impact assessments, appropriate assessments and environmental statements. Spencer has undertaken extensive ecological studies within a range of systems including temperate estuarine, reef and soft sediment benthic communities and tropical seagrass and reef habitats. Spencer is qualified for commercial diving in accordance with AS2815 part 1.
Dr Luke Twomey Luke has 14 years of experience across the fields of management, teaching and research in estuarine, nearshore and offshore coastal environments, both in Australia and internationally. Luke's most recent position has been as Principal Scientist with the Swan River Trust where he was responsible for the relevance, rigour and strategic direction of scientific effort at the Swan River Trust.
Experienced Consultants
Michelle Carey is a qualified oceanographic engineer and scientist graduating from the University of Western Australia in 2004. Michelle has experience in the mining industry having completed GIS, flora and fauna surveys, risk assessments and microbial bioleaching projects as part of her undergraduate engineering degree. Michelle has undertaken a range of coastal and fluvial processes, oceanographic and marine ecology studies.
Dr Karen Crawley is a coastal ecologist with a PhD in Environmental Management examining the role and interactions of detached macrophyte accumulations in surf zones. Karen has had several years experience within the Department for Environment and Conservation, working in both the Marine Ecosystems Branch and the Environmental Audit Section. Karen is qualified for commercial diving in accordance with AS2815 part 1.
Marianne Nyegaard is a Master qualified marine biologist. Marianne has a number of years of fisheries research experience and most recently has been advising on approvals for a major dredging project in Western Australia. Marianne has also expertise in marine habitat surveys and scientific diving work. Marianne is qualified for commercial diving in accordance with AS2815 parts 1 & 2.
Tanya Stul is a qualified coastal engineer and coastal geomorphologist graduating from the University of Western Australia and Old Dominion University (USA) in 2005. As part of her university work, Tanya has undertaken studies of coastal, estuarine and fluvial processes, boat wake measurements and impacts, coastal structures, dredging, beach nourishment, sediment transport processes and data analysis. Tanya also has experience in dredging impact assessments, sediment cell identification and shoreline stability assessments.
Sarah Scott is a Marine Ecologist with a double major in marine biology and zoology with honours in marine biology from the University of Western Australia. Sarah has previously been employed by the Department of Environment and Conservation within the Compliance Monitoring section auditing compliance with Ministerial Statements. Sarah is an accredited lead environmental auditor with the RABQSA International.
Dr Glenn Shiell is a marine ecologist and has completed a PhD in marine ecology (UWA) and an honours degree in limnology/aquatic science (Deakin). Glenn completed his postgraduate studies on the ecology of benthic invertebrates on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. His professional and technical experience includes several years of consulting
OCEANICA CAPABILITIES STATEMENT 4 in the field of aquatic science, and more recently, a year working with the Marine Ecology Group, UWA, investigating the ecology of demersal fin fish assemblages of Western Australia, New Zealand and the Sultanate of Oman. Glenn if qualified for commercial diving in accordance with AS2815 part 1.
Consultants Rochelle Desmond joined Oceanica as a Regional Project Officer. Rochelle is based in Geraldton and undertakes a key role in coordinating the Oakajee Port marine mammal surveys. Rochelle will also provide further support for the Oakajee project in general, and other support in the region as required. Rochelle is currently completing a Bachelor of Business at Edith Cowan University with a double major in Management and Politics.
Kellie Holloway is an engineer graduating with honours in Applied Ocean Science at the University of Western Australia in 2006. Kellie has experience in oceanography, coastal engineering, sustainability and coastal planning and management projects as part of her undergraduate engineering degree. As part of her work at Oceanica, Kellie has assisted in coastal, oceanographic and water quality studies, as well as data management in various projects.
Dr Lotte Horn is a PhD qualified marine ecologist. Her PhD findings developed techniques to increase the success and survival of transplanted seagrasses in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Lotte’s professional experience includes management of the Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan which successfully transplanted over three hectares of seagrass into Cockburn Sound. Lotte is a confident field leader with over 10 years boating and SCUBA experience and she has organised many surveys of coral, seagrass, algae and sediments throughout Western Australia. Lotte is qualified for commercial diving in accordance with AS2815 part 1.
Data Management/GIS Services Philip Kindleysides is Oceanica’s Environmental Data Manager and Marine Cartographer. Philip holds a Bachelor of Science in Information Systems and a Bachelor of Science in Cartography. Philip has experience in managing spatial and aspatial data via logical data frameworks, relational databases and integrated documentation. As a Cartographer, Philip is responsible for the in house design of Oceanica's map products. Philip is an experienced user of ArcView GIS 3.2, ArcGIS 9.1 and related spatial software packages. Prior to commencing work for Oceanica, Philip worked as a Marine Information Officer in the GIS section of CALM’s Marine Conservation Branch.
Dinesh Tuladhar is Oceanica’s Assistant Environmental Data Manager and Marine Cartographer. Dinesh has completed a Master of Arts in Geography from Tribhuvan University, Nepal and is presently completing a Master of Science in GIS at Curtin University. Prior to joining Oceanica he has worked in instructing GIS trainees, analysis of GIS data and several GIS database development projects.
Graduate/Junior support
Samantha Green is a graduate coastal geomorphologist with a B.Sc. Hons at UWA in coastal geomorphology. Sam's Honours project looks at coastal vulnerability of the Perth coastline to sea level rise.
William Hibberd is finalising a M.Sc. in Applied Marine Science, specialising in coastal geomorphology from The University of Plymouth. William's MSc study units have included: Coastal and Estuarine Sediment Dynamics; Coastal Erosion and Protection; Modelling Marine Processes; and Marine Chemistry and Coastal Ecology. He has also obtained a B.Sc. with 1st Class Honours from The University of Plymouth.
Calais Tink is a Junior Marine Biologist who has recently completed her Honours research into fish mortality, fish stock estimates and ecosystem modelling at Murdoch University. Calais is currently employed on a casual basis, to assist with various projects.
OCEANICA CAPABILITIES STATEMENT 5 In addition to the above staff, Oceanica employs a full-time office manager and full time administrative assistant and part-time administrative assistant. All Oceanica personnel have senior first aid qualifications.
Oceanica also draws on a broad network of specialist consultants and commercially trained contract scientific divers as required. Oceanica has well established working relationships with other specialist consultant groups, including Biota Environmental Sciences, Data Analysis Australia, Jesz Fleming and Associates, Murdoch University’s Marine and Freshwater Research Laboratory, MScience Associates and Strategen.
OCEANICA CAPABILITIES STATEMENT 6 Awards, Affiliations and Corporate Citizenship The work by Oceanica has received the following awards:
• Cement Industry Federation Sustainability Award winner for 2007: Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan; • Finalist in the 2006 WA Environment Awards for the Perth Long-term Ocean Outlet Monitoring (PLOOM) Programme; • Engineers Australia (Western Australia Division), Excellence Awards Winner 2003 (Environment Category): Bunbury Ocean Outfall Project; • Golden Gecko 2000: Environmental Excellence Award made to Cockburn Cement Limited, for seagrass rehabilitation work conducted under Oceanica staff management; and • Institution of Engineers, Australia (South Australia), Excellence Award: 1997. For work conducted in association with the Multifunction-polis, Australia in assessment of developments in the Port Adelaide River, Adelaide.
Oceanica’s staff hold the following professional affiliations and are active in voluntary capacity on the committees as shown:
• Australian Marine Science Association (AMSA) (WA Branch President and Treasurer from Oceanica staff); • Environmental Consultants Association (ECA) (President and Committee member from Oceanica staff); • Institution of Engineers, Australia Coastal and Ocean Panel (IEAust) (President, Secretary and Committee member from Oceanica staff); • Australian Water Association (AWA); and • Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC).
Oceanica’s corporate citizenship includes:
• Sponsorship of a Murdoch University marine science honours prize • Sponsorship of the annual AMSA WA post-graduate student camp • Sponsorship of the annual University of Western Australia Student Environmental Engineers Club quiz night • Regular donations to Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia • Office powered by 100% Natural Power renewable energy • Vehicles, office and air travel are carbon neutral • Corporate donors for the Australian Red Cross Blood Service • Predominant use of recycled paper within the office
Last updated March 09
OCEANICA CAPABILITIES STATEMENT 7
MARK BAILEY Director Environmental Engineer Mark has substantial professional experience in engineering and environmental work. He commenced his career as a civil engineer in 1986 and worked in marine construction and commercial project management. Since completing his MEngSc in 1996 he has worked continuously in the fields of marine environmental impact studies, environmental project management and modelling of aquatic ecosystems. Mark is a Certified Practising Engineer with the Institution of Engineers Australia and also a graduate of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.
