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PHYSICS of ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY Angie Bukley1, William Paloski,2 and Gilles Clément1,3
Chapter 2 PHYSICS OF ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY Angie Bukley1, William Paloski,2 and Gilles Clément1,3 1 Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA 2 NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA 3 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France This chapter discusses potential technologies for achieving artificial gravity in a space vehicle. We begin with a series of definitions and a general description of the rotational dynamics behind the forces ultimately exerted on the human body during centrifugation, such as gravity level, gravity gradient, and Coriolis force. Human factors considerations and comfort limits associated with a rotating environment are then discussed. Finally, engineering options for designing space vehicles with artificial gravity are presented. Figure 2-01. Artist's concept of one of NASA early (1962) concepts for a manned space station with artificial gravity: a self- inflating 22-m-diameter rotating hexagon. Photo courtesy of NASA. 1 ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY: WHAT IS IT? 1.1 Definition Artificial gravity is defined in this book as the simulation of gravitational forces aboard a space vehicle in free fall (in orbit) or in transit to another planet. Throughout this book, the term artificial gravity is reserved for a spinning spacecraft or a centrifuge within the spacecraft such that a gravity-like force results. One should understand that artificial gravity is not gravity at all. Rather, it is an inertial force that is indistinguishable from normal gravity experience on Earth in terms of its action on any mass. A centrifugal force proportional to the mass that is being accelerated centripetally in a rotating device is experienced rather than a gravitational pull. -
Human Adaptation to Space
Human Adaptation to Space From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Human physiological adaptation to the conditions of space is a challenge faced in the development of human spaceflight. The fundamental engineering problems of escaping Earth's gravity well and developing systems for in space propulsion have been examined for well over a century, and millions of man-hours of research have been spent on them. In recent years there has been an increase in research into the issue of how humans can actually stay in space and will actually survive and work in space for long periods of time. This question requires input from the whole gamut of physical and biological sciences and has now become the greatest challenge, other than funding, to human space exploration. A fundamental step in overcoming this challenge is trying to understand the effects and the impact long space travel has on the human body. Contents [hide] 1 Importance 2 Public perception 3 Effects on humans o 3.1 Unprotected effects 4 Protected effects o 4.1 Gravity receptors o 4.2 Fluids o 4.3 Weight bearing structures o 4.4 Effects of radiation o 4.5 Sense of taste o 4.6 Other physical effects 5 Psychological effects 6 Future prospects 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources Importance Space colonization efforts must take into account the effects of space on the body The sum of mankind's experience has resulted in the accumulation of 58 solar years in space and a much better understanding of how the human body adapts. However, in the future, industrialization of space and exploration of inner and outer planets will require humans to endure longer and longer periods in space. -
Exploring Artificial Gravity 59
Exploring Artificial gravity 59 Most science fiction stories require some form of artificial gravity to keep spaceship passengers operating in a normal earth-like environment. As it turns out, weightlessness is a very bad condition for astronauts to work in on long-term flights. It causes bones to lose about 1% of their mass every month. A 30 year old traveler to Mars will come back with the bones of a 60 year old! The only known way to create artificial gravity it to supply a force on an astronaut that produces the same acceleration as on the surface of earth: 9.8 meters/sec2 or 32 feet/sec2. This can be done with bungee chords, body restraints or by spinning the spacecraft fast enough to create enough centrifugal acceleration. Centrifugal acceleration is what you feel when your car ‘takes a curve’ and you are shoved sideways into the car door, or what you feel on a roller coaster as it travels a sharp curve in the tracks. Mathematically we can calculate centrifugal acceleration using the formula: V2 A = ------- R Gravitron ride at an amusement park where V is in meters/sec, R is the radius of the turn in meters, and A is the acceleration in meters/sec2. Let’s see how this works for some common situations! Problem 1 - The Gravitron is a popular amusement park ride. The radius of the wall from the center is 7 meters, and at its maximum speed, it rotates at 24 rotations per minute. What is the speed of rotation in meters/sec, and what is the acceleration that you feel? Problem 2 - On a journey to Mars, one design is to have a section of the spacecraft rotate to simulate gravity. -
