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AN INVESTIGATION INTO the LATIN KINGS: No Tolerance for Gangs in Public Schools
City of New York The Special Commissioner of Investigation for the New York City School District AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE LATIN KINGS: No Tolerance for Gangs in Public Schools “We make our family strong because our crimes are organized. What better way to elevate ourselves then The [sic] secretive world of organized crime…we are Crimelords in the truest forms.” - from Latin King literature seized on 9/3/97, pursuant to this investigation EDWARD F. STANCIK SPECIAL COMMISSIONER ROBERT M. BRENNER First Deputy Commissioner By: Suzan Flamm, Executive Counsel Leah Keith, Special Counsel William Kleppel, Senior Investigator October 1997 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This examination was accomplished under the supervision of Chief Investigator Thomas Fennell, Deputy Chief Investigator Maureen Spencer, and Group Supervisor Andre Jenkins. Senior Investigator William Kleppel conducted the investigation and was assisted in his efforts by Senior Investigator Joseph Lamendola, Senior Investigator Edward Miller and Investigator Ayesha Winston. Senior Investigators George Johanson and Michael McGarvey provided technical assistance. The entire investigative division provided invaluable assistance to this effort. The office gratefully acknowledges the assistance provided to this investigation by: · The New York City Police Department’s Street Crime Unit, Citywide Anti-Gang Enforcement Squad, including Capt. John Walsh, Lt. Venton Holifield, Sgt. Louis Savelli, and Officers John Rodgers, Carlos Pacheco, John McDonald, Frank DiNatale, and Yolanda Acosta. · Mary Jo White, The United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, Assistant U.S. Attorney Richard B. Zabel, Deputy Chief, Narcotics Division, and U.S. Attorney Investigator John O’Malley. · The Bayonne Police Department, including Lt. Leonard Sullivan and Sgt. -
Street Gang Recognition and Awareness
STREET GANG RECOGNITION AND AWARENESS Objectives: • To inform teachers/adults in or out of the school system about gangs. • To be able to identify gang members or those that want to be in gangs. (Wannabe’s) • To learn how to help juveniles before its too late. What is a Criminal Gang? 35-45-9-1 “Criminal Gang” defined as: • At least five or more persons that specifically participate in and require as a condition of membership to commit a felony which share a common: – Symbol –Name –Sign That engage in criminal activity. What is Criminal Gang Activity? 35-45-9-3 “Criminal Gang Activity” defined as: • A person who knowingly or intentionally actively participates in a criminal gang commits criminal gang activity. What is a confirmed gang member? Must meet at least three of the following criteria: • Admits gang affiliation • Has gang related tattoos • Wears gang colors • Identified by other affiliates • Writes about affiliation • Photographed with affiliates • Associates with known members • Has family members affiliated with a gang What is a suspected gang member? • Must meet one quality from the criteria list. • Maybe bumped to confirm gang member status with additional contact. What makes one join a gang? Family motives for joining: • Stressful family life at home • Lack of parental involvement • Low or non-existent expectations from parents • Limited English speaking households • Abuse or neglect • Permissive truancy attitudes What makes one join a gang (cont.)? Personal motives for joining: • Low motivation • Low educational/occupational expectations • Low self-esteem • Behavior/discipline problems • Drug abuse • Peer pressure • Protection • Negative police involvement • Glamorization by media (Fashion, music, T.V., etc.) What family vs. -
