I Regional and Sub-Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe: an Overview

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

I Regional and Sub-Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe: an Overview I Regional and Sub-Regional Integration in Central and Eastern Europe: An Overview Zdenik Drtibek1 I Introduction The political events of 1989 in Central and East European countries (CEECs) brought along a number of important changes in these countries' external economic relations. One of the legacies of communism for these countries was that they had been isolated from world markets and become extremely insular. Trade policies were highly protectionist and autarchic. Inward foreign investments were practically forbidden, and industrial coop­ eration agreements were at best limited to joint ventures with foreigners holding a non-majority interest in the enterprise. Outward foreign invest­ ments were few in number, and again limited only to securing "essential" services or material inputs. It goes without saying that the integration of labour markets was even more restrictive since the communist regime hard­ ly permitted any internal labour mobility let alone foreign migration. The abolition of communism dramatically turned the attitudes in these countries. External economic policies were completely overhauled. Suddenly, the most important challenge was no longer whether these countries should open up to external competition and whether they should seek world markets more actively, but the real question has become how these general goals should be achieved. Theoretically, the countries could pursue two separate routes: they could join the multilateral "club" of coun­ tries through participation in the Bretton Woods system or they could seek strong alliances in the regional context. The third alternative was to pursue 1 The views expressed in this paper are personal and should not necessarily be attributed to the World Trade Organization or its members. The paper has been prepared for the conference on "Regional Economic Integration and Global Economic Cooperation: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe", Prague, 13-14 January 1997. I have benefitted from rich comments of the conference participants, especially Mark Allen, Franz-Lothar Altmann, Stephany Griffith-Jones, Andras Inotai, Ricardo Lago, Friedemann Muller, Joan Pearce, Barbara Stallings, Jan Joost Teunissen, Albrecht Von der Heyden and Per Magnus Wijkman. Statistical assistance of Maika Oshikawa and typing of Lidia Carlos-Silvetti are also most gratefully acknowledged. 11 From: Regionalism and the Global Economy: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe FONDAD, The Hague, 1997, www.fondad.org both options at the same time. As we shall see, most of the countries under consideration indeed pursued both routes. The issue of seeking full participation in the multilateral trading system, on the one hand, or partnership in regional trading and other economic arrangements, on the other, has been studied extensively. The desirability of multilateral versus regional trading arrangements has been recently addressed, for example, in WTO (1995), de Melo and Panagariya (1993) and others. According to some authors, regionalism constitutes a danger for the multilateral system, while others (see, e.g. Mistry, 1996) argue that it helps to strengthen it. Pari passu, this issue obviously looms very heavily over the region of Central and Eastern Europe. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to review the recent literature which evaluates the new regional arrangements in Central and Eastern Europe and identifies the constraints for further integration of these countries. Evaluating regionalism is neither simple nor straightforward. Regional arrangements arenormally assessed on the basis of the Vinerian "trade diversion" and "trade creation" criterion (see Viner, 1950). More recently, researchers have begun to focus more on the extent to which regionalism affects the country's welfare (e.g. Baldwin et al., 1996). In practice, howev­ er, the evaluations run into many difficulties. For example, there may be conflicting factors which determine the efficiency consequences ofregional integration arrangements (de Melo, Panagariya and Rodrik, 1992). Moreover, empirical studies have been subject to a number of technical and data problems.2 For a brief comment, see, for example, WTO (1994). As a result, many analysts believe that assessments of regional arrange­ ments are basically an empirical problem (Laird, 1995). We shall approach the assessment of the regional initiatives in Central and Eastern Europe from two different perspectives. Ourfirst approach will be to assess the regional agreements as options faced by these countries in the light ofvarious alternatives. Following the general literature on region­ alism (e.g. Bhagwati, 1995), this can be done by ascertaining whether the regional agreements meet any or all of the four following criteria: (i) the extent to which the multilateral and regional agreements are consistent with domestic policy objectives; (ii) whether the regional agreements create incentives to reduce, minimise or eliminate trade diversion; (iii) whether the agreements have been leading to a deeper integration than what could have been achieved through the "multilateral option"; and (iv) whether the agreements have allowed a faster rate of integration with out­ side countries than what would have been possible under the multilateral 2 For a briefcomment, see, for example, WTO (1994). 