In addition to the specific environmental experience listed below, Mark has strategic, commercial and human resources management skills developed in his role as a project manager and a director of Oceanica since 2002. QUALIFICATIONS Bachelor of Engineering, 1986, University of Western Australia Master of Engineering Science, 1996, University of Western Australia Small Business Excellence Program, 2007, University of Western Australia Managing Occupational Health and Safety, 2007 Graduate AICD Company Directors Course, 2008 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Australian Water Association Australian Institute of Company Directors (GAICD) Environmental Consultants Association (Committee Member 2006 – present) Institution of Engineers, Australia, Certified Practising Engineer (Civil) Society of Environmental Engineering (Committee Member 1999/2001) KEY POSITIONS HELD Oceanica Consulting—Environmental Engineer & Director, 2004 to present DA Lord & Associates/DAL Science & Engineering—Environmental Engineer, 1999 to 2004, Director, 2002 to 2004. Halpern Glick Maunsell—Environmental Engineer, 1997 to 1999 Major Construction—Project Manager, 1990 to 1992 Clough Engineering/PT Petrosea—Civil Engineer/Project Planner, 1986 to 1989 KEY PROJECTS Project Management Shark Bay Salt upgrade—Management marine approvals for dredging and jetty construction (Shark Bay Resources, 2008-ongoing). Bluewaters Phases I & II—Management of marine approvals for ocean outfall related components of Bluewaters power stations (Griffin Energy, 2008). Cape Lambert Upgrade—Management of sediment sampling program to support the Cape Lambert Upgrade (Rio Tinto 2008). Dampier Cargo Berth Expansion Project—Assistance with tender preparation, assessment of tenders and advice on approvals strategy (Dampier Port Authority, 2007-2008) Fremantle Ports Outer Harbour project—Design, scoping and management of marine studies for the Outer Harbour proposal assessment (Fremantle Ports, 2006-ongoing)
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Kemerton Industrial Park—Project management of approvals for supply of recycled wastewater to industry from Kemerton WTTP and new disposal options (Water Corporation, 2006–ongoing) Yannarie Solar Salt—Management of marine technical studies required for an assessment of marine environmental impacts and their management for proposed solar salt field on the eastern side of the Exmouth Gulf (Straits Resources Pty Ltd, 2005–ongoing) Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Cockburn Sound Monitoring—Project manager, Cockburn Sound Desalination Plant marine environmental monitoring program (Water Corporation, 2006–ongoing) Woodman Point Washplant Turbidity—Project management for Cockburn Washplant Turbidity Investigation (Cockburn Cement Ltd, 2003) Jervoise Bay Southern Harbour Dredging Program—Project management for Independent Turbidity Monitoring consultancy (Department of Commerce and Trade, 2004–2005) Perth’s Long-term Ocean Outfall Monitoring (PLOOM)—Project management for Perth’s Long-term Ocean Outfall Monitoring (PLOOM) program. An ongoing programme involving the coordination of a large team of specialists in investigation the impacts associated with three metropolitan outfalls and presentation of the results to the Water Corporation, regulatory authorities and key stakeholders (Water Corporation, 2002–ongoing) Bunbury Ocean Outlet Environmental Studies—Project management for multidisciplinary investigation into potential impacts of ocean discharge of treated wastewater from Bunbury WTTP. Preparation of referral and Public Environmental Review documents, this project won the 2003 Institution of Engineers Australia (WA) Excellence Award in the Environment category. (Water Corporation, 2000–2002) Onslow Salt Marine Works—Supervision of marine environmental management for all aspects of the Onslow Solar Salt project covering dredging, spoil disposal and bitterns discharge (Onslow Salt Pty Ltd, 1998–1999)* Environmental Surveys and Monitoring Perth’s Long-term Ocean Outfall Monitoring (PLOOM)—Design and implementation of water quality surveys for Perth’s Ocean Outlets (Water Corporation, 2002–ongoing) Australian Marine Complex Dredge Monitoring Surveys—Design and implementation of field investigations to establish the effect of the Australian Marine Complex dredging project on adjacent seagrass, also involved in the development of duration and light criteria to protect the seagrass. (Department of Commerce and Trade, 2001-2002) Bunbury Ocean Outfall Monitoring Program—Design and implementation of water quality surveys for the Bunbury Ocean Outfall (Water Corporation, 2000-ongoing) Cockburn Cement Woodman Point Washplant—Field investigations and modelling study of suspended sediment plume arising from Cockburn Cement’s Washplant operation. (Cockburn Cement, 2003) Cape Preston Desalination Plant—Field study of water characteristics for a pilot desalination plant to be located at Cape Preston, NW Western Australia (Occtech Pty Ltd, 2002) Jervoise Bay Harbour Water Quality Monitoring— Ongoing monitoring of the water quality and sediments in the vicinity of Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour (Department of Commerce and Trade, 1998-ongoing) Onslow Salt Dredge Program—Responsible for all aspects of the environmental management of a large capital dredge program, including sea dumping approvals. Designed and implemented a field monitoring program to determine the impact of dredging and dumping operations on water quality and coral reefs near Onslow. Reporting to Commonwealth and State authorities. (Onslow Salt Pty Ltd, 1999)* Jervoise Bay Nitrogen Loads—Report estimating groundwater nitrogen loads to Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour (Water Corporation, 1999) Cape Lambert Port Facility—Led field survey for sediment contamination study at Cape Lambert berths (North Ltd, 1998)* Jervoise Bay Harbour Water Quality Monitoring—Jervoise Bay reactive monitoring survey, a detailed investigation of an algal bloom in Jervoise Bay Northern Harbour reporting to the DEP on causes and possible course of action (Department of Commerce and Trade, 1998)*
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Engineering and Modelling Eastport Canals and Port Geographe Marina—Reviews of modelling and related technical reports on Eastport and Port Geographe developments and provision of advice (Department of Planning and Infrastructure, 2006) Fremantle Ports Outer Harbour Development—Manager for a numerical modelling study into the impacts of various outer harbour development scenarios (Fremantle Port Authority, 2005) Perth Seawater Desalination Plant—Specialist advice on modelling environmental impacts of the discharge from the proposed Cockburn desalination plant (Water Corporation, 2005) Cockburn 2 Power Station—Specialist advice on modelling environmental impacts of the cooling water discharge from the proposed Cockburn 2 power station and preliminary diffuser design (Western Power Corporation, 2003) Perth’s ocean outfalls—CORMIX and VPLUMES modelling of Perth’s three ocean’s outfalls (Water Corporation, 2003) Global Olivine Waste to Energy Plant—Supervision of numerical modelling studies to examine desalination discharge behaviour in Cockburn Sound and assessment of environmental impacts of the plume (Global Olivine Western Australia, 2001) Yunderup Canals Estate—Led numerical modelling and field investigation into potential engineering solutions to water quality problems faced by the Yunderup Canals Estate (Shire of Murray, 1995)* Barge Loading Facility, Cocos Islands—Conducted survey of coastal processes at Rumah Baru, Cocos Islands. Prepared report summarising work to date and recommending preferred options for a marine facility (Gutteridge Haskins & Davey Pty Ltd/Halpern Glick & Maunsell Pty Ltd, 1999) Jervoise Bay Southern Harbour—Jervoise Bay Infrastructure Planning Study breakwater layout and planning, numerical modelling study of wave penetration, calculation of harbour exchange characteristics and water quality modelling. (Department of Commerce and Trade, 1998)* Putrajaya Lakes, Malaysia—Preparation of the conceptual design document for the Putrajaya development, covering lake and wetland design, water quality modelling and catchment management issues (MinConsult Pty Ltd, 1997)* Environmental Impact Assessment and Review Cape Lambert Upgrade—Provision of ongoing review for marine documents related to the Cape Lambert Upgrade (Rio Tinto, 2008-ongoing). Southern Seawater Desalination Plant—Peer reviewer for environmental documentation (Water Corporation, 2007-ongoing) Walpole Wastewater Disposal Options—Advice and community consultation on wastewater disposal for Walpole (Water Corporation, 2006) CSBP Kwinana Water Audit—Review of site wastewater flows and monitoring practises with provision of advice regarding compliance with conditions and licence modifications (CSBP Ltd, 2006) Alkimos Wastewater Treatment Plant—Advice and management of Alkimos ocean outlet environmental impact assessment (Public Environmental Review) (Water Corporation, 2005-ongoing) Kwinana Bulk Berth #1—Kwinana Bulk Berth #1 Environmental Approvals Documentation (Public Environmental Review) (Fremantle Ports, 2005-ongoing) Fremantle Ports Outer Harbour—Advice on Outer Harbour assessment guidelines. (Fremantle Ports, 2004-ongoing) NewGen Cockburn Power Station—Advice on Cockburn Power Station approvals (Public Environmental Review) (NewGen/ERM Power, 2004-ongoing) Straits Salt Project, Exmouth Gulf—Assessment of marine environmental impacts and their management for proposed solar salt field on the eastern side of Exmouth Gulf (Environmental Review and Management Programme) (Straits Salt Pty Ltd, 2005- ongoing) Fortescue Metals Group Port Hedland—Assessment of marine environmental impacts and management for a proposed iron ore load-out facility at Port Hedland (Public Environmental Review). (Fortescue Metals Group, 2005-2006) Gnarabup WTTP, Margaret River—Review of potential marine environmental impacts associated with the Gnarabup WWTP. (Water Corporation, 2002)
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James Point Private Port—Preparation of Public Environmental Review documentation and advice for James Point private port developments in Cockburn Sound (James Point Pty Ltd, 1999-2006) James Point Pty Ltd—Preparation of Works Approval document for upgrade of existing BHP Transport No.1 Jetty. (James Point Pty Ltd, 2000) Bunbury Ocean Outfall—Preparation of Public Environmental Review documentation and public consultation for the Bunbury Ocean Outfall project (Water Corporation, 1999- 2003) Preston River Diversion—Led a technical feasibility study into the effects on diverting the Preston River into Bunbury Inner Harbour (South West Development Commission, 1998)* Jervoise Bay Shipwrecks—Led a study into the condition of shipwrecks in Jervoise Bay and means of management of land/marine development in the vicinity of these wrecks. (Land Corp, 1998)* Barge Loading Facility, Cocos Islands—Ongoing site visits to collect data in the atoll lagoon Reporting on coastal processes, sediment transport and light attenuation. (Works Australia, Rumah Baru, Cocos Islands 1996-2000)* Environmental Management Plans Australian Marine Complex—Preparation of Marine and Coastal Environmental Management Plans for the Australian Marine Complex, Cockburn Sound. (Parsons Brinkerhoff, 2002) Bunbury Ocean Outfall—Preparation of Construction. Underwater Blasting and Operations Environmental Management Plans for Bunbury Ocean outfall. (Water Corporation, 2001) Jervoise Bay Shiplift Facility—Preparation of Environmental Management Programme for Jervoise Bay Shiplift facility. (LandCorp/BSD Consultants, 1999) Onslow Solar Salt—Preparation of the Marine Environmental Management Programme for the Onslow Solar Salt project. (Onslow Salt Pty Ltd, 1998)* Yunderup Canals—Preparation of dredge management plans for maintenance dredging at Yunderup Canals, Mandurah. (Shire of Murray, 1999) Research and Teaching Master of Engineering Science (Research 1992-1995); ‘Sediment resuspension and relationships between chlorophyll a, turbidity and light in a shallow lake’.*
PUBLICATIONS Mark has authored or co-authored seven published scientific papers and presented at six national/international conferences. He has written many technical reports and made numerous public presentations to a wide variety of audience types. Details of publications and presentations are available on request.
