De Alt-Right Voorbij

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De Alt-Right Voorbij DE ALT-RIGHT VOORBIJ Antifeminisme in een digitale wereld “Masterproef voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Master in Gender en Diversiteit” Klassieke Masterproef 25995 woorden Promotor: Prof. Karen Celis Joris Verpoest 08/08/2018 01302428 INHOUD Een Woord van dank ............................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.Inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 4 2.Alt-right: een korte historische plaatsing ............................................................................................. 6 3.Alt wat? Een begripsverklaring voor normies .................................................................................... 10 4.Ico Maly: alt-right als een paraplubegrip ........................................................................................... 12 4.1 Het tweede aspect: Memecultuur: alt-right, meme’s en internettrollen ................................... 13 4.2 Het derde aspect: de Dark Enlightment ...................................................................................... 17 4.3 Het vierde aspect: Fake Newssites .............................................................................................. 18 4.4 Wanorde of een geoliede machine? ........................................................................................... 19 5.Kritieken op Ico Maly: een dissectie van het paraplubegrip .............................................................. 20 6.Op zoek naar een nieuw paraplubegrip ............................................................................................. 22 7.ASJW’s: een analyse van YouTube content ........................................................................................ 23 7.1 Paul Joseph Watson .................................................................................................................... 27 7.2 Sargon of Akkad ........................................................................................................................... 31 7.3 Shoe 0n Head............................................................................................................................... 39 7.4 TJ Kirk ........................................................................................................................................... 45 7.5 Chris Ray Gun .............................................................................................................................. 50 7.6 Rode draden doorheen de analyse en een aanzet tot ontwapening .......................................... 58 8. Epiloog ............................................................................................................................................... 61 Bronnenlijst ........................................................................................................................................... 63 Referentielijst ........................................................................................................................................ 65 1 EEN WOORD VAN DANK Wat nu voor u ligt is een ambitieuse eindverhandeling waar ik de laatste maanden met passie aan heb geschreven. Deze thesis zou echter nooit tot stand zijn gekomen zonder de hulp van anderen. Eerst en vooral bedank ik mijn promotor, Karen Celis, omdat zij mij goed op weg heeft geholpen, tips en kritische opmerkingen heeft gegeven, mijn voeten op de grond heeft gehouden en de thesis heeft nagelezen. Ten tweede zou ik Yves De Waele willen bedanken, die mij wegwijs heeft gemaakt in de vele internetfora waarin ik heb geploeterd om deze verhandeling te kunnen schrijven. Ook mijn vriendin, Pernille, bedank ik graag omdat zij niet alleen de volledige thesis heeft nagelezen, maar ook naar mijn redeneringen, frustraties en enthousiaste anekdotes heeft geluisterd. Ik had graag ook nog dankjewel gezegd aan mijn vrienden en familie die de laatste maanden niets anders hebben aanhoort dan uiteenzettingen van internetmemes en onderwerpen die zijn aangehaald in deze verhandeling. Ten slotte bedank ik ook mijn ouders die mij de mogelijkheid hebben te geven om mijn studies te beginnen. 