Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-11432-5 — Compression for Multimedia Irina Bocharova Index More Information

Index

absolute threshold of hearing, 224 codebook, 26, 27 accuracy adaptive, 154 1/4th-pixel, 211 adaptive gain, 155 1/8th-pixel, 211 stochastic, 156 half-pixel, 211 stochastic gain, 156 algorithm codec Blahut, 49, 53 ACELP, 158 for lattice quantization, 34 code excited linear predictive (CELP), 79 Levinson–Durbin, 83, 85, 87, 154, 162 FS-1015 LPC-10E, 142 Linde–Buzo–Gray (LBG), 25, 26 FS-1016 CELP, 142, 153 Lloyd–Max, 22 G.722 Wideband, 141,142 LOCO, 186 G.723.1 MPC-MLQ, 142, 153 Viterbi, 36, 37, 38 G.728 LD-CELP, 141, 142, 153, 161 aliasing, 11, 13 G.729 CS-ACELP, 142, 153, 160 analysis GSM 06.10, 161 closed-loop, 154 IS-54 VSELP, 142, 153 open-loop, 153 IS-96 QCELP, 142, 153 approximating values, 15 mixed excitation linear prediction (MELP), 144, audio, 1, 63, 223 162 autoregressive model, 81 PDC PSI-CELP, 142 PDC VSELP, 142 basis RPE-LTP(GSM), 142, 153 for the n-dimensional lattice, 28 VSELP, 161 functions, 10 coding vectors, 93 adaptive, 258 binarization, 220, 257 adaptive delta modulation, 148 binary alpha blocks (BAB), 206 bit-rate, 141 adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM), 141, 142, 147, 150, centroid, 19, 25, 30 analysis-by-synthesis, 152 circular displacement, 102 arithmetic, 175, 243, 246 code audio, 223 convolutional, 36, 58 backward adaptive, 153 Elias, 256 bit-plane, 136, 189 Gallager-vanVoorhis, 255 CABAC, 217, 220 Golomb, 218, 254 CAVLC, 217 Golomb–Rice, 188 context, 175, 190, 249 Levenstein, 256 delta-modulation, 78, 147 monotonic, 254 differential, 183 preﬁx-free, 239 differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), 149 terminated convolutional, 37 embedded block with optimized truncation trellis, 38 (EBCOT), 189 unary, 254 embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW), 135, 136 zero-tail terminated convolutional, 37 entropy, 16, 217, 238

266 Index

coding (cont.) effective bandwidth, 14 forward adaptive, 153 encoder Huffman, 172, 183, 239 trellis, 38 linear predictive, 78, 147 entropy lossless, 238 conditional differential, 43 lossless block, 241 differential, 43 object-based, 206 relative, 50 perceptual, 223 equation predictive, 66 dilation, 125, 127 pulse code modulation (PCM), 63, 141 wavelet, 125, 127 QM, 175, 190, 220, 251 error run-length, 172, 183 mean squared (MSE), 18 scalable, 202 squared, 18 set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT), escape symbol, 218, 259 135, 136 Euler’s formula, 7 Shannon–Fano–Elias, 240 speech, 141 fidelity criterion, 16, 44 sprite, 207 filter subband, 227 autoregressive, 81 transform, 66, 91, 208, 227 deblocking, 212 video, 197 discrete-time, 67 coefficient excitation, 152 AC, 182 finite (im)pulse response (FIR), 68, 111 DC, 182 highpass, 114 companding, 145 infinite (im)pulse response (IIR), 69, 114 A-law, 145 linear phase, 112 µ-law, 145 lowpass prototype, 229 component lowpass, 112 chrominance, 178 moving average, 112 luminance, 178 moving difference, 114 compression nonrecursive, 68 image, 132 prediction, 87 lossless, 3, 238 recursive, 69 lossy, 3, time-invariant discrete-time, 67 ratio, 172, 177 conditional exchange, 252 wavelet, 110, 132 constraint length, 36 filter bank, 115 convolution, 111 analysis, 117 circular, 100, 111 cosine modulated, 229 discrete-time, 68 Haar, 115, 118 coset, 32, 34 hybrid, 232 critical bands, 224 perfect reconstruction, 127 cyclic extension, 120 polyphase, 228 synthesis, 117 decimation, 116 wavelet, 127 -in-frequency, 103 formant frequencies, 152 -in-time, 103 format discrete-time pulse response, 68 bitmap (BMP), 178 discrete-time system, 67 CIF, 64, 201 distortion HDTV, 64, 197 average, 42 NTSC, 64 just noticeable, 226 PAL, 64 measure, 15 QCIF, 64, 201 perceptual, 153 RGB, 178, 197 dot, 63 VGA, 63 downsampling, 14, 116 XVGA, 63