*Completed under previous employment or study Last updated November 08
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Jo Buckee
Principal Environmental Scientist Senior Environmental Scientist
Qualifications Overview Bachelor of Science (Zoology/Prehistory), University of Western Australia, WA. Jo has over 15 years of experience as an environmental consultant. She has managed and worked on a broad range of long running and high Environmental Science (First Class profile, and challenging local, national and international projects. Honours), Murdoch University, WA.
ASA Commercial Divers Certification. 2299 Her key skills are: Part 1 • environmental impact assessment and approvals processes; Coxswains Ticket • environmental planning, design and management; • monitoring programme design and implementation; Professional affiliations • marine based field work Environmental Consultants Association of • document preparation; Western Australia • public consultation; and Australian Marine Sciences Association. • project management.
Recent Experience
• Ord River Tidal Power Project. Tidal Energy Australia. • Cape Preston data acquisition programme – CP Mining • Development of Living Stream concept for 2km corridor at Perth International Airport. Westralia Airports Corporation (WAC) • New Perth to Bunbury Highway Environmental Management Plans. Main Roads • Gap Analysis and Environmental Management Plan for Dampier and Port Hedland Operations. Dampier Salt Pty Ltd • Auditing of Purnalulu Ecotourism Operators. Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) • Lake Kurrenkutten Acid saline drainage evaluation. DEC • Burrup Industrial Water Supply Marine Monitoring. Water Corporation. • Cape Preston Marine and Coastal Environmental Management Plan, Mineralogy • Review of the Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) of Australian Aquaculture Industry. Commonwealth Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF). • Development of Sustainability Benchmarks for Ecotourism at Purnululu National Park . Conservation and Land Management (CALM). • Environmental impact Assessment and Marine Report for Sorouh, Reem Island, Abu Dhabi, UAE. • Collie Power Station Outfall Annual Marine Monitoring Programme.
March 2005 Page 1 of 9 Jo Buckee Principal Environmental Scientist
• National Tourism Accreditation Programme – Development of Advanced Environmental Module. Tourism Council of WA. • Cocos (Keeling) Islands Annual Outfall Monitoring Programme. Water Corporation Pty Ltd. • Perth Foreshore Development - Preliminary Environmental Issues Report. City of Perth.
Detailed experience
Environmental Management Strategy and Planning
• Perth Airport Living Stream – Westralia Airports Corporation (WAC). Concept development of living stream to maximise environmental benefits from diversion of Southern Main Drain as part of development activities at the Perth Airport. Project involved scientific and numerical modelling studies, public consultation and Public • Perth Foreshore Development Preliminary Environmental Study – City of Perth. Identification of major opportunities and constraints associated with the creation of a commercial area on Perth City’s river foreshore. Study included hydrodynamic modelling and review of stormwater drainage issues and pollution reduction strategies. • Meelup Regional Park Master Plan – Shire of Busselton. Strategic planning document for the 571 Hectare Meelup Regional Park, near Dunsborough. Project involved working closely with the park management committee and public consultation. • Wright Lake Planning Study – City of Armadale Planning and investigation of environmental issues associated with the seasonal Wright Lake in relation to the creation of a permanent waterbody (2km-long artificial rowing lake, now constructed and renamed Champion Lakes).
Natural Area Management and Ecotourism
• Audit of Ecotourism Operators in Purnalulu National Park – Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) Assessment of performance in relation to sustainability criteria developed to ensure protection of this iconic World Heritage Area, otherwise known as the Bungle Bungles • Sustainability Benchmarks for Ecotourism in Purnalulu National Park – CALM. Development of sustainability benchmarks to form the basis for criteria on which to select and assess the performance of
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ecotourism operators in Purnalulu National Park. Project involved the use of the Pressure / State / Response framework for identification of issues and indicators. • National Tourism Accreditation Programme (NTAP) – Advanced Environmental Module Tourism Council of WA and Tourism Western Australia. Development of framework, guidelines and assessment criteria for environmental accreditation as part of established tourism accreditation programme. Incorporation of National Natural Area Manager requirements allowing endorsed pre-qualification for tourism operator licences in National Parks.
Major Industry, Development and Infrastructure Projects
• Ord River Tidal Power Project – Tidal Energy Australia. Preliminary analysis of environmental issues associated with a tidal power station for the lower Ord. The project involved complex environmental issues and included public consultation sessions to present the project in Perth, Wyndham and Kununurra. • New Perth to Bunbury Highway – Main Roads. Preparation of Environmental Management Plans. Drainage, Wetland and Foreshore Management. • Cape Keraudren Tidal Power Project – Tidal Energy Australia Preparation of Referral and Scoping Document for the EPA . • Gas Pipeline Option Assessment – Assessment of river crossing options for a gas pipeline through the metropolitan area. • Environmental Management Plan Gap Analysis - New MetroRail (Previously PURD) Review of extensive documentation relating to the construction and operation of the Perth to Mandurah Railway. • Perth Urban Rail Development – environmental input into design process for Perth to Mandurah railway. Input into construction management plans. • Griffin Energy Strategic Environmental Review - Marine and groundwater environmental assessment and management plans for Section 16e environmental approval documentation relating to a proposed coal powered power station at Collie. • Roe Highway Stage 7 Response to Public Environmental Review Submissions. • Roe Highway Stage 8 Tunnel Option – Preliminary assessment of potential environmental issues associated with the construction of a tunnel beneath Beelier Wetlands.
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Marine and Coastal Projects
• Cape Preston Immediate Works Programme – CITIC Pacific Mining. Commissioning and management of data collection at remote Cape Preston: installation of weather statrions, collexction of bathymetric and seismic data and deployment of Acoustic Doppler Current Meters. • Cape Preston Habitat Mapping – CITIC Pacific Mining. Working with URS to validate and update existing habit mapping. • Cape Preston Coastal and Marine Management Plan. Detailed field assessment, numerical modelling and documentation of existing environment and assessment of potential impacts associated with major coastal industrial development in the Pilbara including 1.3km causeway, 4.5Mm3 dredging operation, desalination plant discharge, ironore stockpiling and ship-loading activities. Environmental management strategies and monitoring programme design. • Dampier Salt Pty Ltd Environmental Management Plans. Multi- faceted project over 3 years to investigate environmental issues associated with solar salt production in Dampier and Port Hedland. Characterisation of fate and ecological impacts of bitterns discharge and identification of mangrove impacts. • Burrup Industrial Water Supply Marine Monitoring Programme – Water Corporation. Monitoring of water and sediment quality and use of oysters to assess bioaccumulation in relation to desalination plant discharge into King Bay, Mermaid Sound • Environmental Impact Assessment and Marine Report for Sorouh, Reem Island in Abu Dhabi, UAE. Detailed field assessment and documentation of the potential impacts associated with the proposed redevelopment of Reem Island. • Dampier Salt Gap Analysis and Environmental Management Plan for the Port Hedland Operations. Multi-faceted project to investigate environmental issues associated with solar salt production in Port Hedland (work in progress). • Collie Power Station Annual Marine Monitoring Programme. Annual assessment of the environmental impacts of the Collie Power Station wastewater discharge. • Cocos (Keeling) Islands Outfall Monitoring Programme. Annual monitoring programme since 1999 designed to assess the impacts of discharge of wastewater into the marine environment.
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• Austeel Marine Baseline Survey - Documentation of existing conditions at Cape Preston in relation to the proposed $5.5B iron ore processing and loading facility. • Burrup Industrial Water Supply and Desalination Plant - Dredge and Spoil Management Plan. • Dampier Salt – Gap analysis for development of an Operational Environmental Management Plan – particularly focusing on the impacts of bitterns discharge. • Collie Power Station Outfall Monitoring - Assessment of cooling water ocean discharge impacts associated with the Collie coal-fired Power Station. Annual monitoring in relation to licence conditions. • Rumah Baru Marine Monitoring – Cocos (Keeling) Islands- Assessment of marine impacts associated with the construction of an offshore island for use as a passenger and freight terminal at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Project ran from 1996 to 2003 and included long term monitoring of a tropical seagrass population, beach stability, turtles and development of monitoring techniques for massive corals. • Bent St Boat Ramp – Assessment of environmental factors associated with the extension of a boat ramp into the Shoalwater Islands marine park for the City of Rockingham. Public consultation, management of modelling studies, construction monitoring to the satisfaction of CALM marine branch. • Port Beach Road Realignment Environmental study to determine setback distances for the Fremantle Port Authority. • Townsville Harbour Hydrodynamic Modelling Study - Current and suspended sediment data collection for model calibration and validation using a vessel mounted acoustic doppler current profiler. • Perth Coastal Waters Study. Water Authority of Western Australia - Collection of light and water quality data in coastal waters in relation to the discharge of nutrients from metropolitan ocean sewage outfalls. • Port Hedland Harbour Environmental Monitoring Programme - BHP Iron Ore. Project management of multifaceted programme designed to provide ongoing documentation of significant aspects of the harbour environment in relation to the bulk handling of iron ore. • Submarine Power Cable Environmental Assessment - Cocos (Keeling) Is. Route selection, habitat classification, potential impacts, and implications of the approval process associated with the new Commonwealth EP&BC legislation.