NEAR of the 21 Lunar Landings, 19—All of the U.S
Copyrights Prof Marko Popovic 2021 NEAR Of the 21 lunar landings, 19—all of the U.S. and Russian landings—occurred between 1966 and 1976. Then humanity took a 37-year break from landing on the moon before China achieved its first lunar touchdown in 2013. Take a look at the first 21 successful lunar landings on this interactive map https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/interactive-map-shows-all-21-successful-moon-landings-180972687/ Moon 1 The near side of the Moon with the major maria (singular mare, vocalized mar-ray) and lunar craters identified. Maria means "seas" in Latin. The maria are basaltic lava plains: i.e., the frozen seas of lava from lava flows. The maria cover ∼ 16% (30%) of the lunar surface (near side). Light areas are Lunar Highlands exhibiting more impact craters than Maria. The far side is pocked by ancient craters, mountains and rugged terrain, largely devoid of the smooth maria we see on the near side. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Moon 2 is a NASA robotic spacecraft currently orbiting the Moon in an eccentric polar mapping orbit. LRO data is essential for planning NASA's future human and robotic missions to the Moon. Launch date: June 18, 2009 Orbital period: 2 hours Orbit height: 31 mi Speed on orbit: 0.9942 miles/s Cost: 504 million USD (2009) The Moon is covered with a gently rolling layer of powdery soil with scattered rocks called the regolith; it is made from debris blasted out of the Lunar craters by the meteor impacts that created them. -
Physiology of Decompressive Stress
CHAPTER 3 Physiology of Decompressive Stress Jan Stepanek and James T. Webb ... upon the withdrawing of air ...the little bubbles generated upon the absence of air in the blood juices, and soft parts of the body, may by their vast numbers, and their conspiring distension, variously streighten in some places and stretch in others, the vessels, especially the smaller ones, that convey the blood and nourishment: and so by choaking up some passages, ... disturb or hinder the circulation of the blouod? Not to mention the pains that such distensions may cause in some nerves and membranous parts.. —Sir Robert Boyle, 1670, Philosophical transactions Since Robert Boyle made his astute observations in the Chapter 2, for details on the operational space environment 17th century, humans have ventured into the highest levels and the potential problems with decompressive stress see of the atmosphere and beyond and have encountered Chapter 10, and for diving related problems the reader problems that have their basis in the physics that govern this is encouraged to consult diving and hyperbaric medicine environment, in particular the gas laws. The main problems monographs. that humans face when going at altitude are changes in the gas volume within body cavities (Boyle’s law) with changes in ambient pressure, as well as clinical phenomena THE ATMOSPHERE secondary to formation of bubbles in body tissues (Henry’s law) secondary to significant decreases in ambient pressure. Introduction In the operational aerospace setting, these circumstances are Variations in Earthbound environmental conditions place of concern in high-altitude flight (nonpressurized aircraft limits and requirements on our activities. -
ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH to ENABLE HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION International Academy of Astronautics
ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH TO ENABLE HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION International Academy of Astronautics Notice: The cosmic study or position paper that is the subject of this report was approved by the Board of Trustees of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring or funding organizations. For more information about the International Academy of Astronautics, visit the IAA home page at www.iaaweb.org. Copyright 2009 by the International Academy of Astronautics. All rights reserved. The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), a non governmental organization recognized by the United Nations, was founded in 1960. The purposes of the IAA are to foster the development of astronautics for peaceful purposes, to recognize individuals who have distinguished themselves in areas related to astronautics, and to provide a program through which the membership can contribute to international endeavors and cooperation in the advancement of aerospace activities. © International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) September 2009 Study on ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH TO ENABLE HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION Edited by Laurence Young, Kazuyoshi Yajima and William Paloski Printing of this Study was sponsored by: DLR Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany Linder Hoehe D-51147 Cologne, Germany www.dlr.de/me International Academy of Astronautics 6 rue Galilée, BP 1268-16, 75766 Paris Cedex 16, -
Artificial Gravity: Will It Preserve Bone Health on Long-Duration Missions?