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Case 15-2247, Document 188-1, 08/01/2019, 2621852, Page1 of 7 15‐2220(L) United States v. Sierra (Carlos Lopez) United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2018 Nos. 15‐2220(L), 15‐2247(CON), 15‐2257(CON) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Appellee, v. LEONIDES SIERRA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 1, AKA JUNITO, AKA JUNIOR, ET AL., Defendants, CARLOS LOPEZ, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 15, AKA CARLITO, LUIS BELTRAN, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 26, AKA GUALEY, FELIX LOPEZ‐CABRERA, AKA SEALED DEFENDANT 14, AKA SUZTANCIA, Defendants‐Appellants. ARGUED: MAY 6, 2019 DECIDED: AUGUST 1, 2019 Before: NEWMAN, JACOBS, DRONEY, Circuit Judges. Carlos Lopez, Luis Beltran, and Felix Lopez‐Cabrera appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York sentencing them, inter alia, to mandatory minimum terms of life imprisonment applicable to convictions for murder in aid of racketeering. On appeal, the defendants argue that because they were between 18 and 22 years old 1 Case 15-2247, Document 188-1, 08/01/2019, 2621852, Page2 of 7 when the murders were committed, a mandatory life sentence is cruel and unusual in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Lopez additionally argues that his mandatory life sentence is cruel and unusual because he did not kill, attempt to kill, or intend to kill the victims of his crimes. Affirmed. ____________________ MATTHEW LAROCHE, Assistant United States Attorney (Micah W.J. Smith, Margaret Garnett, Assistant United States Attorneys, on the brief), United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York, New York, NY, for Appellee. -
Organized Crime and the Russian State Challenges to U.S.-Russian Cooperation
Organized Crime and the Russian State Challenges to U.S.-Russian Cooperation J. MICHAEL WALLER "They write I'm the mafia's godfather. It was Vladimir Ilich Lenin who was the real organizer of the mafia and who set up the criminal state." -Otari Kvantrishvili, Moscow organized crime leader.l "Criminals Nave already conquered the heights of the state-with the chief of the KGB as head of a mafia group." -Former KGB Maj. Gen. Oleg Kalugin.2 Introduction As the United States and Russia launch a Great Crusade against organized crime, questions emerge not only about the nature of joint cooperation, but about the nature of organized crime itself. In addition to narcotics trafficking, financial fraud and racketecring, Russian organized crime poses an even greater danger: the theft and t:rafficking of weapons of mass destruction. To date, most of the discussion of organized crime based in Russia and other former Soviet republics has emphasized the need to combat conven- tional-style gangsters and high-tech terrorists. These forms of criminals are a pressing danger in and of themselves, but the problem is far more profound. Organized crime-and the rarnpant corruption that helps it flourish-presents a threat not only to the security of reforms in Russia, but to the United States as well. The need for cooperation is real. The question is, Who is there in Russia that the United States can find as an effective partner? "Superpower of Crime" One of the greatest mistakes the West can make in working with former Soviet republics to fight organized crime is to fall into the trap of mirror- imaging. -
What Is a Gang?
1 Perceptions of Youth Crime and Youth Gangs: A Statewide Systemic Investigation _______________________________________________________________________ What is a gang? “ Nobody knows” “ Depends on who you ask” “ Whatever you think it is” “ I know one when I see it” Unfortunately these phrases have been repeatedly echoed by both criminal justice practitioners and academicians on countless occasions and across numerous locations. Defining what exactly constitutes a true gang has historically plagued practitioners, academicians, social workers, and everyone who works closely with juveniles and young adults. This lack of consensus on deriving a standard definition continues to confound today’s researchers and criminal justice professionals and policy makers and consequently has important implications for understanding this phenomenon. As Spergel (1995) suggests varying definitions of gangs, gang members, and gang crime, as proposed by different states and communities, can influence, limit, and often distort our understanding of gangs. Disparate definitions directly affect the extent to which gangs are perceived as being problematic, a slight nuisance, or even existent. Consequently, how a jurisdiction defines gangs directly affects the level of gang related crime and in turn can influence local policy and financial and resource allocation decisions. This definitional inconsistency also precludes and limits the researcher’s ability to draw valid comparisons between different gangs both within and across separate jurisdictions and over time. Oehme’s (1997) survey respondents were specifically asked how their agency defined a gang. The responses were extremely divergent and differed for both similar and non-similar types of agencies. As Oehme (1997) remarks “without establishing a definitional framework that can be used to analyze the problem with a standard of consistency, there will be no opportunity to even suggest how widespread and serious the problem is”. -
