Le Monde Et Bataille. Études Textuelles, Contextuelles Et Prospectives

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Le Monde Et Bataille. Études Textuelles, Contextuelles Et Prospectives Le monde et Bataille. Etudes´ textuelles, contextuelles et prospectives C´edricMong-Hy To cite this version: C´edricMong-Hy. Le monde et Bataille. Etudes´ textuelles, contextuelles et prospectives. Litt´eratures. Universit´ede la R´eunion,2010. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2010LARE0030>. <tel- 01328710> HAL Id: tel-01328710 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01328710 Submitted on 17 Jun 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Université de La Réunion Faculté de Lettres Ecole Doctorale Lettres et Sciences Humaines / Droit-Economie-Gestion-Sciences Politiques Contacts de Culture, de Littératures et de Civilisations (Saint-Denis, Réunion) Présentée par : Cédric Mong-Hy Le monde et Bataille. Études textuelles, contextuelles et prospectives Le 06 mars 2010 Sous la direction de Gwenhaël Ponnau Composition du Jury Gilles Ernst Président Gwenhaël Ponnau Directrice Marina Galleti Jean Philippe Watbled LE MONDE ET BATAILLE Études textuelles, contextuelles et prospectives Thèse de doctorat de Lettres Modernes Présentée par Cédric Mong-Hy Sous la direction du Professeur Gwenhaël Ponnau Université de la Réunion Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines Année universitaire 2009 / 2010 Ces pages sont dédiées à la mémoire de mon père, feu Émile Sylvio Mong-Hy 1 REMERCIEMENTS Il serait bien difficile et bien long de rendre hommage à toux ceux qui, pendant les années de recherche qui viennent de s’écouler, m’ont tendu la main et m’ont rendu les choses plus simples, plus accessibles et plus compréhensibles. Je me bornerai donc à ne citer que quelques noms, qui ont déployé une ardeur particulière pour me maintenir sur le cap, et à qui je dois en partie l’accomplissement de mes travaux. Je remercie d’abord tout naturellement le Professeur Gwenhaël Ponnau, mon directeur de recherche, d’avoir pris le risque de s’engager avec moi dans cette aventure de la pensée, et de m’avoir témoigné toute la confiance qu’il lui était possible de m’accorder. Merci également à l’École des Beaux-Arts de la Réunion, et particulièrement à son directeur, Alain Séraphine, et à son coordinateur pédagogique, Adriano Micconi, pour le soutien accordé à ma condition de jeune chercheur. A David Louis, mon premier interlocuteur et mon fidèle confident, pour son amitié précieuse et pour le partage, non moins précieux, d’une pensée en commun. A ma compagne, Anaïs Fayol, qui, dans tous les sens du terme, m’a supporté pendant ces longues années de tâtonnements et d’errances. Merci, enfin, à ceux qui, de proche en proche, ou de loin en loin, ont été là pour moi et ont enrichi mon chemin. 2 INTRODUCTION 3 « Toutes choses étant causées et causantes, aidées et aidantes, médiates et immédiates, et toutes s’entretenant par un lien naturel et insensible qui lie les plus éloignées et les plus différentes, je tiens pour impossible de connaître les parties sans connaître le tout, non plus que de connaître le tout sans connaître particulièrement les parties. » Blaise Pascal 4 Pour une recherche péninsulaire 5 Approcher Georges Bataille et apprécier les différents aspects de son œuvre, qui sont des plus variés, nécessite de s’armer d’une méthode qui fasse une part importante à l’interdisciplinarité, car la démarche de Bataille n’était pas insulaire : elle n’isolait pas les savoirs et les disciplines telles des îles perdues et éparpillées dans l’immense océan de la connaissance, puisque cette démarche faisait, au contraire, émerger des polders, des presqu’îles, des péninsules entre ces savoirs a priori sans conséquences les uns sur les autres. C’est ce qu’implique le titre de cette ouverture et c’est la voie qui oriente les pages de cette thèse. En effet, l’étude des textes de Bataille requiert nécessairement, selon nous, un tel traitement par une méthode qui opère le mélange de la culture scientifique et de la culture humaniste. Il ne s’agit pas de se laisser aller à des coquetteries savantes ou d’étaler un quelconque goût pour la logorrhée encyclopédique, mais bien de se munir des outils intellectuels nécessaires pour affronter le phénomène épistémologique total1 qu’est la pensée de Bataille. Cependant, afin de ne serait-ce qu’esquisser cette méthode, il faut au préalable prendre conscience de deux écueils : le mimétisme qui guette chaque lecteur de Bataille lors de son parcours2, et l’hyperspécialisation qui enfermerait Bataille dans la clôture artificielle de son œuvre. Ici, nous avons cherché à contourner l’un et l’autre de ces obstacles et les contours qui résultent de ces stratégies d’esquives forment les grandes lignes de notre méthode. 