" JAMES BARBOUR. W. S . Long, A . B The period from 181 5 to 1 845 has been well named one of nationalit 1 y and democracy, since the progress of these forces - m stands out pre eminently as the great work of this ti e . The second war with Great Britain had kindled the whole country f n 2 n into a new flame o natio al patriotism . Tra sportation was revolutionized by the introduction of the steamboat and by the n n developme t of canals and tur pikes . The factory system , the Em o war de~ nourished by restrictions of the barg and , x n n n velop ed rapidly . The e pa sio of cotton pla ting trans f m of or ed the activities the South, and turned them into the f v l f newer regions of the Gul , and ga e a new i e to the decaying n A i stitution of negro slavery . stream of immigrants began n to pour into the new la ds of the West, and there , among the f n n of n f rough and health ul co ditio s pio eer li e , democracy arose in a society in which strong manhood was the basis of equality . This restless spirit soon began to react upon the older states through those strong western leaders who looked upon govern an ment, not as an evil, but as instrument for good, and with m the rise of their influence , the day of nationalis began to . f h dawn But then the interests o sections clashed . T e tariff f enabled manu acturers of the North to grow rich , while the f of n n armers Virgi ia and the South were bei g impoverished . The tariff collected money from them which Congress now m wished to spend for internal i provements . John Randolph of Roanoke , Spencer Roane , John Taylor of Caroline , and others began a determined fight against these loose construe tion tendencies , and a great popular reaction followed their 3 n lead . The as the nation tended to sink back into the old ruts of particularism , the maj ority of the old Republican party held out for a still stricter interpretation of the Constitution and - called themselves the National Democratic party . But the still —n__ "T h B enn a e ett Hi story Med l was award ed th e writer of this essay. l As h F ra St t ley, ed e l a e, p . 1 3 5 . 2B m r a t a b k e i an t na i Cha te s to . coc , A c N io l y, p r IX XVIII t r N ew e t T um e R ise o the s . 4 . , f W , p 2 powerful minority broke away from this attitude and under f - the leadership of Clay, united to orm the National Republican 4 party, afterwards called Whig . It should be borne in mind , however, that the old Republican party had not always been consistent in their advocacy of state rights . The purchase of 1 801 un ff Louisiana, in , der Je erson, and the United States ' T arifi of 1 81 6 Bank , and the Acts under Madison, made it , n 5 m in fact, strongly natio alistic . At this ti e , however, new issues were appearing which were to draw a sharp line through n mm fin the old party, showi g some men co itted de itely to a of i policy nationalism , and turn ng some who had favored the policies of 1 816 back to the extremer tenets of the old - time f r faith . There were many causes o this division into loose and n strict co structionists . Sectionalism was a main cause ; the injection of the personality of Andrew Jackson into the presi dential contests of 1 824 and 1 828 was another cause ; and the birth of organized politics under Martin Van Buren , Thomas Ritchie and others , played its own large share . This was the period which was to claim the best energies of James Barbour . His unselfish devotion of these energies car ried him too far beyond his fellows in Virginia to permit any i n m return upon the crest of this react on , and whe his aturer wisdom might have helped them most , his fellow citizens mis n for of took this stand for pri ciple , a desertion their interests , him and in . return , deserted It is hard to reconcile the hot defender of the Virginia Resolutions of 1 799 with the man n who later in the Senate voted for the ba k bill , the bill for t arifi en~ internal improvements , and the , and who , still later , But d orsed the n ationalistic policy of John Quincy Adams . if any defense be necessary at all , we can surely point to the respective changes of Calhoun and Webster , and Barbour s tands in good company indeed . O n 10 He was born at Barboursville , in range County , Ju e , only twenty miles from the home of Jeff erson and one year before the pen of Jefferson recorded our Declaration of 4 A s h1e e era S tate . 1 41 . y , F d l , p fi B ur ess T h e M e eriod . 3 . g , iddl P , p " me a h 446 . t na C e a o r an B r . T h e Na io l yclop di f A ic iog p y Vol V. p 3 Independence . Madison lived only a few miles away and at of tended the church which Thomas Barbour, father of James , 7 was vestryman . ’ James Barbour s ancestry was very honorable . There are many legendary accounts of the foundi ng of this family in i im rob Virginia, some of them conflict ng, and many of them p 7 a ahle. l n What seems to be the most re iable accou t however, is the following extract from an autograph note in the Bible “ " I of Gov . James Barbour The farthest back have been able - m to trace with any certainty, is my great grandfather, Ja es m Barbour, who came to this country fro Scotland, in the latter half of the 1 7th Century . He came in the character of a merchantman, and was wrecked on his first adventure . His friends, as stated by tradition , being rich , furnished him with another cargo which he turned to a profitable account, in (I n and . believe ) the cou ty of King Queen He had issue , only m one son , whom he called after himself , Ja es , who married ’ Sarah Todd, of a most respectable family . My grandfather s prospects in life were considerably shattered by the second marriage of his mother, by which a second son was born who n by some means obtai ed control of the whole Barbour estate , . J and squandered it ames then left the home of his childhood , ul and went to C peper county, near the end of the first quarter 1 8th C n of the entury, being the first settler of the cou try lying between the eastern base of the Blue Ridg e and the ”8 Southwest Mountains . Here he lived , died , and was buried . m ’ He was a vestry an of St . Mark s Parish at its organization 7 m r n a 9 0 . O l Chur hes Mini s flers and a es in . d c , , F ili Vi gi i , Vol II , p 7 a —~Al unts a ee t at the ound e the inia am y Note. l acco gr h f r of Virg f il h e t a k a Wi liam B a b u s ai w t . me t a e t is an s b to as Sco ch So r c c ry c l r o r, d ’ ‘ d r th counts to have been a y ounger son of th e B aron of Mul e g . O er ac “ ” oint hn B a b u the S tt sh et and auth T he u e p t o Jo r o r, co i p o , or of Br c see een N tes on Cu e er a t II . 1 3 5 and ete U . S . Su reme ( Gr , o lp p , P r , p , P r, p h m is en e e B arber in the State Co urt R e rts . XVI . T e na e p o , Vol ) r d r d an Re ts and m a seal n l ate in th e ss ess n the a ms L d por , fro ri g l y ir po io , r d is a e are t se th e am in Sta d sh e Eng an " Gu es p l y d ho of f ily ffor ir , l d l , t ee mul ets a ent w t a b u e e m ne. C est " A ass n s s hr l , rg , i h ord r r i r p io cro “ T h m tto hi ni ruce eem o in on th ee s te s u es . e " s C s s t d r p ; G l o Ni lo i , i Se Ha est ir n a cate an i n in th e a s of th e Crus ad e s .