Los Trinitarios (3NI) Was Formed the Late 19891 in New York by Either Julio Marines
Organization Data Sheet: Los Trinitarios Author: Scott Olmstead Review: Phil Williams A. When the organization was formed + brief history Los Trinitarios (3NI) was formed the late 19891 in New York by either Julio Marines (AKA: “Caballo”) or Pedro Nunez (AKA: “El Caballon”)2 in the Rikers Island Correction Facility.3 The majority of sources refer to Julio Marines as the gang’s founder, but the History Channel’s “Machete Slaughter” refers to Pedro Nunez instead. The gang was initially comprised of various Dominican gang members looking for protection while incarcerated. When released, the gang went into organized criminal activity, based in New York’s Washington Heights.4 The name seems to be a reference to a founding party of the Dominican Republic of the same name. Trinitarios also means “Trinity or the Special One.”5 New York Law Enforcement considers 3NI to be one of the fastest growing gangs in the Northeast. Moto: "Dios, Patria y Libertad" (DPL) which means God, Country, and Liberty The gang has spread throughout the Eastern United States and the Dominican Republic. In January 2010, the top two leaders of the gang were killed. The gang is still in operation. The “Primera” of the Rhode Island chapter was arrested in August 2010.6 B. Types of illegal activities engaged in, a. In general Trafficking, distribution, prison protection, kidnapping,7 armed robbery.8 b. Specific detail: types of illicit trafficking activities engaged in “Marijuana, MDA, cocaine and crack cocaine,”9 heroin,10 and ecstasy (MDMA).11 C. Scope and Size a. Estimated size of network and membership There are up to 30,000 members worldwide, with most members active in the US. -
21St-Century Yakuza: Recent Trends in Organized Crime in Japan ~Part 1 ２１世紀のやくざ ―― 日本における組織犯罪の最近動 向
Volume 10 | Issue 7 | Number 2 | Article ID 3688 | Feb 11, 2012 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus 21st-Century Yakuza: Recent Trends in Organized Crime in Japan ~Part 1 ２１世紀のやくざ ―― 日本における組織犯罪の最近動 向 Andrew Rankin government called on yakuza bosses to lend tens of thousands of their men as security 21st-Century Yakuza: Recent Trends guards.6 Corruption scandals entwined in Organized Crime in Japan ~ Part parliamentary lawmakers and yakuza 1 21 世紀のやくざ ―― 日本における lawbreakers throughout the 1970s and 1980s. 組織犯罪の最近動向 One history of Japan would be a history of gangs: official gangs and unofficial gangs. The Andrew Rankin relationships between the two sides are complex and fluid, with boundaries continually I - The Structure and Activities of the being reassessed, redrawn, or erased. Yakuza The important role played by the yakuza in Japan has had a love-hate relationship with its Japan’s postwar economic rise is well 7 outlaws. Medieval seafaring bands freelanced documented. But in the late 1980s, when it as mercenaries for the warlords or provided became clear that the gangs had progressed far security for trading vessels; when not needed beyond their traditional rackets into real estate they were hunted as pirates.1 Horse-thieves development, stock market speculation and and mounted raiders sold their skills to military full-fledged corporate management, the tide households in return for a degree of tolerance turned against them. For the past two decades toward their banditry.2 In the 1600s urban the yakuza have faced stricter anti-organized street gangs policed their own neighborhoods crime laws, more aggressive law enforcement, while fighting with samurai in the service of the and rising intolerance toward their presence Shogun. -
Evidence from the Yakuza∗