Artificial Gravity: Will it Preserve Bone Health on Long-Duration Missions? Janis Davis-Street, MS University of Houston Houston, TX and William H. Paloski, Ph.D.1 NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, TX 1Corresponding author Human Adaptations and Countermeasures Office Mail Code SK NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, TX 77058 Tel: 281-244-5315 Fax: 281-483-2888 [email protected] 1 Summary Prolonged microgravity exposure disrupts bone, muscle, and cardiovascular homeostasis, sensory-motor coordination, immune function, and behavioral performance. Bone loss, in particular, remains a serious impediment to the success of exploration-class missions by increasing the risks of bone fracture and renal stone formation for crew members. Current countermeasures, consisting primarily of resistive and aerobic exercise, have not yet proven fully successful for preventing bone loss during long-duration spaceflight. While other bone-specific countermeasures, such as pharmacological therapy and dietary modifications, are under consideration, countermeasure approaches that simultaneously address multiple physiologic systems may be more desirable for exploration-class missions, particularly if they can provide effective protection at reduced mission resource requirements (up-mass, power, crew time, etc). The most robust of the multi-system approaches under consideration, artificial gravity (AG), could prevent all of the microgravity-related physiological changes from occurring. The potential methods for realizing an artificial gravity countermeasure are reviewed, as well as selected animal and human studies evaluating the effects of artificial gravity on bone function. Future plans for the study of the multi-system effects of artificial gravity include a joint, cooperative international effort that will systematically seek an optimal prescription for intermittent AG to preserve bone, muscle, and cardiovascular function in human subjects deconditioned by 6o head-down-tilt-bed rest. -
An Artificial Gravity Space Station at the Earth-Moon L1 Point
Clarke Station: An Artificial Gravity Space Station at the Earth-Moon L1 Point University of Maryland, College Park Department of Aerospace Engineering Undergraduate Program Matthew Ashmore, Daniel Barkmeyer, Laurie Daddino, Sarah Delorme, Dominic DePasquale, Joshua Ellithorpe, Jessica Garzon, Jacob Haddon, Emmie Helms, Raquel Jarabek, Jeffrey Jensen, Steve Keyton, Aurora Labador, Joshua Lyons, Bruce Macomber Jr., Aaron Nguyen, Larry O'Dell, Brian Ross, Cristin Sawin, Matthew Scully, Eric Simon, Kevin Stefanik, Daniel Sutermeister, Bruce Wang Advisors: Dr. David Akin, Dr. Mary Bowden Abstract In order to perform deep space life sciences and artificial gravity research, a 315 metric ton space station has been designed for the L1 libration point between the Earth and the Moon. The station provides research facilities for a total of eight crew in two habitats connected to their center of rotation by 68 m trusses. A third mass is offset for stability. Solar arrays and docking facilities are contained on the axis perpendicular to rotation. A total of 320 m2 of floor space at gravity levels from microgravity to 1.2g’s are available for research and experimentation. Specific research capabilities include radiation measurement and testing, human physiological adaptation measurement, and deep space manned mission simulation. Introduction Space is a harsh and unforgiving environment. In addition to basic life support requirements, radiation exposure, cardiovascular deconditioning, muscle atrophy, and skeletal demineralization represent major hazards associated with human travel and habitation in deep space. All of these hazards require special attention and prevention for a successful mission to Mars or a long duration return to the Moon. Greater knowledge of human physical response to the deep space environment and reduced gravity is required to develop safe prevention methods. -
The Effect on the Crew and Design Implementations of Artificial Gravity Transportation Systems
Refer: RFI Focus Area – Design Principles, Objectives, and Guidelines Topic: Reliability & Safety Refer: RFI Focus Area – Crosscutting Design Drivers and Architecture Elements Topic: CEV and Other System Concept Options and Variations Title: The Effect on the Crew and Design Implementations of Artificial Gravity Transportation Systems The Effect on the Crew and Design Implementations of Artificial Gravity Transportation Systems Michelle Kamman/SM, William Paloski/SK, B. Kent Joosten/EX Summary Many of the human responses to space flight are related to loss of the loading and stimulation provided by gravity on the surface of Earth. In fact, 24 of the 50 biomedical risks identified in the Bioastronautics Critical Path Roadmap result in part from absence of gravity during transit and/or reduced gravity during surface operations in planned exploration class missions. The artificial gravity (AG) generated by a rotating vehicle could provide simultaneous, passive mitigation of these risks, and thereby reduce the uncertainties, complexities, and development times of alternate countermeasures currently under development. It is a concern that lunar or Martian gravity levels will not provide sufficient loading and stimulation to protect humans from risks similar to those expected for transport. Thus, some level of gravity replacement therapy may be required during surface operations phases of exploration class missions, most likely in the form of intermittent, short-radius centrifugation, perhaps supplemented by exercise and/or pharmacological countermeasures. An intermittent, short-radius solution may also be required during transit phases should engineering cost, schedule, or technical considerations preclude vehicle rotation. Critical questions regarding the optimal application of AG as a multisystem biomedical countermeasure for exploration class missions still remain unanswered. -