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• Rumah Baru Environmental Monitoring - Environmental monitoring over 7 years in relation to a proposed passenger and freight facility at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. • Cape Peron Sewage Outfall Monitoring Programme - Water Authority of Western Australia. Metropolitan sewage outfall intensive marine monitoring programme. • Cockburn Sound Dredging Management Plan - Cockburn Cement Ltd. • Cocos Islands District High School Fish Project - Assistance over 3 years in identifying species and analysing data. • BP Kwinana Oil Refinery - Assessment of flow monitoring options for the seawater cooling system discharge. • Seagrass/sediment project (CSIRO/UWA) - Determination of carbohydrate stores in seagrass rhizomes. Botany Dept UWA. • Geraldton Marine and Harbours - Impact assessment of breakwater construction on seagrass beds. Botany Dept UWA. • Warnbro Sound Seagrass Faunal Study - UWA and WA Museum joint project. Botany Dept UWA. • Maritime Museum, Fremantle - Voluntary work including diving, wreck site surveys and drafting of site and artefact details. Thai-Australian underwater archaeological project, "Koh Si Chang 1" wreck site, Thailand (32m depth). "Risdam" shipwreck survey, Malaysia. "Cumberland" expedition, Augusta, Western Australia.
Freshwater Projects
• Lake Kurrenkutten Environmental Impact Assessment – DEC. Assessment of potential impact of diversion of acid saline drainage from the Narambeen Area currently flowing into Seagroat National Park • Living Stream Project – WAC see above • Yanchep Lagoon Feature Lake – PEET and CO. Artificial lake design • Causeway Bridges – Main Roads. Assessment of the impacts on water and sediment quality associated with the abrasive sandblasting of bridges crossing the swan river. • Putrajaya Lake Development, Malaysia - Planning of design, construction and operational aspects of water quality for the 700ha Putrajaya Lake planned for the new Administrative Centre of Malaysia. Assistance with the design of a 118ha artificial wetland system which aimed improve water quality of inflowing water. • Wright Lake Planning Sudy – City of Armadale – see above
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• Claremont Nutrient Stripping Basin – City of Claremont. Design of an up flow planted filter bed for treating stormwater prior to entry into Lake Claremont. • Hamilton Lakes Development - Design of feature urban lakes to maximise and amenity and minimise the risk of problems associated with poor water quality. The site had a high peet content and the lakes were to be built into the existing urban stormwater drainage system. • Farm Dam Environmental Investigations - Comprehensive investigation of environment aspects of West Australian wheatbelt farm dams in relation to freshwater crayfish production. • Artificial Aeration and Destratification Project, Harding Reservoir - Water Authority of Western Australia. Assessment of an artificial areation strategy designed to overcome water quality problems associated with periodic overturn events in the Harding Reservoir. • Herdsman Lake Monitoring Programme - Sherwood Nominees. Monitoring of lake water quality in relation to dredging operations.
Aquaculture and Fisheries
• Review of the Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) of Australian Aquaculture Industry. - Commonwealth Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) and the National Aquaculture Council (NAC). This project addressed the Aquaculture Industry Action Agenda requirement for growing aquaculture in an ecologically sustainable manner, with reference to international approaches to sustainability, EPBC Act requirements and existing State level industry regulation across Australia. • Giant Clam / Pearl Oyster Mariculture Project - Cocos Keeling Islands - Establishment of giant clam (Tridacna sp) and pearl oyster (Pinctata margaritifera) industry for private investors (Tycraft Pty Ltd). This project has involved overcoming a large number of Commonwealth bureaucratic hurdles for obtaining leases and licenses and logistical constraints associated with the unique and remote nature of the Islands. • Environmental Monitoring for Pearling Operations - Development of biologically relevant and cost effective environmental monitoring programmes and protocols for the pearling industry. • Aquaculture Study Tour - Government funded study tour of academic institutions and commercial aquaculture enterprises in Malaysia, Thailand, Israel, USA and Tasmania.
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• Live Rock Lobster Holding Facility Database - Design and data analysis to indicate sources of loss in the $40 million live lobster operations for the Geraldton Fisherman’s Co-Operative. • Dhufish Breeding Programme - Parkinson Fish Research. • Maximisation of Yabby Production in Farm Dams - Comprehensive investigation of environment aspects of West Australian wheatbelt farm dams in relation to freshwater crayfish production. • Aquaculture Lectures - Presented lectures on Aquaculture as part of the Management of Aquatic Systems course in Environmental Science, Murdoch University. • Crayfishing Deckhand - 8 and 13m jet boats at the Abrolhos Islands and Geraldton coastal area. Total of 15 months logged sea time.
Distinguishing Competencies
• Client focus. • Strategic thinking and solution based approach. • Academic understanding of marine and freshwater chemistry, physical processes and biological interactions. • Creative approach and good spatial skills in design issues. • Understanding of planning protocols and processes. • Marine field skills, boat handling and commercial diving. • Excellent verbal and written communication skills.
Employment record from – to employer/description of duties 2007 - present Self-employed as contract consultant 2001 - 2007 Maunsell Australia Pty Ltd, Environmental Scientist Senior Environmental Scientist
1999 - 2001 Gutteridge Haskins and Davey Pty Ltd Contract Environmental Work
1997 - 2001 Private Enterprise Aquaculture Project, Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Equity Partner , Joint Manager
1995 - 1996 Halpern Glick Maunsell Environmental Scientist
1993 - 1995 Environmental Sciences and Engineering Pty Ltd Environmental Scientist
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from – to employer/description of duties 1992 - 1993 Halpern Glick Maunsell Environmental Scientist
1990 - 1991 Murdoch University Research Assistant
1989 University of Western Australia Marine Research Assistant, Botany Department
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Marianne Nyegaard Marine Biologist Marianne is a marine biologist with a BSc and MSc in marine biology from Tromsø University in Northern Norway, and ADAS part II dive qualifications. Previously Marianne worked in fisheries in the Falkland Islands and on Thursday Island teaching marine biology. She has local consulting experience specialising in environmental impacts from dredging. QUALIFICATIONS Cand. Scient. (MSc by research) in Marine Biology at Aberdeen University (Scotland) and Tromsø University (Norway), 2001 Cand. Mag (BSc) in Biology at Tromsø University (Norway), 1999 ADAS level II occupational diver (AS 1523.2), 2003 AWARDS Sinclair Knight Mertz award for best presentation at the SKM Sustainability and Water Resources Conference (2007)* Sinclair Knight Mertz CEO medal for outstanding client service, jointly awarded to the five core members of the Pluto LNG Development Team (2006)* PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS CEDA – Central Dredging Association (Holland) COURSES Red Cross Senior First Aid, September 2006 Red Cross CPR, January 2009 DAN accredited oxygen administration, December 2008 HUET, 2005 Marine Radio Operator’s VHF Certificate of Proficiency, 2004 Queensland Speedboat licence, 2004 Management of Crown of Thorn Starfish Outbreaks– GBRMPA 2004 KEY POSITIONS HELD Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd (WA) – Marine Biologist, May 2007 – present Sinclair Knight Merz (WA) – Marine Scientist, October 2005 – April 2007 QAS – consultant in indigenous education 2005 TAFE – lecturer 2004-2005 Scientific Fisheries Observer, Falkland Island Fisheries Department, 2001-2002 KEY PROJECTS Key Project and Data Management Cape Lambert 320 Port Study sediment screening for seadumping permit – project manger (for Rio Tinto), 2007
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Pluto LNG Development, review and support – project manager (for SKM/Woodside), 2007
Pluto Supply Base, review and support (for SKM/Woodside), 2007
Fremantle Ports Kwinana Quays development – screening sediment for impact assessment from dredging and land reclamation (for Fremantle Ports, 2008-09)
Fremantle Port Marine Quality Monitoring Programme – Project manager (for Fremantle Ports), 2008-2009
Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Cocos (Keeling) Islands – project manager (for Wyllie & Skene/GHD), 2009
Key Environmental Surveys and Monitoring Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal, Cocos (Keeling Islands) – coral and seagrass baseline survey – snorkling (for Wyllie & Skene/GHD, 2009)
Alkimos Algae Monitoring – macro-algae survey, scuba (for Watercorp, 2009)
Fremantle Ports Kwinana Quays development – sediment sampling during geotechnical drilling survey, geotechnical rig (for Fremantle Ports, 2008)
Fremantle Ports Kwinana Quays development – sediment sampling, scuba (for Fremantle Ports, 2008)
Cape Lambert Port B Development – sediment sampling, habitat mapping (for Rio Tinto, 2008)
Cape Lambert Port B Development – sediment sampling during geotechnical drilling survey, geotechnical rig (for Rio Tinto, 2008)
Pluto Supply Base and Pluto LNG Development – Sediment sampling, habitat mapping, vessel (for Woodside, 2007)
Australian Marine Complex Upgrade – Dredge water quality monitoring, vessel (for Water Corp, 2007)
Dampier Port Upgrade – Dredge pest species inspections, SSBA (for Rio Tinto, 2006/2007)*
Browse - Habitat mapping at Scott Reef, SSBA (for Woodside, 2006)*
Pluto LNG Development - Coral monitoring in Mermaid Sound. SSBA (for Woodside, 2006)*
Pluto LNG Development – Sediment sampling, multibeam survey, drop camera, vessel (for Woodside, 2006)*
Perth Desalination Plant – underwater video transects, sediment coring, scuba (for Water Corp 2006)*
Seagrass research in Jurien Bay – Collection of seagrass data, scuba (for Edith Cowen University, 2005)*
Long term monitoring – Volunteer support diver, scuba (for AIMS, 2004)*
Squid egg survey - scuba (for the Falkland Island Fisheries, 2001/2002)*
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Ground fish and squid surveys - vessel (for the Falkland Islands Fisheries / Department of Fisheries, Argentina, 2001/2002)*
Routine catch monitoring, ground trawlers (for the Falkland Island Fisheries, 2001/2002)* Key Technical Reports/Reviews/Advice Fremantle Ports Kwinana Quays development – SAP and SAP implementation report in support of impact assessment of dredging and land-reclamation (for Fremantle Ports) , 2008-2009
