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Distribution, Life History, and Habitat Use of Bull Trout (Salvelínus Confluentus) in Mountain Streams of the Southern and Central Northtvest Territories

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Distribution, Life History, and Habitat Use of Bull Trout (Salvelínus Confluentus) in Mountain Streams of the Southern and Central Northtvest Territories Distribution, Life History, and Habitat Use of Bull Trout (Salvelínus confluentus) in Mountain Streams of the Southern and Central Northtvest Territories By Neil J. Moch¡acz A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Natural Resou¡ces Managerrent Natural Resources Institute 70 Dysart Road The University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2 @ February 2003 Nationll-qbrary Bibliothèque nationale l*l Acquis¡tions and Acquisitions el BibiiographicServ¡ces serv¡cesbibl¡ograph¡ques 395 Wellìnglon Str€et 395, rue Wellin$on OttÂwa ON K1A0M Onâwa ON K1A0N4 cå¡arla ca¡ada You¡ 61ê Volto télè.âic. out flê ¡loùe ñléÉôêâ The author has granted a non- L'auteu¡ a aocordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan" dishibute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis inmicroform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microñche/film" de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électonique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserye la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the d¡oit d'auteu¡ qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial exfracts ûom it Ni la thèse ni des extaits substantiels may be printed o¡ otherwise de celle-ci ue doivent ête imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autement reproduits sâns son permission. autorisation. 0-612-79987-5 Canad'ä THE UMVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GR.A,DUÄTE STUDIES COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE DISTRIBUTION, LIFE HISTORY, AND HÀBITAT USE OF BULL TROUT (Salvelinus confluentus) IN MOUNTAIN STREAMS OF THE SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL NORTHWEST TERRITORIES BY NEIL J. I\{OCHNACZ A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Facu.lty of Graduâte Studi€s of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Mâster of Natural Resources Management NEIL J. MOCHN ACZ @ 2OO3 Permlssion has been granted to the Library of The University of Mânitobâ to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the fìlm, and to University Microfilm Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither this thesis/prâcticum nor extensive extracts from it mãy lre printed or otherrvise reproduced rvithout the author's ìvritten permission. ABSTRACT During the past 30 years bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations have declined in various watersheds across their range. The decline has been attributed to loss ofhabitat, over harvesting, habitat disturbance from resource development activities, and interaction with exotic species. The declining population trends observed over the past th¡ee decades suggest that this species is sensitive to impacts. In response to these declines, bull trout are listed as "Tkeatened" in the United States and "sensitive', in Albe¡ta, British Columbia, and the Yukon Territory. In the Northwest Territories bull trout are listed as "May Be at Risk" and are a candidate for a detailed risk assessment in the area. The presence ofbull trout has been confirmed in the Northwest Territories; however, the distribution and biology ofpopulations in the region are poorly understood. In an effort to prevent declines seen in other areas, a research project was underlaken to determine the geographic distribution, life history (chapter 2), and habitat use (chapter 3) of bull trout in the southem and central Northwest Territories. Management recommendations were developed frorn this study (chapter 4) to guide management practices for populations in the region. A total of 150 bull trout were captured frorn nine of the 18 tributaries surweyed in the Liard, South Nahanni, and Keele River drainages during the summer and fall of2000 and 2001. The repeated capture ofbull trout in hìbutaries ofthese drainages suggests that these fish ae fiom self-sustaining populations rather than shays from watersheds south of the area. Growth patterns corresponding to adfluvial, fluvial, and stream-resident life histodes were obseryecl across the study area. Adults from all life history types spalvned in altemate years. In Funeral Creek, a tributary of the South Nahan¡i River, adults in spawning and post spawning condition as well as young-of-the-year and juvenile bull trout were captured. These findings indicate that this stream is used for spawning in the fall and provides rearing habitat forjuveniles throughout the year. Although a total of 18 streams were surveyed across a large geographic area, bull trout were only caught in half of the tributaries and were far less abundant than other species such as Arctic grayling. These data imply that populations are probably small and widespread in the region, which is consistent for populations across the range. Bull trout captured in the