12 From: Regionalism and the Global Economy: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe FONDAD, The Hague, 1997, www.fondad.org alternatives. In more concrete terms, we will raise questions such as: Do the regional initiatives in CEECsrepresent a protectionist trend or do they support the officially declared objective of liberalisation instead? Have the regional initiatives been concentrated only on trade arrangements or have they also been extended to other areas as well? Do the .initiatives exceed the scope of measures and concessions negotiated in multilateral agree­ ments? Have the measures negotiated in the regional arrangements been actually and fully implemented? If not, why? What is the time schedule for the completion of the negotiated trade measures and how does this com­ pare with the multilateral agreement? Our second approach will be to review the empirical literature which focuses on the quantitative assessment of regionalism in Central and Eastern Europe. The literature can be summarised under two separate headings. One route has been the attempt to estimate the nature and extent of trade diversion/creation. It includes studies based on "gravity models" and other methods to evaluate intra-regional trade, as well as studies which try to measure extra-regional trade effects. Another route has been to evaluate the impact of regional agreements on welfare in the ED and in the CEECs by looking at income, employment and the budget in the ED and income effects in theCEECs. Due to limitations of space and time, we will concentrate on two agree­ ments - the Europe Agreements and the Central and East European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). This means that we shall have to disregard a number ofimportant bilateral agreements that have been concluded by the CEECs, such as the customs union between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and various bilateral investment protection treaties. We shall focus on the "economics" of the regional arrangements although other issues may be equally important. For example, it would be interesting to address the broader question of the importance of global integration for transition of the CEECs but this would go beyond the scope of this study.3 Non-economic factors, which also determine the success ofregional arrangements, will only be touched upon in this paper.4 The .. paper will cover six CEECs - Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. However, due to lack of information, Bulgaria and Romania will receive a relatively less rigorous treatment. Finally, the focus of the paper is trade, even though much more could and should be said about 3 The reader is referred to the World Bank's World Development Report 1996 which addresses this question. 4 However, the reader may wish to consult Eofinger (1995) for more details and for a dis­ cussion of the broader political economy aspects of the ED enlargement. On the "eastern" view, see, for example, Richter (1996). 13 From: Regionalism and the Global Economy: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe FONDAD, The Hague, 1997, www.fondad.org capital markets. This emphasis is arguably the weakest point of the study since the integration of capital markets has been quite successful, as will be shown in the text. But since it was the trade segment of the Europe Agreements and CEFTA that has been most controversial, our choice fell on trade rather than investment. The paper is organised in the following way. Part Two describes the starting economic conditions for the CEECs to get more closely integrated into the world economy. The description is important because it helps us to understand the new opportunities created by the political changes. In addition, the description is necessary in order to evaluate various regional agreements in the rest of paper. Part Three reviews the main features of the Europe Agreements and CEFTA and discusses the main impediments to integration. Part Four reviews the empirical literature which focuses on quantitative assessments ofthese regional initiatives. II The Initial Conditions: the Collapse ofCMEA and the New Opportunities for Integrating the CEECs into the World Economy The Collapse ofCMEA The collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe also result­ ed in
Recommended publications
  • Reigniting Growth in Central and Eastern Europe Eastern and Central in Growth Dawn:A New Reigniting
