Muslim Belonging in Secular India: Negotiating Citizenship in Postcolonial Hyderabad Taylor C

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09507-6 - Muslim Belonging in Secular India: Negotiating Citizenship in Postcolonial Hyderabad Taylor C. Sherman Index More information

Index

A.N. Shah, 93 B. Ramakrishna Rao, 48, 51, 111, 124, 126, Abdul Majid Khwaja, 178 129, 143, 163 Abdul Qadir, 39 medium of instruction, 161 Abdullah Bukhari, 85 state patronage, 82 Abul Kalam Azad, 50, 53, 57, 77, 160, 178 B.N. Nigam, 94 medium of instruction, 163 B.S. Venkat Rao, 6, 24 state patronage, 81–2 Badam Yella Reddy, 113 Aden, 65, 71 Badshahi Ashoorkhana, 111 state patronage, 87 Bahmani sultanate, 107 Adilabad, 137 Baitul Mazureen, Hyderabad, 79 Afghanistan, 56, 60, 65, 74, 80 Baker Ali Mirza, 25, 48, 129 Afghans, 73–4, 183 belonging, 22, 47–8, 87, 180–1 anti-Muslim violence, 33–4 economic, 91, 114–16 prisoners, 62 linguistic, 148–9, 168 repatriation, 67–9 mulki agitation, 114 Ahmed Mirza, 25 Benares Hindu University, 77, 80, 161, 164 Ahmed Mohiuddin, 144 Bengal, 7, 93 Akali Dal, 145 Bharatiya Janata Party, 179 Akbar Ali Khan, 29, 47–8, 50, 53, 129 Bhopal, 57, 85, 177 Ali Yavar Jang, 129 Bidar, 29, 41, 43, 50, 141 Aligarh Muslim University, 60, 76, 80, 164, Bir, 29 177 Bombay, 93–4 Allahabad, 116 British Empire All-India Bee Keepers Association, migration within, 59–60 77 Burma, 133 All-India Religious Leaders Association, 140 All-India Shia Conference, 136 Canada, 133 Andhra, 114 census, 154–5 Andhra Mahasabha, 133 mother tongue data, 150–1, 168 Andhra Pradesh, 172 multilingualism data, 151 Urdu, 178 census 1941, 6 Andhra University, 80 Central College for Women, Nagpur, 77 Anjuman Ansarus Suiffa, 79 Central Provinces, 93 Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu, 165, 168 Central Refugee Association, 141 anti-Muslim violence Chalukyas, 36 rehabilitation, 40–52, 140–2 Chenna Reddy, 170 Arabs, 183 Christians, 107 detention camps, 63 churches, 76 prisoners, 62 citizenship, 10–12 Arya Samaj, 6–7, 37 laws, 63–4 Aurangabad, 41, 46, 158 City College, Hyderabad, 110 Australia, 133 College Unions of Hyderabad, 112