Index 267

YCbCr, 178 noise-masking-tone, 225 YUV, 178, 197 tone-masking-noise, 225 Fourier series expansion, 6 matrix frames covariance, 47 B-type, 211 Toeplitz’s 47, 83 I-type, 201 maximal asymptotical shaping gain, 57 inter-, 201 method intra-, 201 autocorrelation, 81, 86 P-type, 211 covariance, 81, 83 function motion compensation, 197 amplitude, 77 MIPS, 142 Dirac’s delta, 12, 68 model-templates block, 175 distortion-rate, 44 motion compensation 197 frequency, 75 block matching, 197 information rate-distortion, 42 logarithmic search, 199 Kronecker’s delta, 68, 159 motion vectors, 197, 211 match, 156 multilevel decomposition, 127 phase, 77 multimedia signals, 1, 63 rate-distortion, 15, 24, 42 multiresolution analysis, 123 sinc-, 8 mutual information, 42, 50 spreading, 226 transfer, 75 normalized frequency, 76 normalized second moment, 57 generator matrix, 28, 32 Nyquist sampling rate, 8, 11, 147 granular noise, 148 orthogonal decomposition, 10 high-resolution theory, 58 pass image, 1, 63, 171 cleanup, 190 coding, 132, 171 magnitude refinement, 190 fax, 172 significance propagation, 190 fields, 203 peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), 177 grayscale, 63, 178 peakiness measure, 163 halftone, 177 pitch period, 153, 154 International Telecommunication Union (ITU), 141 pixel, 63 interval inversion, 252 power spectral density, 47 interval of quasi-stationarity, 79 pre-echo, 232 precinct, 289 Kullback Leibler distance, 50 prediction B-type, 211 lattice, 28 backward, 201, 203 n-dimensional, 30 backward adaptive, 151, 161 based on linear codes, 31 bi-, 211 cubic, 28 bidirectional, 201, 203, 211 hexagonal, 29, 31, 57 bottom-layer typical, 176 integer, 57 deterministic, 176 scaled integer, 31 differential-layer typical, 176 square, 28 filter, 87 levels, 204 forward, 201, 203 linear prediction coefficients (LPCs), 154 intra in spatial domain, 208 linear spectral parameters (LSPs), 154, 165 long-term, 154 P-type, 211 macroblock, 199, 203, 206 short-term, 153 mask-to-noise ratio, 234 weighted, 212 masking, 225 zero-value, 203 global threshold, 234 prediction coefficients, 78, 81