Review of the National Ocean Disposal Guidelines for Dredged Material (EA, 2002) (for Rio Tinto, 2008)
Cape Lambert Port B Development – SAP and SAP implementation report in support of seadumping application (for Rio Tinto, 2008)
Pluto LNG Development – SAP and SAP implementation report in support of seadumping application (for Woodside, 2006)
Pluto LNG Development – co-author with S. Langtry (APASA) – Validation study of the Pluto LNG Development Dredge Plume Dispersion Models and Coral Sedimentation Thresholds*
Trial Fishery for Nephrops norvegicus – Field work/evaluation of potential local prawn fishery/quota and license recommendations (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Isle of Man, 2003)*
Environmental Impact Assessment Pluto LNG Development– dredge impact assessment with particular focus on EPA guidance statement no 29 on Benthic Primary Producer Habitat (Woodside, 2005/2006)*
Pluto LNG Development –Revised coral impact assessment (co-author with S. Langtry, APASA) (Woodside, 2007)*
Cape Lambert Port Upgrade – review of EIA, further dredging impact assessment and reporting with particular focus on EPA guidance statement no 29 on Benthic Primary Producer Habitat (ROBE, 2006)*
Environmental Management Plans Rumah Baru Freight and Passenger Terminal – Construction Environmental Management Plan (Wyllie & Skene, 2009)
Pluto LNG Development – (co-author) draft Dredge Spoil Disposal Management Plan (Woodside, 2005/2006)* Research and Teaching Marine Environments – Lecturer and course coordinator for Torres Strait Islanders, Thursday Island TAFE, 2004*
Diet investigations of Kingklip (Genypterus blacodes) in Falkland Island Waters (Falkland Island Fisheries Department, 2001/2002)
“What does it for a squid? An analysis of reproductive behaviour, demography, diet and spatial distribution of the European Common Squid (Alloteuthis subulata) in the Irish Sea” - Cand. Scient. thesis (MSc, 2001)*
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“Occurrence and Life Cycle of the European Flying Squid Todarodes sagittatus” – Cand. Mag. thesis (BSc, 1999)*
Fisheries Biology - Population modelling computer lab teacher, Tromsø University, 1999/2000*
Zoology, Ecology - Laboratory and fieldtrip assistant, semester project supervisor, Tromsø and Aberdeen University, 1999/2000*
PUBLICATIONS Variation in the diet of Genypterus blacodes (Ophidiidae) around the Falkland Islands. M. Nyegaard, A. Arkhipkin & P. Brickle, 2004. Journal of Fish Biology/65 (3): 666-682.
Application of depletion methods to estimate stock size in the squid Loligo forbesi in Scottish waters (UK). Young I.A.G., Pierce G.H., Daly H.I., Santos M.B., Key L.N., Bailey N, Robin J.P., Bishop A.J., Stowasser G., Nyegaard M., Cho S.K., Rasero M., Pereira J.M.F., 2004. Fisheries Research/69: 211-227.
*Completed under previous employment or study Last updated March 09
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DR KAREN HILLMAN Director Aquatic Ecologist Dr Hillman is an aquatic ecologist with twenty seven years experience in research and the development and co-ordination of environmental monitoring programmes in estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Her research interests are water quality, sediment quality, seagrass ecosystems, and the relative importance of various primary producers (seagrasses, reef algae and phytoplankton) in supporting aquatic food webs. Her professional focus is largely on environmental impact assessment, and the development of criteria to assess the environmental health of aquatic ecosystems. Dr Hillman has strong skills in strategic planning, programme evaluation, the distillation and interpretation of multi-disciplinary data, and report writing.
In addition to the specific environmental experience listed below, Karen has developed commercial and human resources management experience during her time as an Aquatic Ecologist and as a director of Oceanica since March 2002. QUALIFICATIONS Doctor of Philosophy (Botany), 1985, University of Western Australia Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Botany), 1978, University of Western Australia PADI Open Water Diver, 1980 Senior First Aid, 2005 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Australian Marine Sciences Association Australian Water Association Environmental Consultants Association (Western Australia) (International) Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry COURSES Financial Dynamics, Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 2004, Perth. KEY POSITIONS HELD Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd (WA)—Director, Aquatic Ecologist, 2002 ongoing D.A. Lord & Associates (WA)—Principal Aquatic Ecologist, 1995–2002 Swan River Trust Technical Advisory Panel, 2007 ongoing Australian Marine Sciences Association, WA Branch Committee (President), 2007 KEY PROJECTS Project and Data Management Long-term Dredging Environmental Management Programme (EMP)—Project Director for a major EMP required as a condition for approval to dredge shellsand within the Owen Anchorage area. The EMP comprises multi-disciplinary technical studies, environmental management planning, and assisting in the development of future practices for resource recovery and rehabilitation (Cockburn Cement, 2003-present). 1
Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan (SRRP)—Project Director for a major project carried out as a joint initiative between industry and State government, aimed at developing and implementing seagrass rehabilitation procedures that are economically feasible and environmentally sustainable. The SRRP involves three WA Universities, a WA Botanic Gardens and Parks Management Authority, several WA Environmental Consultants and a WA Marine Engineering firm (Cockburn Cement Limited/Department of Industry & Resources, 2006-present Comprehensive baseline survey of benthic macrofauna community and sediment habitat in the deep basin of Cockburn Sound—Project Director for a large project involving the geospatial sampling design, collection and statistical analysis of data on benthic invertebrates, sediment characteristics, water quality and video surveys at 77 sites in Cockburn Sound (Water Corporation, 2006-2007). Evaluation of the Swan-Canning Cleanup Program Action Plan—Project Director for the evaluation of a $17.5 million dollar program aimed at reducing diffuse nutrient inputs to the Swan-Canning estuary and rivers, to reduce a developing algal bloom problem. The Action Plan encompasses multi-disciplinary technical studies, coordination of catchment management groups, and a major community awareness project. The evaluation has involved close collaboration with Action Plan personnel, and an Expert Reference Panel of ten national and international experts (Swan River Trust, 2004- 2005). Environmental Surveys and Monitoring Swan-Canning TBT Survey—Survey, analysis and reporting on tributylin & metal contamination in sediments and biota in the vicinity of yacht clubs in the Swan- Canning estuary, including assessment of the environmental implications of the data (Swan River Trust, 2007-present). Albany Waterfront Development—Design and implementation of sediment and water quality surveys for environmental impact assessment of the proposed Albany Waterfront Project, and monitoring of impacts on water quality and seagrass health during construction of the same project (LandCorp, 2005-present). Esperance Port Authority Lead and Nickel Contamination—Design and implementation of a sediment sampling program for the Esperance Port Authority, to assess the extent of lead and nickel contamination. This comprehensive and rigorous program was approved by an accredited contaminated sites auditor, and also by the Department of Environment and Conservation, before implementation (Esperance Port Authority, 2007, ongoing). Sediment Sampling Programmes—Numerous recent (within the last three years) sediment sampling programs for various clients, including the Water Corporation, Alcoa, Fremantle Ports, Cockburn Cement Ltd, LandCorp, Tiwest Joint Venture, Millennium Chemicals, Murchison Metals Ltd, and the Department for Planning and Infrastructure. Environmental Management Programme for Owen Anchorage—Coordination, involving monitoring of bathymetry, water quality, seagrass health and coastal processes; and monitoring and modelling of hydrodynamic processes (Cockburn Cement Ltd, 1996- present). Preparation of a Manual of Standard Operating Procedures for Environmental Monitoring against the Cockburn Sound Environmental Quality Criteria—This manual sets out the sample collection and analysis methods, and statistical data analysis required in order for technically sound comparisons to be made against EQC for Cockburn Sound (including those for TBT in sediments, and imposex in whelks), under the State Environmental Policy for Cockburn Sound (Department of Environment and Conservation, 2004). Swan and Canning Rivers, Trace Metals and Persistent Organics—Collation, review and interpretation of data on the levels of trace metals and persistent organics in the water, sediments and biota of the Swan and Canning Rivers, and their effects on environmental health (Water and Rivers Commission, 1998-1999). Engineering and Modelling Examination of the potential environmental impacts on Cockburn Sound, of complete or partial removal of a rockfill Causeway that restricts oceanic flushing at the southern end of the Sound. Analysis undertaken using a combination of hydrodynamic modelling to predict changes in flushing patterns, and the interpretation of ecological
