Tren Urbanisasi Pada Secondary Cities Di Indonesia…| Luh Kitty Katherina

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Tren Urbanisasi Pada Secondary Cities Di Indonesia…| Luh Kitty Katherina Tren Urbanisasi pada Secondary Cities di Indonesia…| Luh Kitty Katherina TREN URBANISASI PADA SECONDARY CITIES DI INDONESIA PERIODE TAHUN 1990-20101 (URBANIZATION TREND IN INDONESIA’S SECONDARY CITY, 1990-2010) Luh Kitty Katherina Peneliti di Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) Korespodensi Penulis: [email protected] Abstract Abstrak Urbanization is identical to the main city in the Urbanisasi seringkali identik dengan kota utama di country as a location of the capital accumulation that suatu negara sebagai lokasi terjadinya akumulasi is the main attraction of high economic activities. But kapital yang menjadi daya tarik tinggi berbagai in fact, the phenomenon of urbanization has aktivitas ekonomi. Namun pada kenyataannya, penetrated even mega-urbanization in the second tier fenomena urbanisasi bahkan mega-urbanisasi telah cities in the country. This paper takes the case of merambah pada lapis kedua kota-kota di suatu negara. Indonesia’s secondary cities that are beginning to Tulisan ini mengambil kasus secondary cities (kota- have an important role in moving the national kota lapis kedua) yang mulai memiliki peran penting economy and balancing regional development. The dalam menggerakkan ekonomi nasional dan cities are Surabaya, Bandung, Medan, Semarang and penyeimbang pembangunan wilayah, yaitu Surabaya, Makassar. These cities are experiencing accelerated Bandung, Semarang, Medan, dan Makassar. Kota- growth in demography, economic and physical. These kota ini mengalami percepatan pertumbuhan, baik di growth spurt cause land requirements in cities are no bidang ekonomi, kependudukan, maupun fisik. longer able to be fulfilled so the urban activities Percepatan pertumbuhan ini menyebabkan kebutuhan began to spread to the surrounding areas. Urban lahan terbangun kota-kota tersebut tidak mampu lagi areas is widening to suburban areas. National terpenuhi sehingga aktivitas perkotaan mulai Population Censuses in the period 1990-2010 shows merambah ke wilayah sekelilingnya. Kawasan the rate of population growth in the secondary cities perkotaan semakin melebar ke wilayah pinggiran. lower than their surrounding areas. This indicates Hasil Sensus Penduduk dalam kurun waktu 1990- that urban activities of secondary cities had passed 2010 menunjukkan laju pertumbuhan penduduk pada the administrative boundaries of the city, merge with kota-kota kedua lebih rendah dibandingkan dari the surrounding area. This paper will describe the wilayah di sekelilingnya. Hal ini mengindikasikan trends of urbanization that occurred in Indonesia’s aktivitas perkotaan kota-kota kedua sudah melewati secondary cities using descriptive analytic approach batas administrasi kota, menyatu dengan wilayah through comparison of data from National Population sekelilingnya. Tulisan ini akan menggambarkan tren Censuses 1990, 2000 and 2010. In general, the trends urbanisasi yang terjadi pada kota kedua di Indonesia of urbanization in Indonesia’s secondary cities shows dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis deskriptif a pattern that is the rate of population growth in melalui perbandingan data hasil Sensus Penduduk urban area closely related to the size of the city. tahun 1990, 2000, dan 2010. Secara umum tren urbanisasi pada kota-kota kedua di Indonesia Keywords: Trend, Urbanization, Secondary Cities, menunjukkan sebuah pola dimana laju pertumbuhan Surrounding Area, Population Growth penduduk di kawasan perkotaan berkaitan erat dengan ukuran kota. Kata Kunci: Tren, Urbanisasi, Kota Kedua, Wilayah Sekeliling Kota, Pertumbuhan Penduduk 1 Makalah ini sudah dipresentasikan pada Seminar Ilmiah Kependudukan dengan tema Kependudukan untuk Pembangunan Pasca 2015, Bandung 26-28 November 2014 73 Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia | Vol. 9, No. 2, Desember 2014 | 73-82 PENDAHULUAN kedua sebagai kota permukiman dengan populasi paling sedikit 100 ribu jiwa, tetapi definisi ini tidak Beberapa dekade lalu, studi-studi mengenai mengikut sertakan kota terbesar pada negara tersebut. urbanisasi, khususnya di Negara berkembang, UN-Habitat mendefinisikan kota lapis kedua sebagai terfokus pada kota-kota utama dari suatu Negara yang sebuah wilayah perkotaan dengan jumlah penduduk mengalami proses pengkotaan sangat cepat, 100 ribu hingga 500 ribu jiwa. Definisi didasarkan membentuk kawasan perkotaan yang besar atau atas klasifikasi kota berkembang pada tahun 1950an. megaurban meninggalkan kota-kota lain di Selanjutnya pada tahun 2014, United Nation negaranya. Selain sebagai tempat konsentrasi mendefinisikan kota lapis kedua memiliki jumlah penduduk, kota-kota tersebut memiliki kontribusi penduduk antara 1 juta hingga 5 juta jiwa. Robert and ekonomi yang sangat