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I Archaeological Investigation I of QUEEN SQUARE, I BRISTOL I I I I I I I I I I I I Report No.466/1999 I I I Bristol and Region Archaeological Services I Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, Queen's Road, Bristol BSB lRL. Tel: (0117) 922 3580 Fax: (0117) 922 2047 Archaeological Investigation of QUEEN SQUARE, BRISTOL

.centred on N.G.R. ST 58772 72561

Client: Bristol City Council Department of Planning, Transport & Development Services What can't Inventress Art and Labour do? This handsome Square from heaps of Rubbish grew; And tho' past Years the marshy Bottom saw Thick drizling Fogs from steaming Nature draw, No vap'rish Humours left, but only those Which Ladienickly Fancies discompose: Where Level-walks delightful Lanes display, There wat'ry Mud in deep Confusion lay. So, when Appelles drew his master frame, From jumbled Paint the pretty Venus came. So Holland's Province built on boggy Lands Consummate Neatness, and a Beauty stands: Thus (since the Objects Similies provoke) The whole Creation from a Chaos broke.

Extract from 'A Poetical Description of Bristol' by William Goldwin (Master of Bristol Grammar School)

London: Joseph Penn, 1712, 17-18. CONTENTS

List of Illustrations

Summary l. INTRODUCTION

2. THE SITE, LOCATION AND BACKGROUND...... 2

3. PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ...... 5

4. THE INVESTIGATIONS 7

5. CONCLUSION "II

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY...... IS

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17

Appendix I: Policy Statement

Appendix 2: The Pottery and Other Finds

Appendix 3: The Clay Tobacco Pipes

Table I: Recovered material from sampled contexts, Trench 2

Table 2: Sample volume, weight and slag content, Trench 2

Table 3: Identification of material in slag samples, Trench 2

Abbreviations used in the text; aOD Above Ordnance Datum. BRO Bristol Record Office, prefix to document reference code. BUAD Bristol Urban Archaeological Database, prefix to site or monument reference code. NGR National Grid Reference.

April, 1999.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE:- Bristol and Region Archaeological Services retain copyright of this report under the Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, and have granted a licence to the Department of Planning, Transport and Development Services of Bristol City Council to use and reproduce the material contained within.

Plans reproduced from the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office" Crown copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Bristol City Council, Licence Number LA090554, 1998. LIST OF ll,LUSTRATIONS

Figures

Fig.l Site and Trench location.

Fig.2 Millerd's map of Bristol, 1673.

Fig.3 Millerd's map of Bristol, 1710.

Fig A Rocque's map of Bristol, 1750, with position of trenches overlaid.

Fig.5 Plumley's map of Bristol, 1817.

Fig.6 Archaeological investigations in the vicinity of Queen Square.

Fig.7 Trench 1, main features.

Fig.8 Section A, west facing.

Fig.9 Interpretive illustration for P1.5.

Fig. 10 Plan of Trench 2.

Fig.ll Northwest facing section in Trench 2.

Fig.12 Selection of finds; (i) Early-mid 17th century Nether Stowey dish with slip and sgraffito decoration, context 51, (ii) late 17th century North Devon dripping pan, context 27, (iii) barrel shaped bowl with initials IT and decoration incuse on heel made by John Tucker, 1662-1690, context 40, (iv) small pipe made by Richard Berryman 1619-1652 with initials RB separated by a dagger and heart incuse on heel, context 4, (v) and (vi) barrel shaped bowls with heels, context 50.

Plates

Cover View of Trench from the north after initial clean-up.

Pl.1 Air raid shelters being excavated in Queen Square, October 1938.

P1.2 View from the southwest of air raid shelter during archaeological investigation, December 1998.

Pt.3 West facing section in air raid shelter after removal of back-fill.

PIA Southeast facing section after removal of modern tarmac path, showing timber shuttering.

Pl.5 West facing section after removal of modern tarmac path.

PI. 6 Box Section in Trench 2, viewed from northwest. PI. 7 Nether Stowey dish, context 51, Trench I.

PI. 8 Westerwald pottery from a vessel similar to that in Plate 9, context 2, Trench I.

