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The Magazine of Albemarle County History

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The Magazine of Albemarle County History THE MAGAZINE OF ALBEMARLE COUNTY HISTORY Albemarle County Courthouse VOLUME FORTY - NINE 1991 ALBEMARLE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY 220 COURT SQUARE CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 22901-5171 "To Build a Wall Around These Mountains": The Displaced People of Shenandoah1 By Charles L. Perdue, Jr., and Nancy J. Martin-Perdue During his ventures through the Southern Highlands searching for English folksongs in oral tradition in America in 1916, Cecil Sharp, then director of the Stratford-on-Avon School of Folk Lore and Folk Dancing in England, spent some time in Albemarle County. Here Sharp collected ballads from a number of individuals, including Nuel Walton of Brown's Cove, and Orilla Keeton and Victoria (Shifflett) Morris at Mt. Fair, and he published some of their texts and music in his English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians. Later, beginning in 1932, members of the Virginia Folklore Society would record on aluminum discs the singing of Morris and Keeton and preserve in manuscript form the songs and ballads of Smith Morris of Greene County, Daisy Nicholson and J. M. Jenkins of Madison County, and Z. T. Compton of Warren County, among others whose names would also eventually appear on the lists of those whose lands were condemned for the development of Shenandoah National Park.2 1The material in this article is part of a book-length manuscript, which bears the same title and is in preparation. We thank the Albemarle County Victoria Morris (left) and Orilla Keeton. Historical Society for their permission to use this article in that larger work. Courtesy of the Archive of the Virginia Folklore Society, 2 When this paper was presented at the Broadus Wood Elementary School Special Collections Department, University of Virginia in Earlysville, we played a tape of the Virginia Folklore Society's recording Library. of Victoria Morris singing 'The Soldier Boy," a ballad drawn from the British broadside tradition and more commonly known as 'The Butcher Boy" (Laws P24). A tape of that ballad and all the other recorded examples we used in that lecture is being deposited in the archives of the Albemarle County Historical Society so that interested persons might listen to it there. These materials, as well as other recordings made under the auspices of the Virginia Folklore Society, are also available in the Kevin Barry Perdue Archive of Traditional Culture, 8001, Brooks Hall, University of Virginia. 50 Perdue and Martin-Perdue: SHENANDOAH Perdue and Martin-Perdue: SHENANDOAH 51 But in 1917 the results of his trip would prompt Cecil The idea of a national park in the Eastern United States Sharp to comment: '1' d like to build a wall around these had been around since before the tum of the century. By the mountains, and let the mountain people alone. The only early 1920s, Federal officials were considering sites in North distinctive culture in America is here."3 He was concerned that Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, and this set off an intense the "general progress of civilization" and the "intrusion of interstate rivalry to gain the economic advantages such a park industrialization" would negatively affect "the conditions might bring. Given the belief that Virginia "had lagged behind prevailing at that time, which were so favourable to the its potential ever since the Civil War," Governor E. Lee Trinkle preservation of traditional culture." Sharp's idyllic longing "to apparently saw the acquisition of a national park as an build a wall around these mountains," whether for the purpose opportunity to restore the state "to its early eminence and of keeping the mountain people in and unchanged or for glory. The park challenge. [became] . to him an affair of keeping industry and the modem world out, was in vain. honor, of reawakening the great Virginia spirit."6 Where he wished for a wall, others had long speculated that A single legislative act would eventually establish two the mountains themselves enclosed those in their midst in a national parks in the east: the Great Smokies and the Shenan­ devolutionary backwater and formed a natural barrier--a kind doah National Park. And George Freeman Pollock, the owner of wall, which resisted penetration by progress and develop­ and operator of Skyland, the Blue Ridge resort and nucleus ment.4 around which the idea of the Park was developed, was credited Where Sharp could only wish to build a protective wall, for much of that effort. others would build walls of words defining the boundaries of In March of 1926 when the State Commission on those mountains, of Appalachia, its people and culture. Still Conservation and Development was established to begin others would succeed in building a bureaucratic wall on paper, acquiring land for the park, its Chairman William E. Carson enclosing some of those same mountainous areas referred to by wrote that the private efforts of Pollock and others were: Sharp by creating the Shenandoah National Park as a preserve "for the recreation of the people who lived in the thickly As ably done a piece of salesmanship as the state populated metropolitan centers of the East." Over the course of will see again. For not only was the park idea sold, that development between 1924-1936 more than 500 families but pledges from the people were taken in amounts would be dispossessed from their land and homes in the Blue running from six to twenty thousand dollars, . Ridge Mountains and their way of life, distinctive or not, [however] . when we [the State Commission] would be disrupted.5 analyzed the campaign, we found that little or no information was at hand as to the extent of the area, as to the value of the land within the area, as to whether the people wanted to sell their lands, nor 3 was there any definite assurance that the United Cecil Sharp made this comment to J. Russell Smith in Knoxville, States Government would accept it ...". 7 Tennessee. Smith reported it in a footnote in his book, North America (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1925), p. 220. 4Maud Karpeles in the preface to Sharp's English Folk Songs, pp. xv-xvi. For presentations of the "devolutionary backwater" view, see George E. Vincent, "A Retarded Frontier," The American Journal of Sociology (1898) 4: pp. 1-20; and Mandel Sherman and Thomas R. Henry, Hollow Folk (Berryville, 6Darwin Lambert, The Undying Past of Shenandoah National Park (Boulder, Virginia: Virginia Book Company, 1933 [Facsimile reprint, 1973)) especially Colorado: Roberts Rinehart, Inc. Publishers, 1989), p. 200. pp. 1-10. 7From a report by William E. Carson, cited in Darwin Lambert's 5see Charles L. Perdue, Jr. and Nancy J. Martin-Perdue, "Appalachian "~henandoah National Park Administrative History, 1924-1976," an unpub­ Fables and Facts: A Case Study of the Shenandoah National Park Removals," lished report sponsored by the NPS Mid-Atlantic Region and Shenandoah Appalachian Journal (Autumn-Winter 1979-80), 7, No. 1-2, pp. 84-104. Natural History Association, 1979, pp. 47-48. 52 Perdue and Martin-Perdue: SHENANOOAH Perdue and Martin-Perdue: SHENANOOAH 53 Despite Carson's concerns, Congress passed a bill in May 1926 was confusion and inconsistency regarding removal; at worst, authorizing a 521,000-acre Shenandoah National Park, and there was outright deception.9 surveys to determine land value and ownership were begun in On 3 July 1936-barely two decades after Cecil Sharp's November 1926. But the project proved to be unexpectedly travels and commentary-several thousand people would costly, and Virginia was twice forced to scale it down, each gather at Big Meadows to hear President Franklin Delano time requiring another act of Congress. The final action set the Roosevelt dedicate the more than 180,000-acre Shenandoah federal limits and authorized a park containing at minimum National Park, which lay along the Blue Ridge and extended a 160,000 acres. length of approximately seventy miles through eight Virginia Establishment of the Park set a precedent by using a counties: Albemarle, Augusta, Rockingham, Greene, Madison, specially-devised blanket condemnation act to acquire pri­ Rappahannock, Page, and Warren. vately-held land from persons, many of whom did not want to Neither the people nor the land and tax bases of these give up their land or to move from the area. William Carson's eight political jurisdictions were equally affected by the park brother, Judge A. C. Carson, developed the special act based on development, however. Although Albemarle County was about his experiences as former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in equal to Greene County in the total number of acres of land it the Philippine Islands. There, under colonial conditions had evaluated for condemnation, that is, 14,300.5 acres for following the Spanish-American War, such a blanket condem­ Albemarle compared to 14,566.5 acres for Greene, there is a nation act had been used to acquire lands owned by the considerable difference in the total number of separate tracts Catholic Church. Judge Carson's version of that act in Virginia, and of individual land owners affected in the two counties. In which was passed by the General Assembly in March 1928, all, forty-one tracts in Albemarle were evaluated at an average allowed the state to acquire all the land tracts required in each of $7.62/ acre, while in Greene there were 125 distinct tracts county with a single condemnation suit under eminent domain; evaluated at an average of $13.96/acre. By way of further that act was never used again after its application in the Park contrast, the thirty-nine tracts totalling 11,315 acres in Augusta case but was subsequently repealed. 8 County averaged only $1.68 per acre in value.10 In the midst of the Depression, the fair market value of More significant, however, is the fact that each of the the existing homes of many small landholders was insufficient counties of Madison, Page, Rappahannock, and Rockingham to provide homes elsewhere, and the building of resettlement suffered the loss of more than 30,000 acres from their respective homesteads had encountered political difficulties and was land bases.
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