HYPERBARIC MEDICINE LIBRARY KEYWORDS -See Rear Pages for Abbreviations
HYPERBARIC MEDICINE LIBRARY KEYWORDS -see rear pages for abbreviations 3ATA 02 AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION 3ATA/6ATA ALCOHOL INTOXICATION 3-NITROTYROSINE ALKALI BURN 5-AMINOSALICYLIC ACID ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS 5-FLUOROURACIL ALPHA-LIPOIC ACID A-LIPOIC ACID ALPHA-TOXIN ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM ALTERNARIOSIS ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ABDOMINAL PAIN ALTERNOBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY ABI ALTERNOBARIC VERTIGO ABSIDIA CORYMBIFERA ALTITUDE ACELLULAR MATRICE ALTITUDE CAGE ACETUZOLAMIDE ALTITUDE DCS ACIDEMIA ALTITUDE PROVOCATION ACIDOSIS ALTITUDE SICKNESS ACIVICIN ALUMINUM ACCLIMATIZATION ALUM INSTILLATION ACOUSTIC EXPOSURE ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE ACOUSTIC TRAUMA AMA DIVERS ACTINOMYCOSIS AMANITA PHALLOIDES ACUTE ISCHEMIA AMINOGLYCOSIDES ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE AMINOPHYLLINE ACUTE PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL AMNESIA INSUFFICIENCY AMPHOTERICIN B ACUTE PSYCHOSIS AMPUTATION ACUTE RADIATION EFFECTS AMRON HOOD ACUTE TRAUMATIC ISCHEMIA ANAEROBIC INFECTION ACUTE WOUNDS ANAESTHESIA ADDITIVE EFFECT ANAL MANOMETRY ADHESION MOLECULES ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK ADIPOSE TISSUE ANASTOMOSIS ADMINISTRATIVE ANATOMIC DISTRIBUTION ADP ANEMIA ADRENALECTOMY ANEURYSM ADRIAMYCIN ANGINA AEROBIC CAPACITY ANGIOGENESIS AEROBIC INFECTION ANGIOGRAPHY AFTERDROP ANGIOPLASTY AGING ANGIOPOIETIN AIDS ANGIOSOMES AIR BREAKS ANGIOTENSIN AIR COMPRESSOR ANIMAL BITE AIR EVACUATION ANKLE SPRAIN AIR SATURATION ANKLE TO BRACHIAL INDEX AIR QUALITY ANOREXIA NERVOSA AIRCRAFT ANOXEMIA AIRCRAFT FIRES ANTERIOR SEGMENT ISCHEMIA ~ REVISED JUNE 2021 ~ ANTIBIOTICS AUTOREGULATION ANTI CANCER DRUGS AXIAL -
Inhabiting the Solar System
Cent. Eur. J. Eng. • 1(1) • 2011 • 38-58 DOI: 10.2478/s13531-011-0004-y Central European Journal of Engineering Inhabiting the Solar System Research Article Brent Sherwood∗ Strategic Planning and Project Formulation, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA Received 8 January 2011; accepted 19 February 2011 Abstract: The new field of space architecture is introduced. Defined as the “theory and practice of designing and building inhabited environments in outer space,” the field synthesizes human space flight systems engineering subjects with the long tradition of making environments that support human living, work, and aspiration. The scope of the field is outlined, and its three principal domains differentiated. The current state of the art is described in terms of executed projects. Foreseeable options for 21st century developments in human space flight provide a framework to tease out potential space architecture opportunities for the next century. Keywords: Architecture • Space architecture • Human space flight • Space exploration • Offworld • Space tourism • Space manufacturing • Habitation • Habitat • Habitability • System engineering • System architecture • ISS • Moon • Mars • Orbital • Simulator • Analogue • NASA • Commercial space • Passenger travel • Space solar power • Space settlement • Space colonization • Planet • Inner Solar System © Versita Sp. z o.o. 1. What is Space Architecture? of NASA’s first space station Skylab, incidentally estab- lishing the field of space architecture (Figure 1). Long- duration Earth-orbital missions forced the American and Soviet space agencies to address real problems posed by Humans have been using permanent materials to make humans living and working–not just camping–in space. architecture–the willful shaping of the physical human In the last two decades of the 20th century, diverse environment–for about ten millennia. -
Iac-10-D1.1.4 Design Concepts for a Manned Artificial
IAC-10-D1.1.4 DESIGN CONCEPTS FOR A MANNED ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY RESEARCH FACILITY Joseph A Carroll Tether Applications, Inc., USA, [email protected] Abstract Before mankind attempts long-term manned bases, settlements, or colonies on the moon or Mars, it is prudent to learn whether people exposed to lunar or Martian gravity levels experience continuing physiological deterioration, as they do in micro-gravity. If these problems do occur in partial gravity, then it will also be important to develop and test effective countermeasures, since countermeasures could have drastic effects on manned exploration plans and facility designs. Such tests can be done in low earth orbit, using a long slowly rotating dumbbell that provides Martian gravity at one end, lunar gravity at the other, and lower values in between. To cut Coriolis effects by half, one must cut the rotation rate of an artificial gravity facility by half. This requires a 4X longer facility. The paper argues that ground-based rotating room tests have uncertain relevance, so allowable rotation rates are not yet known. Because of this uncertainty, the paper presents 4 different structural design options that seem suited to rotation rates ranging from 0.25 to 2 rpm. This corresponds to overall facility lengths ranging from 120m to 8km. The paper also discusses early flight experiments that may allow selection of a suitable rotation rate and hence facility length and design. For most design options, “trapeze" tethers can be deployed outward from the Moon and/or Mars nodes. This allows capture of visiting vehicles from low-perigee orbits, and also accurate passive deorbit.