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Las Bandas Latinas Activas En España. Una Aproximación Desde La Perspectiva Social

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Las Bandas Latinas Activas En España. Una Aproximación Desde La Perspectiva Social FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES LAS BANDAS LATINAS ACTIVAS EN ESPAÑA. UNA APROXIMACIÓN DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA SOCIAL TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO GRADO EN CRIMINOLOGÍA CURSO 2018/2019 Autora: Macarena Jiménez Romero Tutor: Julian Carlos Rios Martín JUNIO DE 2019 ÍNDICE: I. RESUMEN/ABSTRACT………………………………………………... 2 II. INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………. 3 III. OBJETIVOS……………………………………………………………... 5 IV. HIPÓTESIS……………………………………………………………… 5 V. METODOLOGÍA……………………………………………………….. 6 VI. MARCO TEÓRICO…………………………………………………….. 8 1. Introducción a las bandas latinas activas en España………………….. 8 1.1 Conceptualización y contextualización…………………………… 8 1.2 Características generales………………………………………….. 11 1.2.1 Funcionamiento interno…………………………………….. 13 1.2.2 Proceso de captación y factores de riesgo…………………... 19 1.3 Presencia femenina……………………………………………….. 24 2. Bandas latinas significativas en España: Peculiaridades……………... 26 2.1 Latin Kings………………………………………………………... 26 2.2 Asociación Ñeta…………………………………………………... 34 2.3 Trinitarios…………………………………………………………. 40 2.4 Dominican Don’t Play……………………………………………. 42 3. Intervención con bandas latinas………………………………………. 45 VII. CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………….. 50 VIII. BIBLIOGRAFÍA………………………………………………………… 53 1 RESUMEN: Hoy en día, las bandas latinas constituyen una fuente principal de inseguridad ciudadana motivada por la violencia y la actividad delictiva características de estos grupos. Los medios de comunicación aumentan esta percepción subjetiva de inseguridad, transmitiendo una imagen de estos grupos totalmente ligada al ámbito criminal y generando una gran alarma social. Por eso, el presente trabajo centra su atención en el análisis de estos grupos en nuestro país, haciendo especial hincapié en cuatro de ellas, las más representativas hasta el momento: Latin Kings, Asociación Ñeta, Trinitarios y Dominican Don’t Play. A pesar de las peculiaridades de cada pandilla, todas ellas causan un impacto negativo sobre la comunidad. Por ello, se precisa revisar la intervención llevada a cabo con este colectivo, destacando cinco líneas principales de actuación: intervención individual, familiar, comunitaria, con el grupo de pares y el ámbito formativo-laboral. Palabras claves: banda latina, jóvenes, pandilla, América Latina, delincuencia juvenil, violencia juvenil, España, inmigración. ABSTRACT: Today, Latino gangs are a major source of citizen insecurity motivated by the violence and criminal activity characteristic of these groups. The media increase this subjective perception of insecurity, transmitting an image of these groups totally linked to the criminal sphere and generating a great social alarm. Therefore, this work focuses on the analysis of these groups in our country, with special emphasis on four of them, the most representative so far: Latin Kings, Asociación Ñeta, Trinitarios and Dominican Do not Play. Despite the peculiarities of each gang, they all have a negative impact on the community. Therefore, it is necessary to review the intervention carried out with this group, highlighting five main lines of action. Key words: Latin band, youth, gang, Latin America, juvenile delinquency, youth violence, Spain, immigration. 2 INTRODUCCIÓN: Las bandas latinas son un fenómeno incipiente en nuestro país, sin embargo, los medios de comunicación se han encargado de darle visibilidad, transmitiendo una imagen devastadora de estos grupos ligada a la violenta y a la delincuencia. Por ello, la finalidad del presente trabajo es analizar y conocer la realidad de las bandas latinas en España. Para ello, en primer lugar, intentaré realizar una aproximación del tema que nos atañe, teniendo en cuenta la contextualización y conceptualización de este fenómeno, las características generales, el funcionamiento interno, el proceso de captación, los factores de riesgo principales y la presencia femenina en estos grupos, facilitando una mayor comprensión de las mismas. A continuación, analizaré las peculiaridades de las bandas más significativas hasta el momento en nuestro país, siendo estas: Latin Kings, Asociación Ñeta, Trinitarios y Dominican Don’t Play. Por último, estudiaré la intervención desarrollada con este colectivo, proponiendo desde mi punto de vista las líneas de actuación principales y planteando alguna pequeña alternativa. El desarrollo del presente trabajo se ha realizado siguiendo una metodología de corte cualitativo, partiendo de una profunda revisión bibliográfica, observación participante y una entrevista semiestructurada a un miembro de los Latin Kings. La motivación por ahondar en esta temática se sustenta en mi experiencia en