Enforcement against Organized Crime Fosters Illegal Markets: Evidence from the Yakuza∗ Tetsuya Hoshino† Takuma Kamada‡ August, 2020 Abstract The Yakuza Exclusion Ordinances (YEOs) have been implemented at different times across pre- fectures in Japan, where it is not illegal to organize or join criminal organizations—the yakuza. The YEOs indirectly regulate on the yakuza by prohibiting non-yakuza citizens from providing any benefit to them. In Japan, organized fraud has been a serious issue, accounting for almost half of the total financial damage by all property crimes. Difference-in-differences estimates indicate that (i) the YEOs increase the revenue from organized fraud and (ii) the YEOs’ effects are greater in regions with lower concentration levels of yakuza syndicates. Additional evidence suggests that both current and former yakuza members engage in the fraud in the presence of the YEOs. One policy implication is that the rehabilitation assistance for former yakuza members can be effectively implemented in regions with lower concentration of yakuza syndicates. Keywords: Enforcement; Organized crime; Yakuza; Illegal markets. JEL codes: K4, K14, K42. ∗Names in alphabetical order; we contributed equally to this study. We thank Yu Awaya, Daniel DellaPosta, Corina Graif, Noboru Hirosue, Akira Igarashi, Hirokazu Ishise, Hajime Katayama, Hanae Katayama, Kohei Kawaguchi, Shuhei Kitamura, Yoshiki Kobayashi, Miki Kohara, Thomas A. Loughran, Tetsuya Matsubayashi, Yutaka Maeda, Takeshi Murooka, Mark Moore, Jun Nakabayashi, Kentaro Nakajima, Holly Nguyen, Yoko Okuyama, Wayne Osgood, Brian Phillips, Barry Ruback, Peter Reuter, Tomoyori Saito, Yoshimichi Sato, Masayuki Sawada, Stephanie M. Scott, Nobuo Suzuki, Katsuya Takii, Mari Tanaka, Christopher Winship, Letian Zhang, and the participants at the 38th Annual APPAM Fall Research Conference, Osaka University, Pennsylvania State University, and Tohoku University for their helpful comments and discussion. -
Early Precursors of Gang Membership: a Study of Seattle Youth
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention December 2001 Early Precursors of A Message From OJJDP Gang Membership: A What leads a particular youth to join a gang? Identifying early pre- Study of Seattle Youth cursors of youth gang membership can facilitate the development of more effective interventions to pre- vent youth from becoming involved Karl G. Hill, Christina Lui, and J. David Hawkins in gangs. The proliferation of youth gangs since 1980 is especially valuable for understanding The Seattle Social Development has fueled the public’s fear and magnified the predictors of gang membership. As a Project is a longitudinal study of possible misconceptions about youth gangs. longitudinal project that has tracked a youth living in high-crime neighbor- To address the mounting concern about sample of more than 800 youth from 1985 hoods. The study is designed to youth gangs, the Office of Juvenile Justice to the present, SSDP affords the opportu- enhance our understanding of the and Delinquency Prevention’s (OJJDP’s) nity to trace the effect of factors present predictors of gang participation. in youth’s lives at ages 10 to 12 on the Youth Gang Series delves into many of the This Bulletin draws on data from key issues related to youth gangs. The likelihood of their joining and remaining the Seattle study to assess how risk series considers issues such as gang migra- in gangs between the ages of 13 and 18. factors present in the lives of 10- to tion, gang growth, female involvement with Although numerous other studies have 12-year-old youth affect the proba- gangs, homicide, drugs and violence, and focused on gang membership (see Howell, bility of their later participation in the needs of communities and youth who 1998, for a review), their cross-sectional gangs. -
Russian Organized Crime
Stanford Model United Nations Conference 2014 Russian Organized Crime Chair: Alina Utrata Co-Chair: Christina Schiciano Crisis Director: Jackie Becker SMUNC 2014 Table of Contents Letter from the Chair . 3 History of Russian Organized Crime . 4 Modernity in Russian Organized Crime . .6 The Crisis . 10 Committee Structure . 12 Character List . 