PI. 9 An example of a Westerwald mug, of late 17th century date, made in Germany with Roundel Medallion moulded with a portrait of King WilIiam III (1689 - 1702) (Gaimster 1997, colour plate 22).

P1.10 Seventeenth 'century clay-tobacco pipes, context 50, Trench I. SUMMARY

Archaeological excavations at Queen Square were undertaken by Bristol and Region Archaeological Services at the end of 1998 and early in 1999 as part of the program of restoration for the square by Bristol City Council, in partnership with the Heritage Lottery Fund. The aim of the project was to identify and record any features of the original 18th­ century layout of the square so that they could be incorporated into the designs for the restoration work. The archaeological trenches were positioned for optimum results based on cartographic evidence showing cross paths in the mid-18th century that have since been removed or superseded by the present diagonal path. This position was also chosen so that the possible location of a bowling green, shown on Millerd's maps of the 1670's, could be investigated. The evaluation revealed that one of the original paths had largely been removed by 20th-century work in the square, such as the construction of an air raid in 1938, while the other had largely been removed by the construction of the present tarmac path. Surviving elements of the 18th-century path were identified and investigated revealing that they were possibly constructed of gravel obtained from the River Avon near Saltford. The investigation also revealed that over 2.5m of black ash and cinder layers had been deposited on the area at the end of the 17th century prior to the construction of Queen Square. Analysis of bulk samples taken during the fieldwork and documentary research has suggested that this material is likely to have originated from a number of sources with the main bulk of the cinders deriving from the cleaning out of industrial furnaces, probably those of the glass houses. A sondage excavated at one end of the' trench revealed the alluvium at a depth of 7.l5m above Ordnance Datum, approximately 3m below the present ground surface. No evidence for the 17th-century bowling green was identified. I

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Queen Square in the centre of Bristol, (NGR ST 58772 72561) is one of the largest Georgian urban squares in England. It forms the heart of the City and Queen Square conservation area (designated in 1972) and is an historic public space listed within the Bristol section of the "Gazetteer of Historic Parks and Gardens in the County of Avon" (1991). Surrounding it are listed buildings such as the Custom House and the Mansion House.

1.2 It is intended by Bristol City Council to restore the "formal landscaped layout and setting" of Queen Square (Bristol City Council 1996, 6) and as part of the programme of proposed works an archaeological investigation was requested to add detail to what is known of the 18th century design of the square.

1.3 Conforming to a brief provided by the Bristol City Archaeologist, the project aimed to provide "evidence for the various elements of the square, pathways, edging treatments, drainage, borders etc. ,and their development through time" (Queen Square, Brief for Archaeological Investigation 1998). It was also the intention to examine the make-up deposits of the square and the buried alluvium of the marsh on which it was built. A further aim was to confirm the location and layout of a bowling green depicted on plans of the city by lames Millerd in the late 17th century.

1.4 The archaeological investigation was undertaken by Bristol and Region Archaeological Services (BaRAS) and was carried out, under the supervision of Peter Insole, between November 9th 1998 and March 17th 1999. The archive for the work will be deposited at Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery under the Accession Number CMAG.1998.0068.

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B~RAS Report No.466{I999 Archaeological Investigation of Queen Square, Bristol. 2. THE SITE, LOCATION AND BACKGROUND

2.1 Queen Square lies on a spur of reclaimed land, immediately to the south of the city centre. It is surrounded on its west, south and east sides by the Floating Harbour. The square is underlain by alluvial clays which rest on Triassic sandstone and mercia mudstone and lies at an elevation of approximately iOm aOD.

2.2 The full historical background to the square can be found in "The Detailed History and Development of Queen Square" (Hughes, Root and Heath 1996), What follows is a short summary of the main historical points of the square's development.

2.3 The form of the spur of land in which Queen Square is located derives from the diversion of the river Frome from its original course, somewhere to the south of Baldwin Street and joining the river Avon in the area of Welsh Back, south to meet the Avon by Canon's Marsh. The diversion of the Frome was completed in 1247 (BaRAS Report BA/D209), leaving the spur bounded on its west, south and east sides by water. For the rest of the medieval period this area was marsh land which lay outside the city beyond the Marsh Wall, one of Bristol's defensive boundaries, which ran close to the present line of King Street.