    McKinsey Global Institute McKinsey Global Institute A new dawn: ReignitingA new dawn: growth in Central and Eastern Europe December 2013 A new dawn: Reigniting growth in Central and Eastern Europe The McKinsey Global Institute The McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), the business and economics research arm of McKinsey & Company, was established in 1990 to develop a deeper understanding of the evolving global economy. MGI’s mission is to provide leaders in the commercial, public, and social sectors with the facts and insights on which to base management and policy decisions. MGI research combines the disciplines of economics and management, employing the analytical tools of economics with the insights of business leaders. Its “micro-to-macro” methodology examines microeconomic industry trends to better understand the broad macroeconomic forces affecting business strategy and public policy. MGI’s in-depth reports have covered more than 20 countries and 30 industries. Current research focuses on six themes: productivity and growth; the evolution of global financial markets; the economic impact of technology and innovation; natural resources; the future of work; and urbanisation. Recent reports have assessed job creation, resource productivity, cities of the future, and the impact of the Internet. The partners of McKinsey fund MGI’s research; it is not commissioned by any business, government, or other institution. For further information about MGI and to download reports, please visit www.mckinsey.com/mgi. McKinsey in Central and Eastern Europe McKinsey & Company opened its first offices in Central and Eastern Europe in the early 1990s, soon after the momentous democratic changes in the region. McKinsey played an active role in the region’s economic rebirth, working with governments, nonprofits, and cultural institutions, as well as leading business organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • BREAKDOWN of SUB-REGIONS Americas
    BREAKDOWN OF SUB-REGIONS Americas Atlantic Islands and Central and Canada Eastern US Latin America Southwest US Argentina Atlantic Canada Kansas City Boston Atlantic Islands British Columbia Nebraska Hartford Brazil A Canadian Prairies Oklahoma Maine Brazil B Montreal & Quebec Southwest US A New York A Central America Toronto Southwest US B New York B Chile St. Louis Philadelphia Colombia Pittsburgh Mexico Washington DC Peru Western New York Uruguay Midwest US Southeastern US Western US Chicago Florida Colorado Cleveland Greater Tennessee Desert US Indianapolis Louisville Hawaii Iowa Mid-South US Idaho Madison North Carolina Los Angeles Milwaukee Southern Classic New Mexico Minnesota Virginia Northern California Southern Ohio Orange County West Michigan Portland Salt Lake San Diego Seattle Spokane Asia Pacific Oceania Eastern Asia Southeastern Asia Southern Asia Brisbane Beijing Cambodia Bangladesh Melbourne Chengdu Indonesia India A New Zealand Hong Kong Malaysia India B Perth Japan Philippines India C Sydney Korea Singapore Nepal Mongolia Thailand Pakistan Shanghai Vietnam Sri Lanka Shenzhen A Shenzhen B Taiwan Europe, Middle East, and Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Eastern Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Ethiopia Bulgaria Denmark & Norway Croatia Ghana Czech Republic Finland Cyprus Kenya Hungary Ireland Greece Mauritius Kazakhstan Sweden Israel Nigeria A Poland A Istanbul Nigeria B Poland B Italy Rwanda Romania Portugal South Africa Russia A Serbia Tanzania Russia B Slovenia Uganda Slovakia Spain Zimbabwe Ukraine A Ukraine B Middle East and Western Europe North Africa Austria Bahrain Benelux Doha France Egypt Germany Emirates Switzerland Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Morocco Oman Saudi Arabia .
    [Show full text]
  • Russia's Hostile Measures in Europe
    Russia’s Hostile Measures in Europe Understanding the Threat Raphael S. Cohen, Andrew Radin C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1793 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0077-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report is the collaborative and equal effort of the coauthors, who are listed in alphabetical order. The report documents research and analysis conducted through 2017 as part of a project entitled Russia, European Security, and “Measures Short of War,” sponsored by the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia and Eurasia Steven Pifer
    14 Russia and Eurasia Steven Pifer Russia for the past 4 years has been on an economic roll fueled by high energy prices. The Kremlin in parallel has pursued an increasingly assertive foreign policy, raising the prospect of a more contentious Russia that will challenge U.S. interests in the former Soviet space, Europe, and elsewhere. The challenges posed by a more assertive Russia will command greater time and attention from U.S. national security planners. It is not only a resurgent Russia that could test the United States in coming years, however. A frail, unstable Russian state is not in the U.S. interest. Russian weakness raises less obvious, but nevertheless serious, possible challenges. Demographic, societal, and economic trends within Russia have the potential, particularly in combination, to create strategic shocks over the next 10 to 30 years that would have major implications for U.S. national security interests. This chapter examines those trends and potential shocks and outlines implications for U.S. national security. The strategic shocks that trends within Russia could combine to produce include collapse of the Russian state, expansion to take in more ethnic Russians, revolution (leading to a lurch toward democracy or, more likely, to the right), playing the energy card, and a military/technical surprise. While these shocks each have a very low likelihood, any of them would pose critical implications and challenges for key U.S. security interests. This chapter also looks at possible shocks elsewhere in the former Soviet space: Islamic revolution in a Central Asian state and Georgian-Russian military conflict, with the latter being the most likely shock of those addressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Eu Whoiswho Official Directory of the European Union
