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Zur Bestandssituation Der Rentierflechten (Cladonia- Arten Der Cladina-Gruppe) in Luxemburg

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Zur Bestandssituation Der Rentierflechten (Cladonia- Arten Der Cladina-Gruppe) in Luxemburg Zur Bestandssituation der Rentierflechten Cladonia( - Arten der Cladina-Gruppe) in Luxemburg Rainer Cezanne1, Marion Eichler2, Xavier Mestdagh3, Nicolas Titeux3,4, Paul Diederich5 1 Institut für angewandte Vegetationskunde und Landschaftsökologie, Lagerstraße 14, D–64297 Darmstadt, Deutschland ([email protected]) 2 Bürogemeinschaft Angewandte Ökologie, Kaupstraße 43, D–64289 Darmstadt, Deutschland (m.eichler@ bg-ang-oekologie.de) 3 Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Departement, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L–4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg (xavier.mestdagh@list. lu) 4 Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CEMFOR-CTFC), InForest Joint Research Unit (CSIC-CTFC-CREAF), Ctra. Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, E–25280 Solsona, Spain ([email protected]) 5 Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L–2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg ([email protected]) Cezanne, R., M. Eichler, X. Mestdagh, N. Titeux & P. Diederich, 2016. Zur Bestandssitua- tion der Rentierflechten Cladonia( -Arten der Cladina-Gruppe) in Luxemburg. Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois 118 : 53-68. Abstract. An inventory of the reindeer lichens (Cladonia species belonging to the Clad­ ina group) in Luxembourg. – Almost all Luxembourg localities from where the five known species of reindeer lichens have been reported in the past have been carefully surveyed between 2011 and 2015. The size and structure of each population, details on habitat, and possible impairments have been recorded, together with a list of all accompanying terri- colous lichen species. Amongst the 61 localities studied, Cladina species were present only in 25. In the remaining 36, either they have disappeared, or previous records were errone- ous. The most common species are Cladonia portentosa (19 localities), C. ciliata (17) and C. arbuscula (12), while C. mitis (5) and C. rangiferina (4) are nowadays very rare. Only five localities in the Oesling have rich populations with at least four of the five species. 1. Einleitung Pflanzenarten von gemeinschaftlichem Inte- resse gelistet, deren Entnahme aus der Natur Die Bestandssituation der Rentierflechten und Nutzung Gegenstand von Verwaltungs- (Cladonia-Arten der Cladina-Gruppe) im maßnahmen sein können. Darunter befin- Großherzogtum Luxemburg war bislang den sich auch alle in Europa vorkommenden nur ungenügend bekannt. Gesichert ist, Rentierflechtenarten („Cladonia L. subgenus dass insgesamt fünf Rentierflechtenar- Cladina (Nyl.) Vain.“). Nach Artikel 6 der ten in Luxemburg vorkommen: Cladonia FFH-Richtlinie ist jedes Mitgliedsland der arbuscula (Sparrige Rentierflechte, Abb. Europäischen Union verpflichtet, in regel- 1), C. ciliata (Zarte Rentierflechte, Abb. 2), mäßigen Abständen den Erhaltungszustand C. mitis (Milde Rentierflechte, Abb. 3), C. der Anhangsarten zu ermitteln und der EU portentosa (Ebenästige Rentierflechte, Abb. darüber zu berichten. In Luxemburg sind 4) und C. rangiferina (Echte Rentierflechte, zum einen alle Rentierflechtenarten integral Abb. 5). Es existieren jedoch nur wenige durch das großherzogliche Reglement vom Herbarbelege oder andere gesicherte Nach- 8. Januar 2010 geschützt (Ministère du Déve- weise, die Aussagen zur früheren und aktu- loppement durable et des Infrastructures ellen Verbreitung bzw. zur Bestandesent- 2010), zum anderen ist Cladonia rangiferina wicklung erlauben. nach dem „Plan National pour la Protection Im Anhang V der Fauna-Flora-Habi- de la Nature“ (Ministère de l’Environnement tat-Richtlinie (FFH-RL) sind Tier- und 2007) als „prioritäre Art“ eingestuft. Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 118 (2016) 53 Abb. 1. Cladonia arbus­ cula, Felsen bei Moulin de Bourscheid, 16.10.2011. Abb. 2. Cladonia ciliata, Schwaarzenhaff, 15.10.2012. Abb. 3. Cladonia mitis, Felsen beim Tunnel bei Esch-sur-Sûre, 17.10.2011. 54 Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 118 (2016) Abb. 4. Cladonia porten­ tosa, lichter Kiefernwald im Marscherwald, 26.10.2011. Abb. 5. Cladonia rangi­ ferina, Felsen bei Moulin de Bourscheid, 16.10.2011. Zur Klärung der Bestandssituation wurden Nachweise von Rentierflechten in Luxem- im Auftrag des Centre de recherche public burg Gabriel Lippmann (Belval) – jetzt Luxem- Die erste Erwähnung einer Rentierflechte aus bourg Institute of Science and Technology Luxemburg findet sich in Bronn & Courtois (LIST) – von 2011 bis 2015 insgesamt 61 Loka- (1827: 475), die über Funde von Cenomyce litäten im Hinblick auf Vorkommen von Ren- (Cladonia) rangiferina (mit den Formen syl­ tierflechten untersucht (Cezanne & Eichler vatica und cymosa) am 19. Juli 1826 in Beau- 2012, 2014a, 2014b, 2015). Grundlage für die fort – vermutlich im Tal des Haupeschbaches Untersuchungen ist das Programm zur Über- – berichten. In einer nur wenige Jahre später wachung und zum Monitoring der Biodiver- erschienenen Arbeit von Marchand (1830: sität in Luxemburg (Titeux et al. 2009). 