2.4 In the later medieval period the marsh was used for a variety of purposes; the Bristol Corporation were taking revenues for grazing on the marsh from the city's butchers in the 16th century (Brett forthcoming) and the Mayor's Audit of 1557 mentions two rope houses in the area (ibid.). When Queen Elizabeth visited the city in 1574 a platform was erected on the marsh for the royal party to view a mock battle (Brett forthcoming) and in 1572, it is reported by Adam's Chronicle, that a building was constructed "for practice shooting with guns with bullets" (ibid.). The marsh also provided a public open space for walkers, although the Corporation tolerated the dumping of refuse in the area to the extent that the condition of the marsh became a "scandal" (Hughes et al. 1996, 10). In 1610, provisions were made for reparation of the marsh and £4 per annum was to be paid to two labourers to keep the area clean (Hughes et al. 1996, 10). In 1622, a bowling green was created in one corner of the marsh. This was removed for a gun battery during the Civil War and reinstated in 1656 with a small lodge for the b~wlers use (Hughes et al. 1996, 10) as shown on Millerd's maps of the late 17th century, from 1670 onwards (Fig.2).

2.5 In the view of Timothy Mowl in his book 'To Build the Second City' (1991, 10-15) the development of Queen Square was a plan by the city council to raise funds at a time of limited finances. Mowl states that the original idea was John Romsey's, the Town Clerk, who with the mayor, John Bachelor, put the suggestion to the council of selling building plots on the marsh and charging ground rent. This suggestion was put forward at the same time as a request for permission to build a house on the marsh by Dr. John Reade on October 23, 1699 (MowI1991, 11 and Ison 1978, 141). Only the request by Dr. Reade is minuted in the Proceedings of Common Council (BRO 04264) together with his belief that other citizens wished to do the same. Three days later a lease of land was granted to Dr. Reade with no rent required until 1701 to allow time for the construction of the house (Hughes et al. 1996, 15). The council appointed a committee to "layout the ground for building sites, and to treat for their

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BaRAS Repon No. 466/1999 Archaeological Investigation of Queen Square, Bristol. disposal" (Latimer 1900, 490), stipulating that houses built on the marsh should be fronted in brick. Mowl (1991, 11) suggests that the choice of building material was John Romsey's in an attempt to emulate the new developments in London such as Buckingham Street and Newport Square, themselves based on dutch housing in cities such as Utrecht , hence the reference to Holland in the poem by William Goldwin (see prelude to report). Early in 1700 leases for the south, west and east sides were granted to prominent members of the city such as James Hollidge (BRO 04043), sheriff and future mayor of Bristol, who purchased the bowling green lodge for £100 so that he could build several properties in the southwest area of the square (Latimer 1900, 490). The south side of the square proved to be the most popular, almost all the properties along this side being leased out at this early date while only about nine properties along the west side and four on the east were leased (BRO 04043). By February 1700, the scheme was described as "the Square now there in building" (Hughes et al. 1996, 15), although the first house was not completed until 1701 (Latimer 1893, 43). In 1709 further leases were granted with 18 plots being taken (BRO 04043). The positions of these plots are not recorded, but it is likely that this accounted for construction work on the remaining sites on the east and west sides and the beginnings of the construction on the north side. Millerd's map of 1710 (Fig.3) shows the square close to completion with buildings, including the Custom House, almost encompassing the site, despite the fact that the Custom House was probably not completed until 1711 (MowI1991, 15). The map also shows that there are two rows of trees and a fence line around a central area which is grassed with no formal layout. Despite the two early flourishes of leases it was not until 1727 that all building work in the square was completed after the remaining plots on the north side were leased in 1725 (Ison 1978, 144).