    EUROPEAN UNION EU WHOISWHO OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN COMMISSION 16/09/2021 Managed by the Publications Office © European Union, 2021 FOP engine ver:20180220 - Content: - merge of files"Commission_root.xml", "The_College.XML1.5.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_CABINETS.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_SG.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/ CRF_COM_SJ.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_COMMU.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_IDEA.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_BUDG.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/ CRF_COM_HR.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_DIGIT.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_IAS.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_OLAF.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/ CRF_COM_ECFIN.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_GROW.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_DEFIS.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_COMP.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/ CRF_COM_EMPL.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_AGRI.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_MOVE.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_ENER.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/ CRF_COM_ENV.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_CLIMA.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_RTD.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/CRF_COM_CNECT.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml", "temp/ CRF_COM_JRC.RNS.FX.TRAD.DPO.dated.XML1.5.ANN.xml",
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Footprint of Persistent Extra-Tropical Drought in the Instrumental Era
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY Int. J. Climatol. (2008) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/joc.1590 The global footprint of persistent extra-tropical drought in the instrumental era Celine Herweijer1* and Richard Seager2 1 Risk Management Solutions, London, UK 2 Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, USA ABSTRACT: The major North American droughts as per instrumental records are shown to be part of a larger, global pattern of low-frequency drought variability. Drought in western North America during the 1850s–1860s, 1870s, 1890s, 1930s and 1950s, is shown to coincide with the occurrence of prolonged dry spells in parts of Europe, southern South America and western Australia. Tropical land regions are mostly wet during these periods, with the exception of central east Africa, southern India and Sri Lanka, which are dry. The recent 1998–2003 period of drought in western North America reveals a similar global hydroclimatic ‘footprint’ with the exception of a wet southern South America and continued dry conditions in the Sahel. Common to each of the six droughts is the persistence of anomalously cool east central tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). For the 1998–2003 case, the warming of SSTs everywhere outside of the east central tropical Pacific may be influencing precipitation and masking the influence of persistent precipitation anomalies driven from the tropical Pacific alone. In general, examination of these major historical extra-tropical droughts reveals a hemispherically and, in the extra-tropics, a zonally symmetric pattern consistent with forcing from the Tropics. Ensembles of model simulations forced by observed SSTs globally (Global Ocean Global Atmosphere, GOGA) and only within the tropical Pacific (Pacific Ocean Global Atmosphere-Mixed Layer, POGA-ML) are both able to capture the global pattern of the persistent extra-tropical drought regimes since the mid-nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia: a Euro-Pacific Power? Goals, Strategies and Perspectives of Moscow’S East Asia Policy
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Margarete Klein Russia: A Euro-Pacific Power? Goals, Strategies and Perspectives of Moscow’s East Asia Policy RP 8 September 2014 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2014 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (English version of SWP-Studie 12/2014) Table of Contents 5 Problems and Conclusions 8 Russia’s New East Asia Discourse: Backgrounds, Objectives, Roles 11 The Military Dimension: Threat Perceptions and Capabilities 11 The Unresolved Kuril Conflict 12 North Korea’s Nuclear and Missile Programme 12 “Unnamed Danger” China 15 The US Military “Pivot” 16 Limited Capacity for Regional Power Projection 18 The Political Dimension: Russia as a Great Power in East Asia? 18 Russia and China: “Strategic Partnership” with a Weak Regional Pillar 20 Russia and the United States in East Asia: Untapped Cooperation Potential 21 New Dynamism in the Russian-Japanese Relationship 22 Russia and the Two Koreas: Russia as Regional Conflict-Solver? 23 Expansion of Political Relations with South-East Asia: Focus on Vietnam and ASEAN 25 Russia’s Multilateral Efforts: More Status than Substance 26 Russia’s Weak “Soft Power” 28 The Economic Dimension: Achilles’ Heel of Russian East Asia Policy 29 Energy and Arms: Ambivalently Competitive 30 Energy Cooperation 31 Arms Exports 32 The Limits of Economic Integration 32 Russia’s Eastern Regions: Opportunity and Achilles’ Heel 34 Economic Integration: Russia Out on a Limb 35 Conclusions 37 Abbreviations Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Yugosphere Tim Judah