Northwest Territories preferred small, high-gradient streams with an abundance ofcobble to boulder-type substrate. Water depths used by bull trout ranged from 24.9 cm to 37.9 cm and water velocities tanged from 0.21 m/s to 0.51 m/s. Small cobble was the dominant substrate and boulders were the dominant cover found in most streams across the study area. Habitat use differed for adults andjuveniles in Funeral Creek. Juveniles preferred pocket pools in riffle type habitats and used small cobble and boulders for cover. Adults were found most frequently in pools and used large boulders for cover. Boulders were more abundant than small cobble in Funeral Creek, The selection of small cobble rather than boulder-type substr.ate byjuveniles in Funeral Creek suggests that habitat preferences are specific to different life stages and locations (i.e., streams). Although many of the habitat preferences found in the study area were sirnilal to those seen in other areas, it is evident that bull trout in the north have specifìc habitat requirements that differ from other regions. Research and monitodng programs must be implementeil to leam mo¡e about this species in the area. Development activities can continue in the area ifproper watershed lll management practices are implemented. Recommendations for research and monitoring plans are outlined in the thesis. Mitigation strategies for activities that could compromise bull trout populations are also identified to guide habitat management in the future. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is dedícated to nty niece Savannah Flynn, Kaeden Barbour-Pottie, and my beautiful wife Carly. Savannah and Kaeden contínue to remínd me how simple and special life is during challenging times whích helps keep me grounded. Carly has provided extraordinary supporl and love throughout many challenging tintes. I have greøt admirationfor her strength and determination, whích continue to inspire me. ll'íthouf her I would not be where I am today and I amforever grateful to her. I love them all vety much. Funding for this research was provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Parks Canada Agency, the Habitat Stewardship Program for Species at Risk sponsored by the Govemment of Canada, Northem Scientific Training Program, Manitoba Wildlife Federation, and the University of Manitoba. In-kind support was provided by Parks Canada Agency, Govemment of the Northwest Territories, Department of Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, Tulita Renewable Resource Council, Nahanni Butte Renewable Resource Council, Fort Liard Band, and the Natural Resources Institute. I would like to begin by thanking my parents for always supporting me and encouraging me in all of my endeavors tkoughout my life. I would like to thank my mother for always being there to listen, understand, and provide advice when I needed it. I would like to thank my father for the countless hours oflaughter, rnany great golf outings, and for always believing in rne. Thanks to my in-laws Rick and Cathy Sokolowski for always providing support, sharing their time at the cabin with me, and countless super.b Sunday dinners. I thank the following individuals for enduring many long hours ofintense field work at times in less than hospitable conditions: L. Bataille, K. Bourassa, K. Cott, P. Cott, J. Demers, K. Ditz, K. Hickling, M. Low, A. Nande, G. Sibbeston, D. Tate, B. Vital, M. Vital, and S. Weaver. Thanks to Pete Cott for providing valuable advice and assistance during my work. Thank you also for being a great friend, hunting companion, and the brother I never had. Robert Bajno and A¡¡a Elz are thanked for preparing and analyzing the samples for the genetic component ofthis project. Eric Taylor and Jim Reist are thanked for providing the resources to analyze the samples at the University of British Columbia and Freshwater Institute. John Babaluk is thanked for providing the resources and lab space to age the fish. Thanks to Rick Wastle for ageing the fish and providing valuable technical advice and training on fish ageing. Thanks to George Low for fìnding a way to get things done no matter how insurmountable the hurdles seemed. I will always be grateful for the support that you provided and for welcoming me into your home during long field seasons. We did find bull trout and I do have a thesis George! Thanks to my advisor Jim Reist for convincing rne to follow my dleams of becoming a fish biologist and the excellent advice and teaching along the way. Jim has always believed in me and challenged me throughout my thesis work. I will be a better biologist and person because of this. Thank you to members of my academic committee: to Rick Baydack for his insight and expertise on field research; to Ken Stewart for his experlise and encyclopedia like knowledge on bull trout and fisheries research; and to Paul Blanchfield for his valuable comments on fish habitat research. Finally, I would like to thank the Tulita Renewable Resource Council, Nahanni Butte Resource Council, and Fort Liard Band for allowing me to work on their sacred lands and experience God's country first hand.
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