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REMAL Thèse Tot 3 A mon père ∞ A ma mère Remerciements Je souhaite tout d’abord sincèrement remercier ma directrice de thèse Dr. Laure Civeyrel pour m’avoir donné la chance d’avoir pu accéder au monde de la recherche et de l’enseignement dans des domaines qui me passionnent depuis le début de mes études ; la botanique, l’étude de la morphologie et de l’évolution des plantes à fleurs. Je suis entièrement reconnaissante de la confiance et de la patience qu’elle m’a accordée tout au long de cette aventure, non sans obstacles, qu’est une thèse. Je tiens ensuite à remercier tous les membres de mon équipe de recherche, qui ont toujours été présents pour me soutenir dans les différentes phases de ce projet. Je remercie particulièrement la directrice de mon laboratoire de recherche Elise Van Campo pour avoir financé une partie de mes travaux. Je remercie également Monique Burrus, Emilie Lecompte et Jean-Pierre Suc qui ont accepté de critiquer ce travail lors de mon comité de thèse. Je remercie aussi les responsables des différents herbiers que j’ai visité au cours de ce travail de thèse pour m’avoir permis d’accéder aux plus beaux herbiers d’Europe ; Adele Smith, conservatrice au Royal Botanical Garden d’Edinburgh pour sa gentillesse et sa douceur, Nicolas Fumeaux, technicien à l’herbier de Genève pour son aide précieuse dans les placards débordants de spécimens de Verbascum et pour avoir bien voulu donner du matériel végétal pour mes travaux et enfin Peter Schäfer, conservateur de l’herbier à l’Institut Botanique de Montpellier pour avoir partager ses expériences de conservateur d’herbiers avec moi. Je tiens tout particulièrement à remercier Meriem Talbi pour m’avoir accueillie à Londres, lors de ma mission à l’herbier du Kew Botanical Garden ainsi que Marcel et Netty van Oijen pour m’avoir chaleureusement hébergé à Edinburgh lors de ma mission Royal Botanical Garden. Je tiens aussi à remercier toute l’équipe pédagogique de biologie végétale de l’Université de Toulouse, qui m’a d’abord donné goût à la biologie végétale en tant qu’enseignants puis en tant que collègues. Merci de m’avoir toujours encouragé aussi bien dans mon enseignement que mes travaux de recherche. Plus personnellement, mes sincères remerciements à mes amis, mes frères et sœurs de cœur, Claire, Juliette, Loubna sans oublier Marième et ses deux princesses, Lionel et son petit prince, pour m’avoir toujours pousser à me dépasser et aller de l’avant. Merci à tous ceux qui m’auront soutenu, de près ou de loin et qui se reconnaitront. Enfin, je remercie ma famille, mes sœurs Alice, Céline et Myriem, parce qu’elles ont toujours cru en moi tout simplement. Et je ne remercierais jamais assez mon père et ma mère pour m’avoir accompagné au cours de mes études et dans la vie. Mutti, je te dédie cette thèse, j’espère que de là-haut tu en seras fière. Liste des Tableaux: Tableau 1 : Principaux changements dans la classification des Scrophulariaceae…………………..…...p.7 Tableau 2 : Principaux travaux de taxonomie réalisés sur le genre Verbascum L……………………...p.20 Tableau 3: Recensement des pourcentages de sites variables de différents marqueurs utilisés………...p.42 Tableau 4 : Liste des taxa testés pour le choix du groupe externe……………………………….…….p.47 Tableau 5 : Liste des taxa choisi pour le test des marqueurs moléculaires……………………………...p.48 Tableau 6: Marqueurs, amorces et programmes d’amplification associés……………………………...p.49 Tableau 7 : Variabilité des différents marqueurs moléculaires testés…………………………….…….p.50 Tableau 8 : Liste des caractères morphologiques sélectionnés et états de caractères associés…………p.55 Article 1 Table 1: List of taxa with collector names, vouchers and origins............................................................p.90 Table 2: List of morphological characters and their states…………………………...…………………p.92 Table 3: Matrix characteristics..................................................................................................................p.93 Article 2 Table 1: List of added taxa, the putative hybrids are the last four…………………………….……….p.124 Table 2: Matrix characteristics………………………………………………………………...……….p.124 Liste des Figures: Figure 1: Résumé des relations phylogénétiques au sein des Lamiales (d’après Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).……………………………………………………………………………………….....……..p.13 Figure 2: Relations phylogénétiques simplifiées entre les tribus des Scrophulariaceae s. s., incluant les genres non inclus dans une tribu (tiré de Tank et al., 2006)………………………… …..……….….....p.15 Figure 3 : Photographies de V. phlomoides, V. nigrum, V. macrurum et V. levanticum….…...………..p.16 Figure 4: Les deux différents types de graines rencontrées chez Verbascum L. (Murbeck, 1933)….…p.18 Figure 5: Classification des Verbascum L. (d’après Murbeck, 1933)…………………………...