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196 Index

Communal Award, 4 Ghulam Mohammad Khan Lodhi, 171 communalism, 19 Government Mohammadan College, Madras, 177 moral economy of communal violence, government servants 20–1, 31, 35–6, 42–4, 51 dual administration, 94–5, 106, 114 Communist Party, 139 recruitment of non-mulkis, 104–5 communists, 6, 35, 133, 143, 169 Great Britain, 133 prisoners, 126 Gulbarga, 29, 39, 41, 43, 158 Constituent Assembly, 14, 17, 157 Gungawati, 38 Constituent Assembly, Hyderabad, 125, 132 Gyan Kumari Heda, 50 Constitution of India, 17, 109, 121, 137, 140, 157 Habibur Rahman, 168 corruption, 106 Hadramis, 60 repatriation, 72–3 D.L. Phatak, 44 Haj, 76 D.R. Pradhan, 93 Hayagrivachari, 110 D.S. Bakhle, 25, 28, 38, 93 Hifzur Rahman, 33, 41, 44, 131 anti-Muslim violence, 30 High Court, Hyderabad, 158 Dalits, 6 Hindi, 150–1, 161, 178 government servants, 104 official language of India, 157 Darul Masanafeen, Azamgardh, 79 Hindu government servants, 107 Darul Uloom, Deoband, 76, 79 Hindu Mahasabha, 113, 139, 145, 181 state patronage, 80–1 Hyderabad Army, 93, 98 Deccan Chronicle, 108, 125 Hyderabad Central Sports Board, 77, 80 Delhi Hyderabad Economic Association, 77, 80 Muslim government servants, 117 Hyderabad High Court, 110 Delhi School of Economics, 77, 79 Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, 171 democracy Hyderabad State majoritarianism, 45, 91, 97 partition of, 172–3 Depressed Classes Association, 6, 24 Hyderabad State Congress, 23, 32, 35, 42, 120, Dhond camp, 63 123–8, 133, 141 Dr Syed Abdul Latif, 29 anti-Muslim violence, 27, 125 Dravida Munnettra Kazhagam, 181 cross-border raids, 23 Dravidianism, 143, 180–1 economic belonging, 115 Dubai, 183 election platform, 133 mulki agitation, 110–11, 113 East India Company, 56 Muslim representation in assemblies, 135 Ecclesiastical Department, 78 recruitment of Muslims, 127, 129–30 education Umri, dacoity at, 126 mother tongue, 153, 160–2 Hyderabad State Reforms Association, 6 Election Commission, 120 elections, 109, 131–42 independence, 19 enumeration of voters, 132–3 Indian Army, 26–7, 123 English, 104, 132, 150–3, 156, 161, 178 Indian Council of World Affairs, New Delhi, use in government offices, 152, 155 77, 80 Europeans, 107 Indian National Congress, 17, 57, 120, 141 Evacuee Property Ordinances, 176 linguistic states, 169 Muslims, 46–7, 80–1, 122–3, 142, 181–2 Fareed Mirza, 25, 44, 53, 92 Indonesia, 65, 80 Fazeelat Jung. See Maulvi Muhammad repatriation, 69–71 Anwarulla Farooqi Iran, 133 Fazlur Rahman, 48–50 Firangi Mahal, 76 J.H. Subbiah, 125 state patronage, 81 J.N. Chaudhuri, 25, 27–9, 40, 56, 58, 63, 65, five year plan, 110 78, 93, 104, 124–5, 156 Friend-in-need society, 79 anti-Muslim violence, 34

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deportation of Arabs and Afghans, 64–5 regional languages in ofﬁcial use, 152, 155– police action prisoners, 32–3 6, 160 jagirdari system, 98 Latur, 27 Jalna, 29, 33–4, 46 linguistic states, 147, 169 Jamaat-i Islami, 15, 122, 181–2 as election issue, 133 Jamia Millia University, 164 government employment, 114–15 Jamiatul Ulama-i Hind, 22, 33, 41, 80, 167 protection for minority languages, 172 relationship with Indian National Congress, protections for Telangana, 171 130 protections of minority languages, 169–70 Jamiatul Ulama-i Hyderabad, 22, 29, 39, 41, Louis Mountbatten, 22 44, 51, 113, 131, 140, 145–6, 162, 181 loyalty of Muslims, 44–7, 58, 175–6 mulki agitation, 112 government servants, 92, 96, 98–9, 117, 176 Muslim government servants, 102 Indian National Congress, 89 Jan Sangh, 113, 123, 136, 181 mulki agitation, 112 Janardhan Rao Desai, 111 state patronage, 84–5 Jawaharlal Nehru, 1, 5, 21, 47, 53, 57, 77, 124, Lucknow, 81 133, 173 anti-Muslim violence, 30 M. Narsing Rao, 50 economic belonging, 115–16 M. Fazlur Rahman, 129 medium of instruction, 163 M. Narsing Rao, 48–9, 51, 127 multilingualism, 166 M. Ramachander Rao, 129 Muslim government servants, 95, 101 M. Seshadri, 93 Muslim representation in assemblies, 134–5 M.H. Jafferi,, 129 Osmania University medium of instruction, M.K. Gandhi, 81 163–4 M.K. Vellodi, 40, 45, 57, 78, 82, 100, 126, rehabilitation after anti-Muslim violence, 142–3, 155 50–1, 141–2 Madapati Hanumantha Rao, 129 secularism, 58, 78, 88, 102, 122, 134–6, Madapti Ramachandra Rao, 111 142–4, 174–5, 178 Madhya Pradesh, 157, 177 state patronage, 77 Madras, 93, 114, 133, 143, 177 Junagadh, 125 Muslim government servants, 117 Madrasa Annesulghurba, Nampali, Hyderabad, K.M. Munshi, 124 79 K.V. Ranga Reddy, 170 Madrassa Nizamia, 82–3 Kannada, 98, 104, 132, 150, 152–3, 162 Madrasa-e-Qadariya Library, Badayun, 79 Karishmachari Joshi, 50 Madrassa Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow Karnataka, 114, 158 state patronage, 81–2 Kashmir, 68, 74, 116, 125 Maharashtra, 114 Kasim Razvi, 93 Urdu, 178 Kayasthas, 5, 107 Mahboob Ali, 111 Kerala, 182–3 Majlis-i Ittehadul Muslimin, 7–8, 17, 23, 61, Khaksar Party, 85 65, 96, 99, 111, 121, 123–4, 145, 175, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 46 181–2 Kitty Vellodi, 50 Majlis-i Mashwarat, 182 Krishna Menon, 94 majoritarianism, 15 Kuwait, 183 Makhdoom Mohiuddin election campaign, 137–8 Laik Ali, 97 Marathi, 98, 104, 132, 150, 152–3, 161–2 Lambadi, 156 Marathwada, 124, 158 language Masooma Begum, 144 courts, 151, 157–60 Maulana Abdul Bari, 81 mother tongue, 148 Maulana Haﬁz Muhammad Anwarulla multilingualism, 149, 151–2, 156–7 Farooqi, 82 press, 151 Maulana Hamid Uddin Qamar, 50, 140, 145 Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, 167