2.6 The main source of information for the historical development of the formal layout of Queen Square is cartographic. The first accurately surveyed map of the city to be published was by John Rocque in 1742. Rocque's maps of Bristol, dated 1742 and 1750 (Fig.4), show three lines of trees around the perimeter, tree-lined cross walks dividing the square into four, and diagonal paths in each quarter. This formal layout was probably initiated in the 1730s when proposals for the setting of Rysbrack's statue of William III first emerged. The statue was erected in 1736 in the centre of the square and, although a considerable amount of work was carried out to provide "an appropriate setting" for the statue after its erection (Hughes et al. 1996,23) the cross paths and diagonals were likely to have been in place prior to 1736.

2.7 Benjarnin Donne's 'Plan of the City of Bristol' of 1773 shows a similar layout to the square as that of Rocque's map. The only significant difference is that two rows of trees line the perimeter of the square as opposed to the three lines shown on the earlier map.

2.8 Towards the end of the 18th century Queen Square was re-landscaped, the trees along the cross walks were removed in 1776 and the diagonal paths within each quadrant were also taken up during this period. One of the first plans of the square after this landscaping is John Plumley's 'Plan of the City ofBristol' , dated 1817, (Fig.S) which shows the layout much as it is today with the cross paths, diagonal paths and two rows of trees around the perimeter.

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BaRAS Report No.466/I999 Arcllaeological Investigation of Queen Square, Bristol. 2.9 The Bristol Riots of October 1831 caused considerable damage to the square, 27 houses were destroyed or partly destroyed including the Custom House and Mansion House (Hughes et al. 1996,33-4). The riots started a decline in the social status of the square as the professional people, such as surgeons and solicitors who were the occupiers of Queen Square properties in the 18th century, moved out and multiple tenancies and business premises became the norm. The first edition OS map of 1882 shows an organisation of the square similar to that of the earlier 19th century which could itself indicate a decline, with fewer landscape initiatives carried out during the 19th century compared to the various design changes of the latter half of the 18th century.

2.10 The landscape of the square remained relatively unchanged until 1936 when the Redcliffe Way dual carriageway was constructed along the diagonal from the city centre/Kings Street corner to the Grove/Welsh Back corner of the square. Accompanying this development were the placement of park benches and steps to the paths in the central area and the reorientation of the William III statue.

2.11 A photograph in the Reece Winstone collection shows air raid shelters being dug close to the centre of the square in 1938 in response to the perceived threat of aerial bombing that precipitated the Air Raid Precautions Act of 1937 (PI.1). This photograph is the only known record of these shelters which were excavated on both sides of Redcliffe Way and were probably demolished immediately after the war.

2.12 In 1992 Queen Square was closed to through traffic as a response to concerns about the detrimental effects on the environment and historic landscape caused by the large number of vehicles using the dual carriageway. Buses still use the perimeter roads along which are parking bays serving those working and resident in the square.

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BaRAS Report No.466fl999 Archeological Investigation ofQuccn Square, Brislol. 3. PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK

3.1 No previous archaeological fieldwork has been carried in Queen Square. The only archaeological finds from the square have been post-medieval pottery, usually North Devon Sgraffito wares, recovered after trees have been up-rooted by storms. There have, however, been a number of archaeological investigations in the vicinity of the square mostly around the periphery of the Floating Harbour (Fig.6) .

3.2 Along the harbourside to the west of Queen Square there has been an excavation and two watching briefs centred on Narrow Quay and Broad Quay. An excavation in 1978 at Narrow Quay (BUAD 442), where Broad Quay House now stands, revealed a 16th - century mud-dock, St.Clement's Dock, and a 17th-century dry-dock, Aldworth's Dock. St.Clement's was in-filled about 1581 and excavation of the dock produced a large assemblage of artifacts including a collection of 16th-century pottery (Good 1987). A subsequent watching brief (BUAD 3275), carried out in 1997 at Broad Quay immediately to the north of Broad Quay House, revealed 2.5 to 3m of made-ground during excavation of a sewer pipe trench. This made-ground consisted of orange and black ashy material that overlay alluvial clay (BaRAS Report No.404/1998). In one of the inspection chambers for this sewer, excavated in the road close to the line of the Marsh Wall, a deposit of large stones was revealed that may have been the remnants of the town wall, although it had no cohesive structure (ibid.). A previous watching brief carried out in 1956 on the site adjacent to the Narrow Quay excavation revealed a number of ships timbers that were presumed to be in-filling a dock and which were associated with 17th-century pottery and clay pipes (BUAD 453).

