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Preliminary Report on Surficial Geology Investigations of La Biche River Map Area, Southeast Yukon Territory

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Preliminary Report on Surficial Geology Investigations of La Biche River Map Area, Southeast Yukon Territory Geological Survey of Canada Current Research 2000-B3 Preliminary report on surficial geology investigations of La Biche River map area, southeast Yukon Territory I.R. Smith 2000 ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2000 Catalogue No. M44-2000/B3E-IN ISBN 0-660-18017-0 A copy of this publication is also available for reference by depository libraries across Canada through access to the Depository Services Program's website at http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca A free digital download of this publication is available from the Geological Survey of Canada Bookstore web site: http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/bookstore/ Click on Free Download. All requests for permission to reproduce this work, in whole or in part, for purposes of commercial use, resale or redistribution shall be addressed to: Geoscience Information Division, Room 200, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8. Author’s address I.R. Smith ([email protected]) Terrain Sciences Divsion 3303-33rd Street N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2L 2A7 Preliminary report on surficial geology investigations of La Biche River map area, southeast Yukon Territory1 I.R. Smith Terrain Sciences Division, Calgary Smith, I.R., 2000: Preliminary report on surficial geology investigations of La Biche River map area, southeast Yukon Territory; Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2000-B3, 9 p. (online; http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/gsc/bookstore) Abstract: As part of the Central Forelands NATMAP Project, field investigations of the surficial geol- ogy of the La Biche River map area (NTS 95 C), southeastern Yukon Territory, were initiated. The distribu- tion of erratics and glacial geomorphology, notably extensive bedrock fluting fields, indicates that the area was largely occupied by Montane ice advancing from the west-southwest. Granite erratics were found in glaciofluvial and till deposits within the south-central area. These indicate the presence of westward flowing Laurentide ice ~30 km beyond previously proposed limits, suggesting a more extensive advance of Laurentide ice across the Mackenzie Mountains bounding the eastern study area. During deglaciation, retreating ice impounded the regional drainages, forming large, proglacial lakes. Ice- and clay-rich glaciolacustrine sediments and extensive shale deposits have led to widespread mass movements at varied scales (local to tens of square kilometres). The surficial investigations includes map- ping these features to provide a database for risk assessment. Résumé : Dans le cadre du Projet de l’avant-pays central du CARTNAT, on a entrepris des études sur le terrain de la géologie de surface de la région cartographique de la rivière La Biche (95C), dans le sud-est du Territoire du Yukon. La répartition des blocs erratiques et la géomorphologie glaciaire, notamment les vastes zones de rainures glaciaires, indiquent que la région a été recouverte par des glaces subalpines qui avançaient de l’ouest-sud-ouest. On a trouvé des blocs granitiques erratiques dans les dépôts glaciolacustres et les tills dans la région du centre sud. Ils indiquent la présence de glaces laurentidiennes à écoulement vers l’ouest à environ 30 km au-delà de la limite proposée précédemment, ce qui porte à croire que l’Inlandsis laurentidien s,est avancé plus loin sur les monts Mackenzie qui bordent la partie est de la région d’étude. Durant la déglaciation, la glace en retrait a bloqué le drainage régional, ce qui a formé de vastes lacs proglaciaires. La présence de sédiments glaciolacustres riches en glace et en argile ainsi que de vastes dépôts de shale a entraîné des mouvements de masse généralisés à diverses échelles (allant d’une échelle locale à plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres carrés). L’étude de la géologie de surface inclut la cartographie de ces éléments aux fins de l’assemblage d’une base de données pour l’évaluation des risques. 1 Contribution to the Central Forelands NATMAP Project 1 Current Research 2000-B3 INTRODUCTION including those of the Garbutt, Scatter, and Lepine forma- tions, outcrop in the synclinal basins and troughs in the east- The Central Forelands NATMAP Project includes mapping ern half of the map area (Stott, 1960; Douglas, 1976). To the the surficial geology of the La Biche River map area NTS 95 C west, the geology is dominated by Paleozoic strata including members of the Fantasque, Mattson, and Besa River forma (Fig. 1). Research topics include the detailed mapping of gla- - cial geomorphology, stratigraphy, geochronology, and till tions (Harker, 1963; Douglas, 1976), much of which are dispersal related to the interaction of Laurentide, Montane, shale-rich. and Cordilleran ice sheets along the Liard Plateau and south- ern Mackenzie Mountains, Yukon Territory, and Northwest Territories. Final results will be displayed on a 1:250 000 PREVIOUS WORK scale map of surficial geology. Mapping will also document the