198 Index

Maulana Qutbuddin Abdul Wali, 81 Nawab Shaheed Yar Jung, 136 Maulana Syed Shah Noorullah Husseini Nazir Yar Jung, 29 Iftekhari, 29, 50, 128, 145 Nazm-i Jamiat, 60–1, 69 Maulana Syed Shah Waliullah Hussaini Saheb, conﬂict with Razakars, 65 140 Nizam College, 115 Maulvi Abdul Majid Dariabadi, 85 Nizam’s Subjects League, 108 Maulvi Anoor Khan Saheb, 50, 139 Nizamul Mulk, 107 Mecca, 76 Noorul Rahman, 44 Medina, 76 Mehdi Nawaz Jung, 144 Operation Polo, 25–8, 47 migration, 8 Orissa, 29 Mir Osman Ali Khan, 6–7, 22 Osmanabad, 27, 29, 41, 43, 50–1, 92, 141 state patronage, 75 Osmania Hospital, 111 Mirza Shukur Baig, 144 Osmania University, 76–7, 86, 137, 160 Mohamad Ali, 144 medium of instruction, 152–3, 163–6 Mohammad Daver Hussain, 144 Overseas Indians, 57, 67, 183 Mohammed Ali Moosavi, 144 Mohammed Amir Ansari, 85 P. Hanumantha Rao, 170 mosques, 41, 183 Padmaja Naidu, 29, 48, 50, 53, 129, 178 anti-Muslim violence, 27 Pakistan, 4, 7, 10, 22, 55, 65, 67, 77, 79, 84–5, Badshahi Masjid, Lahore, 76, 85 92, 95, 111–12, 117, 182 conversion to temples, 36–40 Hyderabad government servants with Jama Masjid, Delhi, 57, 76, 85 connections to, 100–1 moral economy of communal violence, 37–8 repatriation, 73 Muhammad Quli Qutb Shahi, 1 Pandit Narenderji, 53, 113 mulki agitation, 107, 117, 180 Pandit Sunderlal, 47, 168, 178 clashes with police, 110–11 Parbhani, 29 mulki rules, 109 Parsi Fire Temple, 77 Constitution of India and, 109 Parsis, 107 mulki-non-mulki conﬂict, 61, 91–2, 107–8 Parthasarathy, 110 Mulla Abdul Basith, 25, 50, 139 partition, 4, 7, 10, 17, 19–21, 61, 67, 92, 95 Muslim Convention, Hyderabad, 128–9 refugee rehabilitation, 21–2 Muslim League, 4, 7, 17, 44–5, 81, 84–5, 121, violence, 25, 28, 31 123, 143, 145, 175, 181 Pashtuns, 46 Indian Union Muslim League, 182 passports Muslim League National Guards, 99 Hyderabadi, 61, 63 Muslim Mass Contacts Programme, 127, 134 Peasants and Workers Party, 116 Muslim politics, 143–5, 181–2 People’s Democratic Front, 133, 143–4 mulki agitation, 112–13 People’s Writers Association, 112 secularism, 136–7 People’s Democratic Front state patronage, 85–6 election platform, 133 Mysore State, 93 mulki agitation, 114 rehabilitation after anti-Muslim violence, 141 N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, 80, 140 PEPSU, 157 Nagarwala, 94 Persian, 107, 152 Nagendra Bahadur, 38, 45, 50, 57, 78 Phoolchand Gandhi, 126 Nagendra Singh, 51 police, 93, 98 Nagpur University, 161 recruitment, 106 Nalgonda, 41, 43 recruitment of ghair-mulkis, 105–6 Nanded, 29, 43, 92 police action, 2, 7, 17, 19, 30, 62, 90, 110, 120, Nawab Ali Yavar Jung, 163 124, 128, 153, 167, 184 Nawab Liakat Jung, 29 prisoners, 26, 31–3 Nawab Manzoor Jung, 25 police action prisoners Nawab Sayid Jang Bahadur, 51 calls for release during election, 138–40

