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Home , Fat Man, Leslie Groves, Little Boy, Trinitite, Trinity (nuclear test)

White Sands U.S. Department of the Interior White Sands National Monument White Sands Missile Range and Site

or some people, the name White Sands conjures up images of rolling white dunes, a great place to spend time Fwith family; for others, it is an expansive missile range and the site of the world’s first atomic bomb . Both White Sands National Monument and the White Sands Missile Range lie within the and share the brilliant white dunefield that gives us our names. But the monument and the missile range have very distinct histories and purposes. White Sands National Monument protects the singular landscapes and flora and fauna of the world’s largest gypsum dunefield. White Sands Missile Range is a proving ground for the U.S. military. This is a short history of the White Sands Missile Range, including Trinity Site. White Sands Missile Range the first atomic bomb. Fearing that The remote, government-owned land Nazi-governed Germany would be provided safety and secrecy for the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) the first to construct such a dangerous test, code-named Project Trinity. is one of six national ranges that weapon, Albert Einstein wrote a letter support missile development and to warn President Roosevelt of the Oppenheimer reorganized the Los test related programs for the Army, possible dangers. In response, the U.S. Alamos Laboratory in the summer of Navy, Air Force, NASA, and other began modest nuclear research. After 1944 to focus on imploding a ball of government agencies. The range, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor to create a nuclear established in 1945, is operated by in , the plan to build a bomb explosion. This solution was new and the Army and surrounds White Sands really went into action. untried, and would need to be tested. National Monument on all sides Each year researchers at WSMR fire The to approximately 900 missiles for testing. Los Alamos

WSMR is the largest all-land military The headquarters to develop the reservation in the . The bomb was first in New York City and was selected was named the Manhattan Project. as the nation’s first rocket facility Under the command of for a number of reasons: the land Leslie R. Groves, engineers began was cheap and much of it already work to produce a ore, while government owned; the weather is also researching possible test sites for clear year-round allowing for good an explosion. visibility; and the area was sparsely populated at the time. J. Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist, and others on the scientific Birth of Nuclear panel decided to detonate the test bomb 100 feet over the Jornada del During the late 1930s, scientists from Muerto—the Journey of the Dead in all over the world rushed to develop Spanish—in southern New Mexico. J. Robert Oppenheimer (right) and Trinity Site . The explosion point was Trinity Site a National Historic named Trinity Site. Landmark. The landmark includes On , 1945, one week after base camp, where the scientists and WSMR was established, the world’s Although no information on the test support group lived; the McDonald first atomic bomb was detonated was released until after the atomic ranch house, where the plutonium in the north-central portion of the bomb had been used as a weapon, the core was assembled; as well as missile range, approximately 60 flash of light and shock wave made a . miles north of White Sands National vivid impression over an area with a Monument. radius of at least 160 miles.

For the Project Trinity test, the bomb The world’s second atomic bomb, was placed atop a 100-foot steel codenamed “,” was tower that was designated Zero. exploded over , , on Ground Zero was at the foot of the , 1945. Three days later, a Trinity Site tower. Equipment, instruments, and third bomb codenamed “,”

devastated the city of . The g e Carrizozo observation points were established at n varying distances from Ground Zero. Hiroshima bombing was the second R a i l e s s The wooden observation shelters artificial in history, i M

after the Trinity test, and the first s were protected by concrete and d n a

uranium-based detonation. The S

earthen barricades, and the nearest e t bombs exploded at Trinity Site and i observation point was 5.7 miles from h Ground Zero. Nagasaki had plutonium cores. A “Fat W Man” bomb casing is on display in Alamogordo At 5:30 am on July 16, the nuclear front of the WSMR visitor center. device known as “Gadget”was White Sands successfully detonated. To most After the explosion, Trinity Site was National Monument observers—watching through dark encircled with more than a mile of —the brilliance of the light chain-link fencing, and signs were posted warning of radioactivity. The from the explosion overshadowed the White Sands Missile Range and Trinity Site shock wave and sound that arrived site was closed to the public as well as some seconds later. A multi-colored to WSMR personnel. By 1953, much Today, visits to the site are sponsored cloud surged 38,000 feet into the air of the radioactivity had subsided, and by the Alamogordo Chamber of within seven minutes. Where the the first Trinity Site open house was Commerce and WSMR on the first tower had been was a crater one-half held in September of that year. Saturdays of April and October. The mile across and eight feet deep. Sand rest of the year the site is closed to in the crater was fused by intense In 1965, Army officials erected a the public because it lies within the heat into a -like solid the color monument on Ground Zero. In 1975, impact zone for missiles fired into the of green jade; it was given the name the National Park Service designated northern part of WSMR.

For more information on Trinity Site tours, call the Alamogordo Chamber of Commerce at 1-800-826-0294 or visit the White Sands Missile Range Public Affairs website at: http://www.wsmr.army.mil/PAO/ Trinity/Pages/default.aspx.

For more information on WSMR, contact the White Sands Missile Range Museum at (575) 678-8824. A display of various missiles and rockets is located at the Missile Park, just inside the WSMR entrance gate, approximately four miles south of the WSMR exit on Highway 70. “Fat Man” bomb Revised 03/14/12