tinggi terhadap perekonomian Hohmann (2014) mengungkapkan bahwa terdapat tiga nasional. Negara dengan kota utama (primate city) kategori dari kota lapis kedua, (1) kota sub-nasional yang sangat menonjol diantaranya Indonesia (Jakarta), yang merupakan pusat dari pemerintah lokal, industri, Thailand (Bangkok), Philippines (Manila), Mexico pertanian, pariwisata dan pertambangan, (2) Kluster (Mexico City), and Hungary (Budapest). Hal ini perkotaan yang diasosiasikan dengan perluasan, satelit membuat kota-kota lapis kedua atau ketiga di negara dan kota baru yang mengelilingi kota metropolitan tersebut tidak menjadi perhatian khusus karena besar, dan (3) Koridor perdagangan ekonomi yang perannya yang dianggap sangat kecil. merupakan pusat pertumbuhan atau kutub yang direncanakan atau daerah terbangun sepanjang Namun saat ini, peta urbanisasi mulai bergeser. koridor transportasi utama. Seperti yang disebutkan dalam Laporan United Nation 2014, bahwa aglomerasi perkotaan paling cepat Mengacu pada definisi-definisi terkait kota lapis terjadi pada kota menengah dan kota dengan jumlah kedua dan karakteristik kota-kota di Indonesia, maka penduduk kurang dari satu juta jiwa yang berlokasi di definisi kota lapis kedua yang digunakan dalam studi Asia dan Afrika. Secara global, saat ini terdapat lebih ini adalah kota dengan jumlah penduduk antara 1 juta dari 2400 kota di dunia dengan jumlah penduduk hingga 5 juta jiwa serta merupakan kluster perkotaan antara 150 ribu hingga 5 juta yang dapat didefinisikan yang diasosiasikan dengan perluasan, satelit dan kota sebagai secondary cities, yang selanjutnya disebut baru yang mengelilingi kota metropolitan besar. kota lapis kedua. Sekitar dua per tiga kota lapis kedua Untuk itu, kota-kota yang akan di studi lebih lanjut terletak di Afrika dan Asia (Roberts & Hohmann, adalah Kota Surabaya dengan aglomerasi perkotaan 2014). Pergeseran ini menunjukkan bahwa saat ini Gerbangkertosusila (Kabupaten Gresik, Bangkalan, kota lapis kedua memiliki peran penting sebagai Mojokerto, Sidoarjo and Lamongan serta Kota katalis dan pusat kedua yang dapat menarik Mojokerto dan Surabaya), Bandung dengan masyarakat untuk datang dan bertempat tinggal. Kota aglomerasi perkotaan Bandung Metropolitan Region lapis kedua berperan penting dalam memfasilitasi (Kota Bandung, Kabupaten Bandung dan Sumedang), produksi lokal, transportasi, transfer barang, manusia, Medan dengan aglomerasi perkotaan Mebidangro informasi dan jasa antar sub-nasional, metropolitan, (Kota Medan dan Binjai serta Kabupaten Deli nasional, regional dan sistem global kota-kota. Seperti Serdang dan Karo), Semarang dengan aglomerasi yang diungkapkan oleh Satterthwaite & Tacoli perkotaan Kedungsepur (Kabupaten Kendal, Demak, (2003), kota kecil dan menengah potensial memiliki Ungaran (Semarang), Salatiga dan Purwudadi peran penting dalam penyeimbang wilayah dan (Grobogan) serta Kota Semarang) dan Makassar pembangunan pedesaan jika direncanakan dan dengan aglomerasi perkotaan Mamminasata (Kota dikelola dengan baik dimana kota-kota tersebut dapat Makassar, Kabupaten Maros, Sungguminasa dan memainkan peran sebagai penghubung antara Takalar). Kelima kota kedua tersebut pada tahun 2010 pembangunan kota dan desa. Untuk itu, studi ini memiliki jumlah penduduk di atas satu juta jiwa dan penting dilakukan untuk melihat karakteristik memiliki aktivitas perkotaan yang sudah melebihi urbanisasi pada kota lapis kedua. batas administrasi kotanya, teraglomerasi dengan wilayah sekelilingnya. Kota lapis kedua merupakan istilah yang umum digunakan untuk menggambarkan tingkat atau level Studi ini membahas trend urbanisasi terutama aspek kedua dalam hirarki kota-kota dibawah kota utama. demografi pada kota lapis kedua di Indonesia dengan Beberapa negara bisa memiliki beberapa tingkat atau menggunakan data dari Sensus Penduduk Nasional level dari kota-kotanya. Istilah kota lapis kedua tahun 1990, 2000 dan 2010. Tulisan ini terdiri dari pertama kali dipopulerkan oleh Rondinelli pada tahun empat bagian, bagian pertama pendahuluan, bagian 1970an. Rondinelli mengkarakteristikkan kota lapis kedua membahas perspektif teoritis tentang urbanisasi 74 Tren Urbanisasi pada Secondary Cities di Indonesia…| Luh Kitty Katherina dalam konteks kota kedua. Bagian ketiga berisi uraian urbanisasi di Indonesia dipicu oleh pembangunan menganai pola urbanisasi kota lapis kedua di ekonomi, terutama pada sektor industri dan jasa, yang Indonesia dan bagian terakhir kesimpulan dari studi. cenderung berlokasi pada kota-kota besar. Perkembangan ini disebabkan oleh ketersediaan URBANISASI DAN SECONDARY CITIES utilitas seperti ketersediaan air, listrik, pelabuhan dan bandar udara serta tempat konsentrasi tenaga kerja Secara harfiah, definisi urbanisasi adalah proses terampil dan pasar. Urbanisasi dan pembangunan pengkotaan suatu wilayah. Menurut Ningsih (2002), ekonomi pada sebagian
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