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effects. Work included preparation of a Community Summary Paper (Cockburn Sound Management Council, 2002-2003) Perth Long-term Ocean Outfall Monitoring (PLOOM) Programme, Project M2: Ecological Modelling and Nutrient Pathways—Refinement of a computer model of the fate and effects of discharges from domestic wastewater outlets on coastal waters. Specific focus on nutrient cycling, sediment resuspension and light attenuation, and the subsequent effects of these processes on water quality and phytoplankton levels (Water Corporation, 1998). Technical Reports/Reviews/Advice Member of the Swan River Trust Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) providing detailed scientific and strategic advice to the Swan River Trust on an ‘as needed’ basis (Swan River Trust, 2006-present). Participation in Swan-Canning Cleanup Program (SCCP) focus groups, required to generate detailed recommendations for the second five years of the SCCP Action Plan. Involvement in three focus groups: 1) The modification of river conditions and application of intervention techniques to improve river health; 2) The monitoring of river health and reporting to the community; and 3) The identification and closing of knowledge gaps through research and development. Preparation of discussion papers, and provision of technical representation on these three focus areas, and also preparation of a State of the River report based on available data on the state of the Swan/Canning system (Swan River Trust, 2006). Environmental Risk Assessment framework for Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) on the Gnangara Mound. This document addresses the potential impacts of using recycled wastewater to ‘top-up’ groundwater from the ‘Gnangara Mound’ aquifer, which supports numerous wetlands, streams and drainage channels, cave stream fauna (stygofauna) and areas of groundwater-dependent vegetation (phreatophytic vegetation). The proposed approach also addressed water quality improvement needed to ensure an acceptable environmental outcome. The document was also sufficiently generic to provide a basis for developing a State-wide strategy for MAR (Water Corporation, 2005-2006). Ongoing Advisory Services for Water Recycle Projects, with particular emphasis on potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems (Water Corporation, 2006-present). Preparation of a State Algal Bloom Management Strategy, examining the problems caused by algal blooms in Western Australia; the factors that cause them; appropriate response protocols; and short-term (1–2 years) , medium-term (5 years) and long-term (10–20 years) strategies for management (Water and Rivers Commission, 2000) Preparation of submission on national sediment quality guidelines being proposed by the Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) (Kwinana Industries Council, 1999). Environmental Impact Assessment Preparation of the Owen Anchorage Pressure-State-Response report, a synopsis of the state of Owen Anchorage, the pressures that it is subject to and the current management responses. The report provided the base information for the Council to prepare an Environmental Management Plan for Owen Anchorage. Work included preparation of a Community Summary Paper (Cockburn Sound Management Council, 2006-2007). A review of contaminants in, and risks associated with, contaminants in treated domestic wastewater, including coordination of ecotoxicological testing of wastewater and interpretation of results (Water Corporation, 2005-2006). Preparation of the Cockburn Sound Pressure-State-Response report, a synopsis of the state of Cockburn Sound, the pressures that it is subject to and the current management responses. The report provided the base information for the Council to prepare an Environmental Management Plan for the Sound (Cockburn Sound Management Council, 2000-2001) Assessment of the potential environmental impacts of various jetty and boat ramp options at two sites near ‘Whaleworld’, Albany, southwest Western Australia. This project involved considerable community consultation, as well as technical studies (Great Southern Development Commission, 2003-2004)
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Assessment of key contaminants of concern on the North West Shelf, and collation and distillation of the toxicological data relevant to those contaminants. Study undertaken for the North West Shelf Joint Environmental Management Study (CSIRO, Preparation of Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC Act) referral documents for two development proposals near Coral Bay, northwest Western Australia (Department for Planning & Infrastructure, 2002) Risk assessment of fuel spills in Coral Bay, carried out as part of the Public Environmental Review for the development of a boating facility in the vicinity of Coral Bay (Department for Planning & Infrastructure, 2001) Dawesville Channel—Technical review of the response of the Peel-Harvey Estuary system to the opening of the Dawesville Channel (Water and Rivers Commission, 2001– 2002). Environmental Management Plans Construction Environmental Management Plan for the proposed Albany Waterfront Project, including aspects of seagrass distribution (aerial surveys), seagrass health, water quality and coastal processes (LandCorp, 2006-present). Comprehensive water and sediment quality monitoring and management plan for the Jervoise Bay Southern Harbour EMP (Department of Commerce and Trade, 1999- 2001). Construction EMPs and operation EMPs for the marine environment associated with the East Coast Armaments Complex, for the Department of Defence, Point Wilson, Victoria (Kinhill Pty Ltd, 1994)*. Research and Teaching Botany Department—Post-Doctoral research to examine the contribution of various primary producers to nearshore coastal food webs (University of Western Australia, 1985-1988). Botany Department—Doctoral research to examine the production ecology of the seagrass Halophila ovalis in the Swan-Canning, and its contribution to the estuarine food web (University of Western Australia, 1985). Botany Department—Teaching Assistantship, involving lectures in first, second and third year undergraduate courses (University of Western Australia, 1980). PUBLICATIONS Numerous technical reports on estuarine and coastal ecology, water quality, environmental impact assessment, and seagrasses, and twelve published papers (scientific papers, conference papers and book chapters).
*Completed under previous employment or study Last updated October 07
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DR KAREN CRAWLEY Marine Ecologist Dr Karen Crawley is a marine ecologist with a PhD in environmental management examining the role and interactions of detached macrophyte accumulations in surfzones. Karen has had several years experience within the Department for Environment and Conservation, working in both the Marine Ecosystems Branch and the Environmental Audit Section. Karen is an accredited environmental auditor with the RABQSA and an ADAS Part I commercial diver. QUALIFICATIONS Doctor of Philosophy (Environmental Management), March 2002-September 2005, Edith Cowan University Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Marine Biology) 1997, University of Western Australia Research and Limited Scientific Diver Certificate (AS/NZS 2299.2:2002), 2007 Environmental Auditor, 2007, RABQSA Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Part I diver, April 2008 AWARDS Postgraduate Symposium of the Strategic Research Fund for the Marine Environment (SRFME) Scholarship Program at CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. Prizes for student presentations in 2003 and 2005. Dame Mary Gilmore Award 2004 offered by The Karrakatta Club, Perth and Edith Cowan University for additional PhD project funding. PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Australian Marine Sciences Association RABQSA International: Personnel and Training Certification COURSES Environmental Assessment for Practitioners (Environmental Consultants Association Short Course) Environmental Auditor Certification Workshop—RABQSA accredited course through Graham A Brown & Associates, Environmental & Resource Consultants Multivariate statistics workshop using PRIMER (Plymouth Routine in Marine Ecological Research) and PERMANOVA through the University of Western Australia Macroalgae Identification Workshop through the Australian Marine Science Association (W.A. branch) 4WD Drive Training Courses (University of Western Australia and Adventure Out) Senior First Aid and Advanced Resuscitation (St. Johns Ambulance) KEY POSITIONS HELD Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd—Marine Ecologist, August 2006–present. Department of Environment—Environmental Officer in the Marine Ecosystems Branch, February 2000-March 2002, May 2006-August 2006 Department of Environment—Environmental Officer in the Environmental Audit Section, November 2005-May 2006 Department of Botany, University of Western Australia—Graduate Research Assistant, January 1998–December 1999
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KEY PROJECTS Environmental Surveys and Monitoring Shark Bay Resources—Oceanica project manager for Useless Loop Shark Bay Salt Infrastructure Upgrade and Dredging Proposals: Environmental approvals application process and associated environmental monitoring. Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan—Oceanica project manager for Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan (SRRP) and co-ordinator of commercial seagrass planting (Cockburn Cement Limited and Department of Industry and Resources 2007/08) Albany Waterfront Development Environmental Monitoring—Baseline survey and project/data manager for environmental monitoring in Albany with G. Bastyan & Associates. (Strategen 2007/08) Sepia Depression Ocean Outlet Landline (SDOOL) —Oceanica project manager for SDOOL project. (Water Corporation 2007/08) Coral Bay Boating Facility—Baseline (and interim) surveys of water and sediment quality and coral health in Coral Bay, with MScience. (Department for Planning and Infrastructure 2007) Oakajee Port—Monitoring and baseline surveys of seagrass and algae health for the proposed Oakajee Port, Geraldton (Crosslands, 2008) Hillarys Halo Monitoring—Monitoring of the bare sand halo around Hillarys Marina breakwater extension (Department for Planning and Infrastructure 2007) Perth Long-term Ocean Outlet Monitoring Programme Metals and Pesticides Survey—Field survey of metals and pesticides in mussels and sediments adjacent to Sepia Depression and Ocean Reef ocean outlets (Water Corporation, 2006-2007) Alcoa Nearshore Marine Survey—Water and sediment quality monitoring, fauna collection and video transects in Cockburn Sound and Owen Anchorage (Alcoa Australia, 2006) Cockburn Sound Seagrass Health Survey—Diver and field assistant assisting with monitoring of Posidonia seagrass health in Cockburn Sound and Warnbro Sound (Edith Cowan University, 2003, 2004)* Technical Reports/Reviews/Advice Environmental Impact Assessment Advice—Under Part IV of the Environmental Protection Act, provided technical advice for proposals undergoing environmental impact assessment by the Department of Environment/Environmental Protection Authority and Environmental Management Plans for approved projects including mining and port developments. Evaluated the potential impact of proposals or projects approved by the Minister for the Environment, primarily in relation to the effects of waste discharges and infrastructure development on the marine environment. (Marine Ecosystems Branch, Department of Environment, 2000-2002, 2006)* Cape Lambert Port Upgrade Dredging and Spoil Disposal Management Plan—Review of Cape Lambert Port Upgrade Dredging and Spoil Disposal Management Plan in relation to draft Ministerial conditions, undertaken in conjunction with MScience (Robe River Iron Associates, 2007) Dampier Port Upgrade Dredging and Spoil Disposal Management Plan—Review of Dampier Port Upgrade Dredging and Spoil Disposal Management Plan in relation to draft conditions set out in Environmental Protection Authority Bulletin 1225 (Hamersley Iron, 2006) Communications and Public Relations Presentations—Recent presentations made for the Sepia Depression Ocean Outlet Landline (SDOOL) Stakeholder Liaison Group (Water Corporation) and the Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan workshop (Cockburn Cement/Department of Industry and Resources).