prácticas en el centro de ejecución de medidas judiciales “Teresa de Calcuta”. Una gran mayoría de los menores de este centro pertenecían a diferentes bandas latinas y, tras diversas intervenciones con ellos, pude detectar la dificultad para desvincularse de estos grupos, bien por falta de voluntad o bien por imposibilidad. Además, aquellos que sí querían desvincularse, no podían contar con ningún apoyo institucional debido a la carencia de recursos específicos. Fue a partir de entonces cuando aumentó exponencialmente mi atención por este colectivo, creándome una gran inquietud por conocer este fenómeno y valorar alternativas de intervención eficaces. “Las bandas no son únicamente problema de las grandes ciudades o de las zonas pobres de la ciudad, ni tampoco son problema de una raza o cultura en particular, sino 3 que sobrepasan todos los límites raciales, étnicos, económicos y geográficos” (Delgado Morillas, 2006: 1). 4 OBJETIVOS: Objetivo general: Conocer, analizar y comprender las bandas latinas más significativas activas en España, así como su incidencia sobre la sociedad actual. Objetivos específicos: - Identificar las características, generales y específicas, de las bandas abordadas. - Analizar la intervención y el abordaje, tanto preventivo como reactivo, con bandas latinas activas en España. - Profundizar en los factores de vinculación y cohesión de las bandas latinas activas en España. HIPÓTESIS: Los hombres pertenecen en mayor medida a bandas latinas que las mujeres. Los jóvenes inmersos en bandas latinas tienen más probabilidades de continuar con la carrera delictiva. Uno de los principales motivos por el que vincularse a una banda es la carencia de familia en el país de residencia. Los miembros de las bandas tienen menor control de impulsos, ausencia de normas de conducta y elevados niveles de fracaso escolar. La adolescencia es la edad más vulnerable para adentrarse en una banda. Existe una correlación directa entre la pertenencia a bandas y la delincuencia. 5 METODOLOGÍA: El presente trabajo se ha desarrollado siguiendo una metodología de corte cualitativo. Partiendo de una profunda revisión bibliográfica por autores y expertos en la materia como antropólogos, criminólogos, psicólogos, juristas, trabajadores sociales, sociólogos y policías entre otros, a partir de la cual, se pretende conocer profundamente el fenómeno de las bandas latinas activas en España y diversas cuestiones relacionadas con estas. Dicha revisión literaria ha sido realizada entre los meses de octubre del 2018 y abril del 2019, utilizando principalmente dos bases de datos: Dialnet y EBSCO. Para ello, se han utilizado las siguientes palabras claves: banda latina, violencia juvenil y delincuencia juvenil. Los criterios de selección fueron los siguientes: - Publicaciones en inglés o español. - Fecha de publicación posterior a 1990. - Textos académicos. Por el contrario, los criterios de exclusión fueron: - Bibliografía sobre otro tipo de pandillas juveniles que no fuesen bandas latinas. - Fuentes no fiables. - Publicaciones anteriores a 1990. Además de la revisión bibliográfica, el presente trabajo se ha elaborado en base a la propia experiencia empírica en el centro de ejecución de medidas judiciales “Teresa de Calcula” durante los meses de octubre del 2017 y abril del 2018, desarrollando las técnicas de observación participante y la entrevista. Por último, para completar y contrastar la información obtenida a partir de la revisión bibliográfica, se ha procedido a realizar una entrevista semiestructurada con un actual miembro de la banda Latin Kings, asegurando a dicho informante el anonimato desde el principio de la entrevista. Es por esto que durante el presente trabajo, la información y los documentos proporcionados por el entrevistado se han citado bajo el nombre ficticio de Brayan con fecha 2019. No se ha podido realizar un mayor número 6 de entrevistas debido a que se trata de una población de difícil acceso y debido a la falta de tiempo. 7 MARCO TEORICO BLOQUE 1: INTRODUCCIÓN A LAS BANDAS LATINAS ACTIVAS EN ESPAÑA En este primer capítulo de contenido se pretende conocer y comprender el fenómeno de las bandas latinas en España, para posteriormente poder analizar las intervenciones llevadas a cabo con este colectivo y poder plantear diversas alternativas de intervención. 1.1 Conceptualización y contextualización El concepto banda1 (derivado de la traducción de gang) resulta difuso y problemático. Esto principalmente puede deberse a dos razones: la propia ambigüedad del concepto y el potencial de este para simplificar, etiquetar, estereotipar y estigmatizar a las personas vinculadas a dicha banda (Medina, 2010). A pesar de la inexistencia de una definición consensuada, una de las definiciones más reconocidas es la proporcionada por la Red Eurogang2: “grupo juvenil, duradero, con orientación hacia la calle y otros espacios públicos y con una identidad grupal definida de forma primordial por la participación
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