1 Il faut entendre ici la référence au concept de « phénomène social total » de Marcel Mauss. Selon ce dernier, un « phénomène social » est « total » lorsqu’il relie toutes les institutions d’une société (la loi, la religion, l’économie…). La pensée et l’œuvre de Bataille sont des phénomènes épistémologiques totaux en ce sens qu’à y regarder dans le détail, chez lui, c’est la rencontre interdisciplinaire qui fait littérature. La littérature chez Bataille n’est pas une, elle est légion, multitude de savoirs réunis. 2 Georges Didi-Huberman avait évoqué ce phénomène qui frappe les lecteurs de Bataille, à savoir « l’espèce de mimétisme à quoi ceux qui demeurent fascinés par cette œuvre auront été confrontés à un moment ou à un autre. » Didi-Huberman, La ressemblance informe ou le gai savoir visuel chez Grorges Bataille, Paris, Macula, « Vues », 1995, p. 10. 6 Siphon Bataille « J’écris pour qui, entrant dans mon livre, y tomberait comme dans un trou, n’en sortirait plus1 », écrivait Bataille de L’expérience intérieure. Et on ne saurait lui dénier, en effet, que, par son œuvre, Bataille ait réussi à engendrer ce « trou », ce point d’attraction fascinant qui pousse au mimétisme de l’écriture et des poses intellectuelles, à l’adoption sans concession des notions. Or, depuis le début des années 1990, la critique s’est distinctement éveillée et elle a contemplé et formulé l’existence de ce « trou », de ce siphon qui aspire l’objectivité d’une mise en crise réelle. Ce phénomène d’absorption centripète, Marguerite Duras l’avait déjà observé en son temps, du vivant de Bataille : « La critique, au seul nom de Bataille, s’intimide. A défaut de disposer, comme elle le croit nécessaire, d’une casuistique, pour aborder ses ténèbres, elle attend d’être dans un état de grâce critique pour tenter de le faire. Les années passent : les gens continuent à vivre dans l’illusion qu’ils pourront un jour parler de Bataille. Cette illusion les fait durer parallèlement à l’importance capitale de son œuvre. Cette abstention devient leur orgueil. Ils mourront sans oser, dans le souci extrême où ils sont de leur réputation, affronter ce taureau. Un souhait très vif : c’est que les jeunes gens le fassent à notre place, osent ce que nous n’osons faire, sans attendre – au tournant – celui d’entre nous qui l’osera2. » Non que nous ayons des reproches à faire à nos maîtres des décennies précédentes, bien au contraire : nous avons tiré de grands livres de la « critique d’identification3 ». Disons plutôt que les conditions de réception ont depuis changé et que nous avons à faire à un changement de paradigme4 concernant la connaissance de Bataille. 1 Bataille, L’expérience intérieure, in Œuvres complètes, tome V, Paris, Gallimard, 1973, p. 135. Sauf exceptions signalées, les textes de Bataille auxquels nous ferons désormais référence seront extraits des Œuvres complètes parues en douze volumes chez Gallimard entre 1970 et 1988. Nous donnerons le titre du texte, suivi de l’abréviation OC, du numéro du tome en chiffre romain et du numéro de la page en chiffre arabe. 2 Marguerite Duras, « A propos de Georges Bataille », in Outside – Papiers d’un jour, Paris, Gallimard, « Folio », 1984, p. 34. 3 En 1966, Georges Poulet a pu ainsi dire que la critique « est, avant tout, une critique de participation, mieux encore, d’identification. Il n’y a pas de véritable critique sans la coïncidence de deux consciences. » Poulet, « Une critique d’identification », in Poulet (ed.), Les chemins actuels de la critique, Paris, 10/18, 1968, p. 9. 4 Il ne s’agit pas du « paradigme » des grammairiens, qui s’oppose au syntagme. Nous faisons ici référence au concept de paradigme forgé par le philosophe des sciences américain Thomas Kuhn : le paradigme de Kuhn est un ensemble d’idées qui domine une époque. Par exemple, en astronomie, au Moyen-Age, le paradigme dominant était le géocentrisme, tandis qu’à la Renaissance, Copernic et 7 Catherine Cusset a sans doute été la première à fustiger avec tant de force et de distinction le marais dans lequel la répétition de l’ « expérience intérieure » pouvait laisser les commentateurs de Bataille embourbés : « Parce que Bataille lui-même ne cesse d’expliciter, d’analyser et de commenter les notions qu’il met en œuvre, tout commentaire de son œuvre devient extrêmement difficile, sauf à redoubler, répéter ce qu’il a toujours dit. […] Redoubler l’écrit de l’intérieur et sans le traduire, se faire l’écho de ce vide, de cette absence suscitée par l’écrit. Belle entreprise, sauf à devenir redondance et non plus écho, et à plagier le texte avec une idolâtrie dépourvue de toute distance critique.
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