distribution and type of mass movements within the Following original reconnaissance studies within the broader region, noting areas of potential hazard for future develop- study area, subsequent investigations were driven by the ment. Databases produced from this study will be compatible search for mineral and hydrocarbon resources. Kindle (1944) with bedrock maps and geophysical databases under a GIS traversed the Nelson, Liard, and Beaver rivers where he made standard. observations on the geological structure and composition and noted the potential for oil-bearing strata in the region. Hage Initial field investigations began in the 1999 field season. (1945) focused on the Cretaceous record around Fort Liard Access to the field area was by canoe, paddling from Jackpine and the Liard and La Biche ranges. Patton (1958), working for Lake down the Whitefish River to the Beaver River and then British American Oil Company, described the geological south beyond the map area (Fig. 1). Foot traverses were made succession from a site just north of the La Biche map area. from the shore at selected sites, whereas detailed observations Operation Mackenzie, initiated in 1957, involved a geologi- and sediment samples were collected from exposed sections cal reconnaissance of the southwestern District of Mackenzie along the rivers. of which a prime objective was to map the geological stratig- A review of the current literature and regional Quaternary raphy and assess the economic possibilities of the area for oil, history along with preliminary field observations are pre- gas, coal, and minerals (Douglas, 1958, 1959). Subsequent sented here. reports were prepared by Douglas and Norris (1959) on the overall geology of the La Biche and Fort Liard map areas including the first detailed geological map of the La Biche PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETTING map sheet, by Stott (1960) on the Cretaceous rocks around Fort Liard and the Kotaneelee river, and by Harker (1961, 1963) on the Carboniferous and Permian strata of the south- The La Biche River map area lies mostly within the Liard Pla- ern Mackenzie Mountains including all of the La Biche River teau, bounded to the west by the Hyland Plateau, to the north map area. and east by the Mackenzie Mountains, and farther east by the Interior Plains (Mathews, 1986). The landscape is character- Evidence of extensive glaciation in the southern Yukon ized by discontinuous, north-trending ridges and valleys, on a Territory has been known since the late 1800s (Dawson, gently rolling, heavily wooded terrain; maximum relief is 1889; McConnell, 1890; Russell, 1890; Hayes, 1891). Evi- ~1200 m (Fig. 1). The region is drained by the Beaver and dence of multiple glaciations in the central Yukon Territory Whitefish rivers and their tributaries, which drain southeast- was recorded by McConnell (1903) and then formally docu- ward to the Liard River and then north to the Mackenzie mented and interpreted by Bostock (1966). Four glaciations River. Along the eastern section of the map area lie the were recognized: Nansen (oldest), Klaza, Reid, and Kotaneelee and Liard ranges, the southern extension of the McConnell (youngest). The two oldest glaciations were the Mackenzie Mountains. Together with the La Biche Range, most extensive (Jackson et al., 1991). Associated glacial they represent three southward-plunging anticlinal struc- landforms and deposits of the two oldest glaciations are often tures, with summits exceeding 2400 m a.s.l. (Fig. 1). A series subdued and difficult to differentiate, and much of their of smaller rivers (La Biche, Kotaneelee, Chinkeh) are aligned surficial record is simply classified as ‘pre-Reid’ glaciation. with the ridges and fed by trellis drainage networks. In places, On the basis of paleomagnetic and radiometric techniques, this north-south alignment is disrupted and the rivers cross the Klaza Glaciation is dated >790 ka and the Nansen Glaci- upland ranges through deeply incised canyons (Fig. 1). These ation, at >1.08 Ma (Naeser et al., 1982; Jackson et al., 1990). diversions, and the stretch of the Beaver River that flows Dates on tephras overlying deposits of the Reid Glaciation through a deeply incised canyon in the western map area, are provide a minimum age of 80 ka; the Reid Glaciation is gener- thought to be the result of glacial damming and meltwater ally considered to be Illinoian (Hughes et al., 1989; Jackson diversion (A. Duk-Rodkin, pers. comm., 1999). To the north, et al., 1990). The Reid Glaciation extended to limits between the Kotaneelee and La Biche ranges merge with the southern those of the pre-Reid and McConnell glaciations. The most part of the Tlogotsho Plateau, where rivers drain northward recent glaciation, the McConnell Glaciation, is Late into the South Nahanni River. Wisconsinan and considered to be the least extensive regional ice advance (Klassen, 1987; Matthews et al., 1990; Jackson Rocks in the area range in age from Proterozoic argillites and Harington, 1991; Jackson et al., 1991). to intrusive Upper Cretaceous syenite and Tertiary trachyte deposits (Douglas, 1976). Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, 2 I.R. Smith 126°00N 124°00N 61°00N 61°00N r e T L O G O T S H O L v i I R R A N G E A r u R le il D e M R K A O N T N.W.T.
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