199) über die kryptogamischen Pflanzen des Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 118 (2016) 55 Großherzogtums Luxemburg ist ebenfalls lichenologischen Treffens in Luxemburg Cladonia rangiferina aufgeführt. (van den Boom et al. 1994). Im zweiten Teil seines Prodromus der Flora Die meisten Daten lieferte Cepeda Fuen- des Großherzogtums Luxemburg, in dem tes (2002), der um die Jahrtausendwende Koltz (1885: 62) die bis dahin bekannten an 192 über Luxemburg verteilten Loka- Informationen über die Flechten in Luxem- litäten insgesamt 46 Arten der Gattung burg zusammentrug, findet sich der Name Cladonia kartiert hat, darunter auch fünf Cladonia rangiferina mit zwei Varietäten: ß. Rentierflechtenarten. Leider erlauben seine silvatica und γ. alpestris („Ardennes, Ram- Herbarbelege keine Zuordnung zu den von brouch, Allerborn“). In der zweiten Fassung ihm untersuchten Lokalitäten, weshalb eine von Koltz (1897: 136f) werden diese Anga- Überprüfung der Angaben nicht möglich ben wiederholt. Wobei auch hier unklar ist. bleibt, welche der heute bekannten Sippen Bis zum Untersuchungsbeginn im Jahr 2011 von Cladina darunter verstanden wurden. waren nach den vorliegenden Informationen Einige Jahre später erwähnt Feltgen (1902) für das Großherzogtum Luxemburg somit Cladonia rangiferina („An dürren Stel- folgende Rentierflechtenarten bekannt: len, in Wäldern“) von drei Lokalitäten bei Cladonia arbuscula, C. ciliata, C. mitis, C. Mersch: „Auf Waldboden zw. Beringen und portentosa und C. rangiferina. Nicht nach- Angelsberg“, „in einem Kiefernwald in Bin- gewiesen sind die in benachbarten Ländern zert“, „bei Klingelscheuer“. Eine Überprü- (Frankreich, Belgien, Deutschland) vor- fung der im Musée national d‘histoire natu- kommenden Arten Cladonia stellaris und C. relle in Luxembourg (LUX) aufbewahrten stygia. Die meisten Angaben beziehen sich Belege durch die beiden Erstautoren ergab, auf Cladonia ciliata und C. portentosa; deut- dass es sich bei dem erstgenannten Fund lich seltener wurden C. arbuscula, C. mitis um Cladonia ciliata, in den beiden anderen und C. rangiferina gefunden (Diederich et Fällen um C. arbuscula handelt. al. 2016). Erst in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhun- derts wurde durch mehrere Aufsammlun- Bestimmungsschlüssel der in Luxemburg gen – Belege hinterlegt im Herbar der Uni- vorkommenden Rentierflechtenarten versité de Liège (LG) – des belgischen Bota- nikers Jacques Lambinon (1936–2015) das 1. Flechtenlager basal zumindest mit eini- Vorkommen von Cladonia mitis, C. porten­ gen kleinen blattartigen Schup pen [keine tosa und C. rangiferina im Großherzogtum Rentierflechten] ...........Cla do nia fur cata, Luxemburg gesichert. In Lambinon (1968) C. rangi formis oder C. sub rangi formis findet sich zusätzlich eine Angabe zu Clado­ 1. Flechtenlager ohne Schuppen [Rentier- nia ciliata. flechten] .................................................... 2 In ihrer Arbeit über die Verbreitung von Cladonia rangiferina in Belgien und 2. Zweige relativ schlank und dünn, dicho- Luxemburg erwähnen Lambinon & Schu- tom verzweigt, d. h. von einem Punkt nor- macker (1962) zwei Wuchsorte dieser Art malerweise 2 (oder 3) Zweige abgehend; von felsigen Böschungen. Aus jener Zeit Zweige oben nach einer Richtung (ein- stammen auch einige wenige Rentierflech- seitswendig) gebogen ........Cladonia ciliata ten-Aufsammlungen von Léopold Reich- ling (Diederich 1985) sowie von L. Laven 2. Zweige meist zu 3 oder 4 von einem (Schlechter 1994). Punkt abgehend ...................................... 3 Nach 1980 wurden von folgenden Flech- 3. Zweige oben allseitig sparrig ausgerich- tenkundlern Nachweise von Rentierflech- tet, oft relativ dicht verzweigt ................... ten erbracht: J. M. Cepeda, P. Diederich, ................................Cladonia portentosa F. Kuborn, E. Schlechter sowie von P. van den Boom, A. Aptroot, M. Brand, P. Die- 3. Zweige oben meist nach einer Richtung derich und E. Sérusiaux anlässlich eines (einseitswendig) gebogen ....................... 4 56 Bull. Soc. Nat. luxemb. 118 (2016) 4. Flechtenlager weiß-grau bis grau oder Es wurden folgende Parameter erfasst: oben leicht bräunlich, wegen Atranorin Populationsgröße und -struktur K+ gelb (5% Kalilauge-Lösung) ............... ...............................Cladonia rangiferina • Zahl der Polster • Anteil der tatsächlich besiedelten an der 4. Flechtenlager mit gelblichem oder grün- potenziell besiedelbaren Wuchsfläche [%] lichem Ton, K- (Atranorin fehlt) [zwei morphologisch schlecht unterscheidbare • Maximale Größe der Polster [cm²] Arten] ...........................................................5 • Vitalität der Lager • Populationsgröße [m²] 5. Zweige
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