…......p.22 Figure 6: Aire de répartition du genre méditerranéen Verbascum L. (Murbeck, 1933)……………..…p.23 Figure 7: V. speciosum (tige anguleuse)……………………………………………………………......p.52 Figure 8: V. lychnitis (feuilles non décurrentes) et V. thapsus (feuilles décurrentes sur la tige)…….....p.52 Figure 9: Formes des feuilles basales (illustrations tirées de Swink et Wilhem, 1994)…………..……p.53 Figure 10: Marge des feuilles basales (Illustrations tirées de Swink et Wilhem, 1994)…………..…....p.53 Figure 11: Les différents types de trichomes rencontrés chez Verbascum L. (Murbeck, 1933)………..p.56 Figure 12: V. levanticum (poils glanduleux sur axe de l’inflorescence, bractée et calice)…..………....p.56 Figure 13: Forme linéaire des bractées (Illustration tirée de Swink et Wilhem, 1994)……………..….p.57 Figure 14: V. levanticum (fleur solitaire, absence de bractéoles)………………………………..……..p.57 Figure 15: V. parviflorum (plusieurs fleurs par bractée, absence de bractéoles)…………….…..…..…p.58 Figure 16: V. speciosum (plusieurs fleurs par bractée, présence de bractéoles)………………….....….p.58 Figure 17: V. thapsus (inflorescence dense), V. cariense (inflorescence lâche)……………….…….....p.58 Figure 18: Différentes formes de la panicule florale chez les Verbascum L……………..…………….p.59 Figure 19: Différents types d’architecture florale existant chez les Verbascum L.. (Murbeck, 1933)....p.60 Figure 20: V. phoeniceum (corolle violette); V. pulverulentum (corolle jaune)………………….…….p.61 Figure 21: V. cariense (extérieur de la corolle glabre), V. speciosum (extérieur de la corolle tomenteux), V. blattaria (extérieur de la corolle glanduleux)……………………………………………………..… p.61 Figure 22: Corolle de V. lydium (absence de glandes pellucides) et de V. pterocladum (présence de glandes pellucides)………………………………………………………………………………………p.62 Figure 23: Formes des lobes du calice chez Verbascum L. (Murbeck, 1933)……...………….……....p.62 Figure 24: V. levanticum (4 étamines, 2 supérieures réniformes et 2 inférieures décurrentes)….……..p.63 Figure 25: V. boerhavi (étamines décurrentes) et V. lychnitis (étamines réniformes)……….……...….p.64 Figure 26: Différents types d’insertion des étamines d’après Murbeck (1933)……………….….…….p.64 Figure 27: V. sinuatum (poils violets) ; V. epixanthinum (poils violets et blancs); V. pulverulentum (poils blancs)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..p.65 Figure 28: Différentes formes de la capsule chez Verbascum L………………………………….……p.65 Figure 29: Les différents types de stigmate chez Verbascum L. (Murbeck, 1933)……………....……p.66 Figure 30: V. cariense (filets staminaux orange), V. nigrum (pourpre) et V. phlomoides (jaune)……...p.67 Figure 31: V. cariense (gorge pourpre, corolle jaune) et V. phoeniceum (corolle violette)………….…p.67 Article 1 Figure 1: Geographical distribution of Verbascum L. (from Murbeck, 1933)………………………….p.93 Figure 2: Maximum Parsimony Strict Consensus Trees inferred from cpDNA (left) and ITS (right)………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..p.94 Figure 3: Bayesian 50% majority rule tree inferred from cp DNA with posterior probabilities above branches…………………………………………………………………………………………………p.95 Figure 4: Bayesian 50% majority rule tree with posterior probabilities above branches (left) and Maximum parsimony strict consensus tree with bootstrap values above branches (right) inferred from ITS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….p.96 Figure 5: Evolution of biological cycle (left) and geographical distribution (right) traced on the Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on cpDNA data.........................................................................p.97 Figure 6: Evolution of cauline leaves (left) and shape of basal leaves (right) traced on the Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on cpDNA data. ...............................................................................p.97 Figure 7: Evolution of number of flower per bract (left) and presence of bracteoles (right) traced on the Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on cpDNA data. .......................................................p.98 Figure 8: Evolution of fertile stamen number (left) and heteranthery (right) traced on the Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree based on cpDNA data.................................................................................p.98 Article 2 Figure 1: Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from cpDNA data with posterior probabilities under branches and bootstrap values above branches……………………………………p.121 Figure 2: Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from ITS data with posterior probabilities under branches and bootstrap values above branches……………………………….…………………p.122 Figure 3: Matrix of ITS sequences showing heterogeneous sites at three basal positions indicated in bold for V. mucronatum x sinuatum………………………………………………………...……………….p.123
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