    LSEE Papers on South Eastern Europe Tim Judah Good news from the Western Balkans YUGOSLAVIA IS DEAD LONG LIVE THE YUGOSPHERE TIM JUDAH Tim Judah Good news from the Western Balkans YUGOSLAVIA IS DEAD LONG LIVE THE YUGOSPHERE TIM JUDAH Yugoslavia is Dead . Long Live the Yugosphere LSEE – Research on South Eastern Europe European Institute, LSE Edited by Spyros Economides Managing Editor Ivan Kovanović Reproduction and Printing Crowes Complete Print, London, November 2009 Design & Layout Komshe d.o.o. Cover Photograph Tim Judah Tim Judah LSEE Papers LSEE, the LSE’s new research unit on South East Europe, wel- comes you to the first of the LSEE Papers series. As part of the ac- tivities of LSEE we aim to publish topical, provocative and timely Papers, alongside our other core activities of academic research and public events. As part of our commitment to quality and impact we will commission contributions from eminent commentators and policy-makers on the significant issues of the day pertaining to an ever-important region of Europe. Of course, independent submissions will also be considered for the LSEE Paper series. It is with great pleasure that the LSEE Papers are launched by a hugely stimulating contribution from Tim Judah whose knowledge and expertise of the region is second to none. Tim Judah worked on this paper while with the LSE as a Senior Visiting Fellow in 2009 and we are delighted to inaugurate the series with his work on the ‘Yugosphere’. Dr Spyros Economides Yugoslavia is Dead . Long Live the Yugosphere Tim Judah v Tim Judah Preface In general terms good news is no news.
    [Show full text]
  • World Geography RELEASED
    World Geography Administered May 2013 RELEASED Copyright © 2013, Texas Education Agency. All rights reserved. Reproduction of all or portions of this work is prohibited without express written permission from the Texas Education Agency. TX-EOC-WG__Release-Form-May-2013__r3__052813.indd 1 6/26/13 12:26 PM TX-EOC-WG__Release-Form-May-2013__r3__052813.indd 2 5/28/2013 3:40:37 PM World Geography Page 3 TX-EOC-WG__Release-Form-May-2013__r3__052813.indd 3 5/28/2013 3:40:37 PM Page 4 TX-EOC-WG__Release-Form-May-2013__r3__052813.indd 4 5/28/2013 3:40:37 PM DIRECTIONS Read each question carefully. Determine the best answer to the question from the four answer choices provided. Then fill in the answer on your answer document. 1 Source: NOAA/PMEL How does the technology shown in this photograph help humans adapt to the environment? A By detecting sunken ships B By helping ships navigate C By monitoring fish migration D By warning of a natural disaster Page 5 TX-EOC-WG__Release-Form-May-2013__r3__052813.indd 5 5/28/2013 3:40:37 PM 2 The global diffusion of advanced computer technology has resulted in — F a renewed adherence to traditional customs G declining interest in foreign popular culture H an increase in the accessibility of higher education J reduced levels of geographic mobility 3 Which statement best explains how Jerusalem is perceived throughout the world? A Foreign students regard it as an intellectual center for higher education. B Several countries claim it as a colonial possession. C Economists view it as an important center for international trade.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Approaches to Eastern Europe
    Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 22 Number 2 Spring Article 15 May 2020 Western Approaches to Eastern Europe Jeff Delmon Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation Jeff Delmon, Book Note, 22 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 569 (1994). This Book Note is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. 1994 BOOK NOTES al guarantees such as free elections, the right of access to the courts, the principle of legality, judicial safeguards, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and freedom of association. Although Merrills' analysis provides insights throughout the book, his keen analysis of relevant Court decisions in this chapter eclipses the complexity of the subjects discussed therein. In the final chapters of the book, Merrills shifts his focus from a micro study of the Court itself to the broader concepts of democratic values, general principles of law, international law, and ideology as they relate to human rights in the European Court of Human Rights. Here, Merrills debates the competing ideologies of judicial restraint and activism. After much analysis, he concludes that the Court has generally adopted an activist approach towards the Convention, based on his observation that statements of judicial ideology typically found in dissenting judgments articulate the case for restraint. He then de- bates the differences between tough conservatism and benevolent liber- alism before concluding that both surface intermittently in the Europe- an Court of Human Rights.
