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Dacey Udel 0060D 142 THE PERCEPTIONS OF STORM SPOTTERS AS PART OF A NATURAL HAZARDS INTEGRATED WARNING SYSTEM by Connor Dacey A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Disaster Science and Management Summer 2020 © 2020 Connor Dacey All Rights Reserved THE PERCEPTIONS OF STORM SPOTTERS AS PART OF A NATURAL HAZARDS INTEGRATED WARNING SYSTEM by Connor Dacey Approved: __________________________________________________________ Maria P. Aristigueta, D.P.A Director of Joseph Biden Jr. School of Public Policy and Administration Approved: __________________________________________________________ John Pelesko, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education and Dean of the Graduate College I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Joseph Trainor, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Sue McNeil, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Breck Robinson, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Jonathan Martin, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to first thank my family for their continued support over these past three years. It has been a challenging journey and I am both excited and relieved to be PHinisheD! I also want to extend a huge thank you to my advisor, Dr. Joseph Trainor, for supporting me throughout the past few years and allowing me to pursue my own research interests. It has been an extremely rewarding process and I feel that I have now become a better social scientist because of his guidance. Additionally, I want to thank my committee members, Dr. Sue McNeil, Dr. Jonathan Martin, and Dr. Breck Robinson for their willingness to be on my doctoral committee and supply ample support, patience, and advice. I am grateful for their time and help along the way. I also want to give a huge thanks to some important friends, including my “Big Sis” Melissa Brown de Gerena for coming on the Titanic with me! We have lots of great memories and I really glad we were able to go through this experience together. I also want to thank my mentor, Rachel Chiquoine, for our common “menting” sessions and for helping me throughout the entire process! Thanks also to my friends James Simkins, Dan Henne, Dan Moore, and all others for their support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xvi Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 IWS and Storm Spotters ............................................................................ 1 1.2 Motivation ................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Storm Spotters: Background and Classification ........................................ 4 1.3.1 Characteristics of Storm Spotters ................................................ 13 1.3.2 Defining Storm Spotters .............................................................. 15 1.4 Storm Spotters as a Formal Actor within an IWS ................................... 19 1.5 Objectives and Dissertation Outline ........................................................ 21 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 24 2.1 IWS: Broad Overview ............................................................................. 24 2.2 IWS: The Primary Social Components ................................................... 25 2.2.1 Assessment .................................................................................. 25 2.2.2 Dissemination .............................................................................. 27 2.2.3 Public Response........................................................................... 31 2.3 IWS: Storm Spotters ................................................................................ 34 2.3.1 Storm Spotters: Introduction ....................................................... 34 2.3.2 State of Science Relating to Storm Spotters: Roles within the System ......................................................................................... 36 2.4 Research Questions, Objectives, and Significance .................................. 39 3 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 45 v 3.1 Phase 1: Quantitative Research Methods ................................................ 46 3.1.1 Survey Sampling ......................................................................... 47 3.1.2 Survey Recruitment ..................................................................... 50 3.1.3 Survey Instrumentation ............................................................... 52 3.1.4 Survey Data Analysis .................................................................. 53 3.2 Phase 2: Qualitative Research Methods .................................................. 54 3.2.1 Justification and Philosophical Approaches ................................ 54 3.2.2 Individual Semi-Structured Interviews ........................................ 56 3.2.2.1 Storm Spotter Interviewees: Sample ............................ 58 3.2.2.2 Storm Spotter Interviewees: Recruitment .................... 63 3.2.2.3 Storm Spotter Interviewees: Interview Instruments ..... 67 3.2.2.4 Storm Spotter Interviewees: Process ............................ 69 3.2.3 Focus Group Interviews .............................................................. 69 3.2.3.1 Focus Group Interviewees: Sample .............................. 70 3.2.3.2 Focus Group Interviewees: Recruitment ...................... 71 3.2.3.3 Focus Group Interviewees: Interview Instrument ........ 72 3.2.3.4 Focus Group Interviewees: Process.............................. 73 3.2.3.5 Deductive Approach ..................................................... 74 3.2.3.6 Inductive Approach ...................................................... 78 3.2.3.7 Relating the Quantitative and Qualitative Data ............ 80 3.2.4 Data Quality................................................................................. 83 3.3 Summary of Methodology ....................................................................... 84 4 ONLINE SURVEY RESULTS: RESEARCH QUESTION #1 ....................... 86 4.1 Demographic Characteristics Results ...................................................... 87 4.1.1 Age .............................................................................................. 89 4.1.2 Race and Ethnicity ....................................................................... 90 4.1.3 Gender ......................................................................................... 91 4.1.4 Employment Status ...................................................................... 92 4.1.5 Place of Residence ....................................................................... 92 4.1.6 Formal Education ........................................................................ 93 4.1.7 Primary Occupational Industry.................................................... 94 4.1.8 Summary of Demographic Information ...................................... 95 vi 4.2 Storm Spotter-Specific Attributes ........................................................... 96 4.2.1 Affiliations ................................................................................... 98 4.2.2 Training Mechanisms .................................................................. 99 4.2.3 Length of Storm Spotter Experience ........................................... 99 4.2.4 Training Setting ......................................................................... 101 4.2.5 Last Trained ............................................................................... 102 4.2.6 Training Renewal ...................................................................... 102 4.2.7 Meteorological Education ......................................................... 103 4.2.8 Commonly Spotted Natural Hazards ......................................... 104 4.2.9 Interactions ...............................................................................
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