Previous presentations made at state postgraduate symposiums for the Strategic Research Fund for the Marine Environment (SRFME) and at national conferences
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(Australian Marine Sciences Association and Australian Society of Fish Biology) and local community groups* Environmental Management Plans Albany Port Expansion Proposal—Seagrass Rehabilitation Environmental Management Plan (Albany Port Authority 2008) Alkimos Wastewater Treatment Plant—Marine Treated Wastewater Discharge Monitoring and Management Plan (Water Corporation 2008) Coral Bay Boating Facility—Finalised Construction and Rehabilitation Environmental Management Plans and a draft Operational Environmental Management Plan for the Coral Bay Boating Facility (Department of Planning and Infrastructure, 2007/08) Environmental audits—Desk-top audits and site audits of projects approved by the Minister for the Environment. Audited proponents for compliance with conditions and commitments set out in Ministerial Statements and associated Environmental Management Plans (Environmental Audit Section, Department of Environment, 2005- 2006)* Research and Teaching Researching the importance of detached seagrasses and macroalgae (wrack deposits) for invertebrates and fish in nearshore areas—PhD research (Edith Cowan University, 2002–2005)* Researching the interaction between grazers and algae on seagrass meadows in relation to community structure—Honours research (The University of Western Australia, 1997)* Biology, Understanding Pollution & Coastal and Marine Science—University demonstrator (Edith Cowan University, 2002-2004)* PUBLICATIONS Crawley, K.R., Hyndes, G.A. and Ayvazian, S.G. (2006). The influence of different volumes and types of detached macrophytes on fish community structure in surf zones of sandy beaches. Marine Ecology Progress Series 307: 233–246. Crawley, K.R. and Hyndes, G.A. (2007). The role of different types of detached macrophytes in the food and habitat choice of a surf zone inhabiting amphipod. Marine Biology 151: 1433–1443. Crawley, K.R., Hyndes, G.A. and Vanderklift M.A. (2007). Variation among diets in discrimination of δ13C and δ15N in the amphipod Allorchestes compressa, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 349: 370-377. Crawley, K.R., Hyndes, G.A., Vanderklift, M.A., Revill A.T. and P.D. Nichols (Marine Ecology Progress Series, in press). Allochthonous brown algae is the primary food source for consumers in a temperate, coastal environment.
*Completed under previous employment or study Last updated December 08
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Dr Glenn Shiell Marine Ecologist Glenn is a passionate scientist with a primary interest in marine water quality and its influence on environmental biology. Glenn has an undergraduate background in aquatic biology (BSc, Deakin; Hons, La Trobe) and a postgraduate degree (PhD, UWA) in marine ecology. Glenn’s primary strengths include his dedication to developing scientifically robust environmental monitoring programmes and his ability to consider environmental management problems in the context of trophic inter-dependencies. His professional experience includes several years of consulting in the field of limnology (Wetlands Research and Management), marine ecology (Oceanica) and a year with the Marine Ecology Group (UWA), investigating the ecology of demersal fin-fish assemblages of Western Australia, New Zealand and the Sultanate of Oman. Glenn is also an accomplished author, having published several papers in internationally acclaimed peer- reviewed journals. QUALIFICATIONS PhD (Marine Ecology), 2006, University of Western Australia Honours (Limnology), 1998, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Vic Bachelor of Science (Aquatic Science), 1997, Deakin University, Warrnambool, Vic AWARDS Australian Research Council (ARC) Post Graduate Research Award (APAI) (2000) Bank West/UWA Post Graduate Research Travel Award (2002) AMSA-WA Early Career Scientist International Travel Award (2008) PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Australian Marine Science Association (AMSA) 2000-2003; 2006-present COURSES Appropriate Experimental Design using Analysis of Variance, UWA, 2008 Commercial Diving (ADAS, Part I), 2008 St John Senior First Aid, 2007 DAN Oxygen Provider, 2006 TL3 Small Boat Handling, 2002 PADI Open Water Diver, 2000 KEY POSITIONS HELD Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd (WA)–Marine Ecologist, March 2007–Present. Marine Ecology Group, The University of Western Australia–Research Associate, June 2006–February 2007 Wetlands Research & Management (WA)–Consultant Biologist, October 2003–June 2006 Phytoplankton Taxonomist, La Trobe University (Victoria)–Laboratory Technician, March 1998–June 1998 KEY PROJECTS Project and Data Management Perth Long Term Ocean Outlet Monitoring (PLOOM) Programme-Managed all components of the programme’s extensive water quality monitoring surveys; designed and implemented modifications to the Trial Compliance Monitoring Programme (Water Corporation, 2007). Recent work has included a review of the PLOOM programme
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including the design and implementation of an appropriate statistical analysis applicable to volumes of data collected under the PLOOM programme.
Bunbury Ocean Outlet Monitoring (BOOM) Programme-Managed all components of the offshore and shoreline water quality monitoring programme; undertook long term analysis of biological data, including temporal variations in the leaf and rhizome density of the sea grass Posidonia angustifolia (Water Corporation, 2007).
Cockburn Sound Water Temperature Monitoring-Managed deployment of semi-permanent water temperature loggers in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia (NewGen, 2007).
Co-design and management of a monitoring programme for Busselton seagrass communities adjacent to the Vasse Diversion drain, Busselton. This collaborative proposal (with Dr Mark Westera and Mr Peter Barnes, UWA) involved the design of an experimental monitoring programme based on the beyond-BACI impact assessment analysis developed by Underwood (1992; 1994). (Proposal to Water Corporation, 2007).
Co-design and management of a pilot study to determine the suitability of northern low- relief reefs for a macro-algae assemblage research programme. The programme will identify appropriate reference and potential impact reefs in the vicinity of the proposed Alkimos wastewater treatment plant ocean outlet, due to commence operations in 2010.
Design and implementation of a scientifically robust monitoring programme to determine the effect of treated wastewater on macro-algae reef assemblages in Perth’s coastal waters. The research will employ Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to develop a before/after-control/impact (beyond-BACI) research programme to detect fine-scale changes in macro-algae assemblages in response to nitrogenous wastewater inputs.
Technical Reports/Reviews/Advice Storey, AW. & Shiell, G.R. 2006. Stable isotope analysis of food web structures of Fly River floodplain waterbodies, Papua New Guinea. Wetlands Research and Management. Unpublished report to Ok Tedi Mining Ltd.*
Storey, AW., Lynas, J. & Shiell, G.R. 2006. Aquatic biodiversity of the Fly River catchment, Papua New Guinea. Wetlands Research and Management. Unpublished report to Ok Tedi Mining Ltd.*
Storey, AW., Shiell, G.R., Chandler, L., & Lynas, J. 2006. Limnological investigations of Fly River floodplain waterbodies, Papua New Guinea. Wetlands Research and Management. Unpublished report to Ok Tedi Mining Ltd.*
Creagh, S., Davies, P.M., Chandler, L., Lynas, J. & Shiell, G.R. 2004. Baseline Aquatic Ecosystem Surveys of Brooks in the Willowdale North Area. Report ST 12/03. Streamtec Pty Ltd. Unpublished report to Alcoa World Alumina – Australia Pty Ltd.*
Creagh, S & Shiell, G.R. 2004. Aquatic Ecosystems of the Upper Fortescue River Catchment. Unpublished report to BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd. Report ST 02/04. Streamtec Pty Ltd.*
Review of a scientific manuscripts for the international peer reviewed journals, Marine Biology (February 2007) and Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (August 2008).
Joint technical review of ‘Environmental studies in the Richard’s Bay offshore outfall region. Report No. 20. Surveys made in 2006/2007’ with D.A. Lord Associates for Mhlathuze Water, South Africa (Mhlathuze Water, 2007)
Communications and Public Relations (selection) 10 years of water quality monitoring in Perth’s coastal waters: effect of major wastewater treatment plant upgrades—Research paper to the joint New Zealand 2
Marine Sciences Society and the Australian Marine Sciences Association Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand (July 2008)
Aggregations of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei on Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia—Research paper to participants in the WAMSI Ningaloo Reef Symposium, Murdoch University (July, 2007)
Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei; mysteries of the reproductive ecology of sea cucumber—Research paper to Marine Ecology Group (Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 2006)*
Marine Science Seminar—Organised and chaired the inaugural Marine Science Seminar, Coral Bay Western Australia (2003)*
The density of Holothuria nobilis and the distribution of common holothurians on Coral Reefs of Western Australia—Research paper to participants at the ASCAM sea cucumber management workshop, Dalian, China (2003)*
Research and Teaching Animal Biology—Guest Lecturer (UWA, 2006-Present)
Research Associate—Gained experience in the use of Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) to investigate demersal fin-fish assemblages in Western Australia, New Zealand and the Sultanate of Oman (Marine Ecology Group, UWA, 2006–2007)*
The spatial distribution, behaviour and reproductive strategies of the commercial sea cucumber, Holothuria whitmaei, Ningaloo Reef, WA—PhD research (University of Western Australia, 2000–2006)*
The impact of thermal stratification on seasonal plankton dynamics, Dartmouth Reservoir, Victoria—Honours research (La Trobe University, 1997–1998)*
PUBLICATIONS Shiell, G.R. & Knott, B. (2008) Diurnal observations of sheltering behaviour in the coral reef sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei. Fisheries Research 91: 112-117.