    [Show full text]
  • The Happiness Gap in Eastern Europe
    The happiness gap in eastern Europe Simeon Djankov, Elena Nikolova and Jan Zilinsky Summary Citizens in eastern Europe are less satisfied with life than their peers in other countries. This happiness gap has persisted over time, despite predictions to the contrary by earlier scholars. It holds after controlling for a variety of covariates, such as the standard of living, life expectancy and Eastern Orthodox religion. Armed with a battery of surveys from the early 1990s to 2014, we argue that the happiness gap is explained by how citizens in post-communist countries perceive their governments. Eastern Europeans link their life satisfaction to higher perceived corruption and weaker government performance. Our results suggest that the transition from central planning is still incomplete, at least in the psychology of people. Keywords: happiness, corruption, eastern Europe JEL Classification: D73, I30, P35 Contact details: Elena Nikolova, One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2JN, United Kingdom Phone: +44 20 7338 7931; Fax: +44 20 7338 6110; email: [email protected]. Simeon Djankov is at the Department of Finance, London School of Economics and Political Science and Visiting Fellow at the Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics. Elena Nikolova is a Research Economist at the EBRD. Jan Zilinsky is Research Analyst at the Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics. This paper is written as part of a symposium: Ukraine: Escape from Post-Soviet Legacy? The authors would like to thank an anonymous referee, Abhijit Banerjee, Erik Berglof,¨ Andrew Clark, Yuriy Gorodnichenko, Gerard´ Roland and Peter Sanfey for helpful comments. The working paper series has been produced to stimulate debate on economic transition and development.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing the CESSDA Metadata Office Project André Förster1, Kerrin Borschewski2, Sharon Bolton3 and Taina Jääskeläinen4
    The matter of meta in research data management: Introducing the CESSDA Metadata Office Project André Förster1, Kerrin Borschewski2, Sharon Bolton3 and Taina Jääskeläinen4 Abstract Accompanying the growing importance of research data management, the provision and maintenance of metadata – understood as data about (research) data – have obtained a key role in contextualizing, understanding, and preserving research data. Acknowledging the importance of metadata in the social sciences, the Consortium of European Social Science Data Archives (CESSDA) started the Metadata Office project in 2019. This project report presents the various activities of the Metadata Office (MDO). Metadata models, schemas, controlled vocabularies and thesauri are covered, including the MDO’s collaboration with the DDI Alliance on multilingual translations of DDI vocabularies for CESSDA Service Providers. The report also summarizes the communication, training and advice provided by MDO, including DDI use across CESSDA, illustrates the impact of the project for the social sciences and research data management community, and offers an outline regarding future plans of the project. Keywords Research data management (RDM), Metadata, Controlled vocabularies, Multilingualism, Consortium of European Social Science Data Archives European Research Infrastructure Consortium (CESSDA- ERIC) 1. Introduction With the constant digitization of research and the ever-increasing relevance of open science, research data management (RDM) has become one of the most important indicators when assessing the quality of research. ‘Good research data management is not a goal in itself, but rather the key conduit leading to knowledge discovery and innovation, and to subsequent data and knowledge integration and reuse’ (European Commission 2016, p. 3). Thus, it is a substantial part in the research (data) lifecycle, which is, for instance, reflected by the highly regarded FAIR principles for scientific data management and stewardship (Wilkinson et al.
    [Show full text]