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Progressive Writers’ Union, Hyderabad, 137 Sheikh Mohammad Ismail Zubeh, Punjab, 7 135, 141 Shetkari Kamkari Paksh, 143 Qazi Abdul Ghaffar, 29 Shoebullah Khan, 25 Shorapur, 39 R.N. Asthana, 92 Shoukatullah Shah Ansari, 144 Rabindranath Tagore, 77 Siasat,40–1, 51–2, 103, 112–13, 130, 136, Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, 178 140, 142, 145, 159, 165, 168, 172 Raichur, 38 Socialist Party, 128, 133, 143 Raj Bahadur Gour, 113–14, 165 Society of Union and Progress, 6, 48, 129 Raja Dhondi Raj Bahadur, 43 South Africa, 65 Rajasthan, 157 Standstill Agreement, 22, 30 Rajendra Prasad, 84 States Reorganisation Commission, Rajya Sabha, 29 169, 170, 170 Rampur, 57, 177 Swami Ramananda Tirtha, 32, 123–4, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, 99, 127, 169 127, 139 Swatantra, 110 Ravi Narayan Reddy, 138 Syed Abdul Latif, 128, 145 Razakars, 7–8, 21, 23–6, 28–9, 31, 34, 42, 55, Syed Ahmed El Edroos, 24, 26, 56, 58, 64, 90, 96, 99, 111–12, 126–7, 138, 141, 65, 69 147, 175 Syed Hafiz Hameed Bukhari, 84 anti-Muslim violence, 34–5 Syed Jang Bahadur, 145 Mir Osman Ali Khan, 24 Syed Kasim, 111 refugees, 24 Syed Mahmud, 51, 53, 176, 178 Revolt of 1857, 3 Tamil Nadu, 180–2, 184 Sadat Ali Khan, 144 Telangana, 60, 109, 116, 124, 137, 143, 158 Salar Jung I, 60–1, 107 separate state of, 170–1 samasthans, 5 Telangana uprising, 6, 24–5, 137 Sarf-e-khas, 98 Telugu, 98, 104, 132, 150, 152–3, 162, 169 Saudi Arabia, 65 Turkey, 133 repatriation, 69, 71 state patronage, 86 unemployment, 110 Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 109 universities Scheduled Castes Federation, medium of instruction, 161 143, 143 University of Calcutta, 161 secularism, 12–17 Urdu, 60, 82, 104, 132, 156, 177–8 anti-Muslim violence, 35–6 common language, 154, 159, 168, 179 as election issue, 133 government servants, 98 belonging, 48 language of Muslim minority, 153–4, 158 communal violence, 53 Osmania University, 76 Jawaharlal Nehru, 13–14 Uttar Pradesh, 14, 29, 80, 94, 116, 143, 177, majoritarianism, 53, 57–8, 83, 103, 181 175, 178 Muslim government servants, 117 minority rights, 83, 179 Urdu, 177 non-discrimination, 102–3 police action prisoners, 33 V.B. Raju, 126 state patronage, 78–9 V.D. Deshpande, 113–14 Secunderabad, 158 V.P. Menon, 30–1 separate electorates, 121, 134 Vallabhbhai Patel, 29, 32, 46, 117, 124, Shafiuddin, 144 126 Shah Jahan Begum, 50 Vinayak Rao Vidyalankar, 126–7 Shankar Rao Dev, 165 Vishaal Andhra, 169–70 Shanta Bai, 50 mulki agitation, 114

200 Index

Vishaal Andhra, (cont.) Women’s University, Poona, 79 Muslims and, 171 Vishwa Bharati, 77 YMCA, 77 YWCA, Hyderabad, 80 Wahhabuddin, Mrs., 50 Warangal, 29, 43, 109, 158 Zahir Uddin Ahmed, 100–1 West Bengal, 176 Zakir Hussain, 178