Shiell, G.R. (2006). Effect of invasive tagging on the activity of Holothuria whitmaei [Echinodermata: Holothuroidea]: A suitable mark-recapture method for short term field studies of holothurian behaviour. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 39: 153-162.*
Shiell, G.R. & Uthicke, S. (2006). Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber, Holothuria whitmaei [Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida] in the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions of Australia. Marine Biology 148: 973-986.*
Shiell, G.R. & Fitzpatrick, B. (2006). Understanding the Reef. Landscope 21(4):45-49.*
Shiell, G.R. (2004). The density of Holothuria nobilis and the distribution of common holothurians on Coral Reefs of Western Australia. In: Lovatelli A., Conand C., Purcell S., Uthicke S., Hamel, J-F. and Mercier A. (eds.). Advances in Sea cucumber Aquaculture and Management. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No 463. Rome, pp 231- 237.*
Shiell, G.R. (2004). Field observations of juvenile sea cucumbers. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 20: 6-11.*
Shiell, G.R. & Knott (in prep). Aggregations and temporal changes in the foraging behaviour of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuria whitmaei [Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotidae]
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Storey, A.W., Shiell, G.R. & Lynas, J (in prep) Deforestation of oxbow lakes of the Fly River, Papua New Guinea: implications for aquatic food web structures determined by stable isotope analyses.
*Completed under previous employment or study Last updated October 08
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Dr Lotte Horn Marine Ecologist Lotte is a PhD qualified marine ecologist with an interest in rehabilitating seagrass ecosystems. Her PhD findings developed techniques to increase the success and survival of transplanted seagrasses in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Lotte’s professional experience includes management of the Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan which successfully transplanted over 3 hectares of seagrass into the Sound. Lotte has conducted professional training on the use of the underwater fluorometer (Diving-PAM) to government agencies and universities. Lotte is a confident field leader with over 10 years boating and SCUBA experience who has organised surveys of coral, seagrass, algae and sediments throughout Western Australia. Lotte spent a year in America undertaking eelgrass monitoring and teaching SCUBA classes at the University of New Hampshire. EDUCATION PhD Biological Science, Murdoch University, Western Australia 2006
BSc (Hons) Marine Science, Murdoch University, Western Australia 2001
POSITIONS HELD Oceanica Consulting Pty Ltd - Marine Ecologist and Commercial Diver, 2007 to present
Murdoch University - Seagrass Ecologist and PAM Fluorometry Consultant, 2006-2008
CSIRO Marine Research, Perth – PAM Fluorometry Consultant, 2007
University of New Hampshire – Seagrass Researcher, 2005-2006
University of New Hampshire – SCUBA Teaching Assistant, 2006
Murdoch University – Demonstrator and Teaching Assistant, 2002-2005 PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS Occupational Scuba Air (ADAS Part I) (AS2815.1 and AS/NZS2299.1:1999)
Advance Resuscitation, St. John Ambulance Australia
Senior First Aid, St. John Ambulance Australia
Marine Security Identification Card (MSIC)
Recreational Skippers Ticket, Western Australia
Marine Radio Operator’s Certificate of Proficiency (MROCP)
Four Wheel Drive Training Course, Murdoch University AWARDS Murdoch University Research Studentship (MURS) 2004
Australian Postgraduate Award (APA) 2005-2006
Seagrass 2004 Student Travel Award - International Seagrass Conference & 6th International Seagrass Biology Workshop, Townsville Australia 2004
Murdoch University Research Student Travel Award - 7th International Seagrass Biology Workshop, Zanzibar, Tanzania 2006 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS Australian Marine Science Association (AMSA)
World Seagrass Association (WSA)
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PROJECTS Project and Data Management Esperance Port Annual Sediment Sampling – Design and implementation of annual sediment monitoring program (Esperance Port, 2008)
Esperance Port Survey of Lead and Nickel - Stage 3 Ecological Risk Assessment - sediment sampling following initial DEC investigations (Esperance Port, 2008-2009)
Fremantle Ports Kwinana Quays Project – Diver sediment sampling and implementation for Outer Harbour Project (Fremantle Port Authority, 2008)
Cape Lambert Port B Expansion, Diver Survey – Planning diver survey, sediment sampling and analysis (Rio Tinto, 2008)
Environmental Surveys and Monitoring Alkimos Ocean Outfall - Algae Reefs Indicators – Video survey of flora and fauna (Water Corporation, 2008)
Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Project 4 – Seagrass monitoring (Cockburn Cement, 2008)
Fremantle Ports Ecological Value – Diver seagrass and algae survey (Fremantle Port, 2008)
Busselton Jetty Refurbishment – Diver survey of flora and fauna (Shire of Busselton, 2008)
Esperance Port Survey of Lead and Nickel - Stage 2 Bioavailability Investigation Report - sediment sampling following initial DEC investigations (Esperance Port, 2007)
Esperance Port Survey of Lead and Nickel - Stage 1 Screening Assessment Report - sediment sampling following initial DEC investigations (Esperance Port, 2007)
Tributyltin and Heavy Metal Survey in the Swan River - Investigation of contamination levels in sediments and mussels within yacht club and marina sites (Swan River Trust, 2007)
Oakajee Port Baseline Surveys - Habitat mapping and habitat health (seagrass & algae) surveys at sites adjacent to the proposed port site (Murchison Metals Group, 2007 to present)
Bunbury Ocean Outfall Monitoring - Annual water quality, periphyton and seagrass health monitoring adjacent to Bunbury Ocean Outfall (Water Corporation, 2007 to present)
Cockburn Cement Turbidity Management - Monitoring of turbidity levels and seagrass health (shoot density) surrounding the Woodman Point Washplant in Owen Anchorage, as part of the turbidity management plan. (Cockburn Cement Limited, 2007 to present)
Technical Reports/Reviews/Advice Perth Long-term Ocean Outlet Monitoring (PLOOM) Programme, 2008 Summer Water Quality Survey Compliance Report (Water Corporation, 2008)
Jervoise Bay Northern and Southern Harbour Summer Water and Sediment Quality Report, Summer 2007-2008 (Parsons Brinkerhoff, 2008)
Verduin, J.J., Horn, L.E., Paling, E.I. and van Keulen, M. (2008) Seagrass Rehabilitation Studies for the Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan, Project 3. Annual Report 2008*
Verduin, J.J., Horn, L.E., Paling, E.I. and van Keulen, M. (2007) Seagrass Rehabilitation Studies for the Seagrass Research and Rehabilitation Plan, Project 3. Annual Report 2007*
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PUBLICATIONS PEER REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS Horn, L.E., Paling, E.I., and van Keulen, M. (2009) Photosynthetic recovery of transplanted Posidonia sinuosa, Western Australia. Aquatic Botany 90, 149-156*
Horn, L.E., Paling, E.I., and van Keulen, M. (in review) Diurnal photosynthetic variation of Posidonia sinuosa, Posidonia australis and Halophila ovalis in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Aquatic Botany*
Horn, L.E., van Keulen, M., and Paling, E.I. (in review) Photosynthetic absorptance factors of Posidonia sinuosa, Posidonia australis and Halophila ovalis, Western Australia, and potential errors during measurements of rapid light curves. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology*
Horn, L.E., Paling, E.I., and van Keulen, M. (in preparation) Seasonal photosynthetic rates of Posidonia sinuosa, Posidonia australis and Halophila ovalis, Cockburn Sound, Western Australia*
Horn, L.E., van Keulen, M., and Paling, E.I. (in preparation) The photosynthetic light response of Posidonia sinuosa growing along a depth gradient in Cockburn Sound Cockburn Sound, Western Australia*
Horn, L.E., van Keulen, M., and Paling, E.I. (in preparation) In situ comparison of seagrass photosynthetic performance through the canopy*
THESES Horn, L.E. (2006) The measurement of seagrass photosynthesis using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry and its practical applications, specifically in regard to transplantation. PhD Thesis, Murdoch University, Western Australia*
Horn, L.E. (2001) Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry and photosynthetic performance of seagrasses in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia: a comparison of photosynthetic performance in Posidonia sinuosa. Honours Thesis, Murdoch University, Western Australia*
CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS Horn, L.E. (2006) Changes in seagrass photosynthesis during transplantation, using PAM fluorometry. 7th International Seagrass Biology Workshop. Zanzibar, Tanzania. September 2006*
Horn, L.E., van Keulen, M., and Paling, E.I. (2006) Transplanting seagrass in a high energy environment, Western Australia. New England Estuarine Research Society (NEERS). Massachusetts, USA, 2006*
Horn, L.E. (2005) Transplanting seagrasses from Parmelia Bank to Southern Flats, Cockburn Sound. How are they coping? 3rd Annual AMSA Student Workshop, Rottnest 30 June – 1 July 2005*
Horn, L.E., van Keulen, M., and Paling, E.I. (2004) In situ measurement of seagrass photosynthetic rates using PAM fluorometry. Seagrass 2004, Townsville, September 2004*
Horn, L.E. (2003) In situ PAM fluorometry to measure the photosynthetic rate of seagrasses and measuring the health and success of seagrass transplants in Cockburn Sound. Inaugural AMSA Student Workshop, Rottnest Island 30 June – 1 July 2003*
Horn, L.E., and van Keulen, M. (2002) In situ comparison of photosynthetic rates of Posidonia sinuosa at different heights in the canopy and at varying depths using the Diving-PAM underwater fluorometer (WALZ, Germany). AMSA Annual Conference, Fremantle, 10-12 July 2002*
*Completed under previous employment or study Last updated December 08
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