13 Directives . .17 Position Papers . .19 Works Cited . .20 2 SMUNC 2014 Dear Delegates, Welcome to the Russian Organized Crime committee! My name is Alina Utrata and I will be your chair for this upcoming weekend of drama, intrigue, negotiation and, hopefully, making the world a slightly more economically viable place for the Russian mafia. I am currently a sophomore majoring in History. I first got involved with Model United Nations in my freshman year of high school, and I’ve stuck with it this long because nothing parallels the camaraderie of a MUN team. Together, we’ve suffered through the endless team meetings, position paper deadlines and late nights spent drafting resolutions. Whether I’ve been half-way across the country or just meeting new people at school, I’ve always found MUN’ers who can bond over the shared experience of pretending to be UN delegates for a weekend. For that reason, I have co-opted two of my best friends here at Stanford, Christina Schiciano and Jackie Becker, to compose your dias. Christina is a sophomore practically fluent in Arabic; she is currently planning to pursue her studies on the Middle East. Jackie is a sophomore, also undeclared; she is interested in international politics and cultural norms, and involved in many drama and theatre productions on campus. -
Tics of Gang Members
Dropout Services What is a gang? What types of activi- Mentor Programs Recreational Activities A gang is an ongoing, organized ties are gangs in- Family Intervention and Training association of three or more persons — volved in? Substance Abuse Counseling some are formal and others, informal, but Group Homes most have a common name or common Social — Some gang activity may be Self-Help Programs signs, colors, or symbols. Typically, socially motivated or include parties, Counseling Services for Gangs, Families, members or associates individually or dances, and athletic events. Members Communities, and Teachers collectively engage in or have engaged in share the same feelings and ideologies Educational Programs criminal activity. and are seldom delinquent. Rehabilitation Programs Delinquent — These gang members engage How did gangs begin? extensively in property offenses and in What are the various serious crimes. They are sometimes Gangs started in this country about the termed “serious delinquents”. Drug members of law time of the Industrial Revolution, when use and sale are relatively uniportant. people left their rural homes for the city. enforcement doing to There was inadequate housing and few jobs available, so the unemployed turned to counteract the gang’s crime to survive. After a short time, attractiveness to individuals found safety in larger numbers. They began to band together, thus forming youth? gangs. Early gangs were made up of the Participating in a community aware poorest people–usually Irish, Italian, and ness campaign. Polish. Contacting parents to alert them Gangs flourished and continued to grow that their children are involved well into the 1950s. Generally, gangs with a gang. -
HISTORY of STREET GANGS in the UNITED STATES By: James C
Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice NATIO N AL GA ng CE N TER BULLETI N No. 4 May 2010 HISTORY OF STREET GANGS IN THE UNITED STATES By: James C. Howell and John P. Moore Introduction The first active gangs in Western civilization were reported characteristics of gangs in their respective regions. by Pike (1873, pp. 276–277), a widely respected chronicler Therefore, an understanding of regional influences of British crime. He documented the existence of gangs of should help illuminate key features of gangs that operate highway robbers in England during the 17th century, and in these particular areas of the United States. he speculates that similar gangs might well have existed in our mother country much earlier, perhaps as early as Gang emergence in the Northeast and Midwest was the 14th or even the 12th century. But it does not appear fueled by immigration and poverty, first by two waves that these gangs had the features of modern-day, serious of poor, largely white families from Europe. Seeking a street gangs.1 More structured gangs did not appear better life, the early immigrant groups mainly settled in until the early 1600s, when London was “terrorized by a urban areas and formed communities to join each other series of organized gangs calling themselves the Mims, in the economic struggle. Unfortunately, they had few Hectors, Bugles, Dead Boys … who found amusement in marketable skills. Difficulties in finding work and a place breaking windows, [and] demolishing taverns, [and they] to live and adjusting to urban life were equally common also fought pitched battles among themselves dressed among the European immigrants.