268 Index

prefiltering, 14 sequence process causal, 71 Gaussian, 47 detail, 126 Gaussian Markov, 49 reference, 126 profiles, 204 Shannon lower bound, 54 psychoacoustic model, 223, 226 shaping gain, 30 PAM-I, 232 signal PAM-II, 233 noncausal, 70 time-limited, 14 quantization, 6, 15 signal-to-mask ratio (SMR), 227 gain, 44 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 143, 177, 224 multi-pulse maximum-likelihood, 158 signals noise, 15, 46 analog, 5 rate, 16, 24, 42, 46, 60 digital, 5 step, 17 significance map, 135 quantizer significance state, 190 entropy-constrained scalar (ECSQ), sound attack, 232 20 sound pressure level, 224 fixed-rate, 16 source lattice, 30, 188 Gaussian memoryless, 45 lattice vector, 28, 29, 32, 35 generalized Gaussian, 59 n-dimensional lattice, 30 geometric, 187 nonuniform optimal scalar, 18 Laplacian, 46, 59 nonuniform scalar, 60 Markov, 234 optimal nonuniform scalar, 19 memoryless, 43, 44, 54 optimal uniform, 21 uniform, 46, 59 optimal with extended zero zone, 22 with memory, 66 scalar, 15 spatial orientation trees, 137 suboptimal with extended zero spectral band replication (SBR), 235 zone, 22 spectrum, 6 uniform fixed-rate scalar, 17 speech, 1, 63, 79, 141 uniform scalar, 17 coding, 141 variable-rate, 16 frame, 153 vector, 23, 60 production model, 143 with extended zero zone, 21 standard G.711, 141, 142 redundancy, 257 G.722, 141, 142 spatial, 183 G.726, 141, 142, 150 temporal, 183, 212 G.727, 142, 147 relative prediction error, 92 G.728, 141, 142, 153, 161 resolution, 68 G.729, 142, 153, 160 resolution reduction, 186 G3, 172 G4, 172 sampling, 6 H.261, 91, 200 dyadic, 122 H.263, 91, 200 frequency, 6 H.264, 200, 208 function, 10 HE-AAC, 227 period, 6 ISO-MPEG-4 Part 2, 200 rate, 11 ISO-MPEG-4 Part 10, 200 theorem, 6, 12, 14 JBIG-1, 173 scalability, 191, 204 JPEG, 91, 177 SNR, 191, 204 JPEG-2000, 138, 188 spatial, 191 JPEG-LS, 186 scaling function, 124 MPEG Audio, 227 scaling subspace, 124 MPEG-1, 200, 202 second moment, 56 MPEG-2, 200, 202

Index 269

MPEG-4, 135, 200, 202, 205 Karhunen–Loeve, 95, 105 MPEG-AAC, 227 Laplace, 6 MPEG-1-audio, 107 linear, 93 MPEG-1 layer III, 228 matrix, 91 stereo modified DCT (MDCT), 107, 227, 230 intensity, 232 one-sided z-, 70 middle-side (MS), 232 orthogonal, 117 parametric, 235 orthonormal, 92–94, 105 subband, 116 overlapped, 107, 227 symbol separable, 92, 105 less probable (LPS), 175, 220, 251 window, 229 more probable (MPS), 175, 220, 251 system upsampling, 117 causal, 67 stable, 67 video, 1, 63 interlaced, 202 theorem progressively scanned, 203 Cauchy’s integral, 72 sequentially scanned, 203 of residues, 74 video object plane (VOP), 206 Parseval’s, 93 Voronoi rate-distortion, 45 cell, 29 sampling, 6, 14 partition, 26 tiles, 189 region, 25, 30 transform 2D-DFT, 99 wavelet z-, 70 coefficients, 133 2D DCT, 106, 179 discrete, 122 coding, 66, 91, 208, 227 equation, 125, 127 coefficients, 93 father, 124 continuous wavelet (CWT), 121 filter bank, 127 DCT-II, 107, 214 filtering, 110, 132 DCT-IV, 107, 230 mother, 124 discrete cosine (DCT), 91, 104, 179 series decomposition, 123 discrete Fourier (DFT), 98 subbands, 133 discrete wavelet (DWT), 121, 123, 188 subspace, 124 fast Fourier (FFT), 103, 230 Fourier,6,14 Yule–Walker equations, 80, 83, 86 Hadamard, 216 IDFT, 102 zerotree, 135, 136 inverse z-, 72 zigzag ordering, 184, 217