2 ABSTRACT Recent verscheen Nieuw Rechts, het nieuwe boek van Ico Maly (2018). In dat boek beschrijft Maly (2018) de “alt-right”. Hij beschrijft de beweging als een extremistisch nieuwrechts netwerk, die zich voornamelijk manifesteert op het internet en die gedrenkt is in antiverlichtingsideologie. Toch zijn er stemmen zoals John Murphy (2018) die in dit netwerk een linkse staart zien. Doorheen dit netwerk manifesteert er zich ook antifeminisme. Deze thesis zal vanuit deze invalshoek proberen te antwoorden op de vraag of we het alt-rightnetwerk van Maly (2018) wel kunnen beschouwen als een puur rechts, antiverlichtingsnetwerk en zal proberen te verklaren hoe we dit antifeminisme moeten begrijpen. Dit zal worden gepoogd door een analyse van YouTubekanalen die zich in of aan de rand van dit netwerk bevinden. Wat zal blijken is dat dit netwerk geen puur antiverlichtingsverhaal is en dat sommige actoren zich juist in dit netwerk manifesteren vanuit een verheelijking van verlichtingsidealen. Deze verhandeling kan dus worden gezien als een aanvulling bij Nieuw Rechts van Ico Maly (2018), maar probeert ook een bijdrage te verschaffen in het onderzoek naar verzetsbewegingen tegen het feminisme. 3 1.INLEIDING In 2016 werd “Pepe The Frog”, een kikkertje uit een internetstrip door de Anti Defamation League1 gecategoriseerd als een haatsymbool, toen de kikker als maar vaker op sociale media werd gedeeld op een offensieve manier. (Begley, 2016) Wat oorspronkelijk een kikkertje was die net als emoticons werd gebruikt om online gevoelen uit te drukken, werd nu in verband gebracht met white supremacists, racisten, Jodenhaters, en de presidentscampagne van de republikeinse presidentskandidaat Donald Trump. (“Pepe the Frog”, s.d.) Afbeelding 2: Pepe the Frog als SS- Afbeelding 1: De originele Pepe the Frog. er. https://rare-pepe.com/rare- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepe_the_ pepe-collection/0345_-_iar1lde/ Frog geraadpleegd op 26/27/2018 geraadpleegd op 26/07/2018 In een campagnespeech in Nevada had zijn democratische tegengangster Hilary Clinton verwezen naar een verband die Trump zou hebben met de “alt-right”. Ze beschreef deze beweging als een losse, maar georganiseerde groep die voornamelijk zichtbaar is op het internet en die mainstream conservatisme inruilt tegen het idee die stelt dat migratie en diversiteit een dreiging is voor de witte identiteit. (Ohlheiser en Dewey, 2016) Wanneer ze haar stelling maakte riep iemand in het publiek: “Pepe!”, de naam van het Kikkertje. (“Pepe The Frog”, s.d.) Het kikkertje werd later aan de massa in de spotlight geplaatst op de website van Clinton, die de kikker linkte aan diezelfde alt-right. (Kozlowska, 2016) Sindsdien is Pepe, maar vooral de alt-right, een populair fenomeen die nu en dan de internationale pers haalt. Deze interesse is niet alleen aanwezig in de media, maar geleidelijk aan ook in de academische wereld. Zo verscheen recent Nieuw Rechts (2018) van Ico Maly. Ook Ico Maly schrijft in zijn boek uitgebreid over deze alt-right. Alleen is zijn definitie tweeledig: aan de ene kant is het de wit- nationalistische internetgroepering, waar Clinton het ook over had en die in detail is beschreven door 1 Een invloedrijke Joods-Amerikaanse organisatie die strijdt tegen haat, racisme en antisemitisme. https://www.adl.org/who-we-are 4 professor George Hawley (2017), maar aan de andere kant gebruikt Maly (2018, pp.213-229) de term alt-right ook voor het bredere, internationale nieuwrechtse netwerk waarin deze groepering is gevestigd. Dit netwerk bestaat ook uit rechtse internetactivisten en trollen2, fake-nieuwswebsites, internetfora en sociale mediawebsites zoals 4chan, Twitter, en YouTube. (2018, p.121) Maly (2018, pp.147-151) ziet in dit alt-rightnetwerk een metapolitiek om nieuwrechtse- en anti- verlichtingsideologie mainstream te maken. De groepering heeft een politieke agenda die probeert om op een lange termijn een onliberale en ondemocratische maatschappij te vormen die geen plaats heeft voor verlichtingsconcepten zoals vrijheid, maar vooral gelijkheid. Toch zijn er stemmen die een ander verhaal schetsen. John Murphy (2018) stelt bijvoorbeeld dat dit alt-rightnetwerk niet louter mag worden gezien als extreem rechts. Hij stelt dat er aan het netwerk een linkse staart hangt die zich in het netwerk heeft ingebed, in een strijd voor de vrijheid van meningsuiting. Deze thesis zal proberen om de stelling van Murphy te toetsen aan de hand van een analyse van invloedrijke youtubekanalen die zich manifesteren binnen of aan de rand van het netwerk die Ico Maly (2018) beschrijft. Wat zal blijken is dat we inderdaad niet kunnen stellen dat het alt-rightnetwerk die Ico Maly (2018) beschrijft puur gelinkt is aan een rechts verhaal en aan de antiverlichting. Sommige kanalen zijn juist doorspekt met verlichtingsidealen. Wat onmiddellijk opvalt bij het bekijken van de youtubecontent is dat de makers er van wel allemaal een antifeministisch discours hanteren. Deze thesis wil dan ook de vraag beantwoorden waar dit antifeministisch sentiment vandaan komt. Wat zal blijken is dat de oorsprong van dit antifeminisme van andere
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