3.3 Along Welsh Back, to the east of Queen Square, there have been two archaeological evaluations and a watching brief. In 1990 three trenches were excavated at No. 30 Welsh Back, a post-war warehouse at the corner of King Street that stood on the site of 17th-century tenements. The evaluation trenches revealed 19th-century cellars beneath which were layers of ash, cinders and gritty clays of post-medieval date. These overlay stony brown clays of possibly medieval date underlain by alluvium (BUAD 473).

3.4 An evaluation was carried out in 1994 at the southern end of Welsh Back in nos.42­ 43 (BUAD 3062), formerly a wine merchants. Two trenches were excavated in the cellars of the building revealing ash and cinders deposits of 17th century date overlying the alluvium (BaRAS Report BA/C078). Similar deposits were revealed during the watching brief at C and D Sheds, Welsh Back in 1989. This work identified three stages ofpost-medieval reclamation ofthe marsh (lIes and Kidd 1987, 49).

3.5 In 1974 the Action Group for Bristol Archaeology carried out an excavation to the rear of Nos.41-42 Queen Square and No.4 The Grove. This revealed the black ash and cinders deposit, a property boundary wall dated to 1700 and a stone lined drain of 17th century date. The earliest deposit was found to be c.1600 in date (BUAD 420).

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BaRAS Report No.466'I999 Archaeological 1fM$\lgation of Queen Square, Bristol. 3.6 The majority of the archaeological fieldwork in the vicinity of Queen Square has shown that similar black ash and cinders layers of 17th century date overlie the alluvial clays. These layers appear to have been deposited in an effort to reclaim the marsh for the early post-medieval development.

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BaRAS Report No.466/1999 ArchleologiClI Investigation of Queen Square. Bristol. 4. THE INVESTIGATIONS

Methodology

4.1 There were two phases to the archaeological investigations; the first undertaken late in 1998, a large mechanically excavated trench (Trench 1, Fig.l) and the second carried out in March 1999, a small hand-excavated trench (Trench 2, Fig.l).

4.2 Phase 1 - Trench 1 aligned north-south was excavated in the south eastern quadrant of Queen Square (Fig. 1) . Turf and topsoil were removed by a mechanical excavator from an area measuring 30m in length and lOm in width. The mechanical excavator also removed the diagonal tarmac path and sub-base and part of the fill of an air raid shelter at the northern end of the trench. The excavation was then cleaned by hand and recorded. Test sections were hand excavated through the black ashy make-up revealed by the machine excavation (Fig.7). After these sections were recorded the machine returned to strip an area between the 'arms' of the air raid shelter in an attempt to locate one of the 18th-century diagonal paths. The machine also excavated a sondage at the southern end of the trench to establish the depth of the alluvium and investigate whether any evidence of the 17th-century bowling green survived. With the completion of this work the trench was backfilled and the tarmac path reinstated.

4.3 Phase 2 - The main intention of this part of the investigations was to excavate a trench across the line of an original path that the air raid shelter in Trench 1 had removed all evidence of. It was also intended to more thorougWy investigate the black cinder deposits that had been found to underlie the square in the initial trench with a view to establishing a probable source for this material. For these purposes it was only necessary to excavate a small trench, measuring 5m by 2m, aligned southwest­ northeast approximately 20m to the east of the south eastern corner of Trench 1. Turf, topsoil and a 19th/20th century subsoil were removed by hand before a section through the underlying cinders was excavated at the southwestern end of the trench. After consultation with Gill Juleff of Exeter University a sampling strategy was agreed whereby 100% samples of each cinders deposit were taken from a one metre square box section (Fig.l0). These bulk samples were then weighed and hand sorted on site to recover the bulk of the slag with one bag of each deposit being kept back to be finely sieved and sorted during post-excavation. The resulting elevation from the removal of samples was then recorded before the trench was backfilled and re­ turfed.

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BaRAS Report No. 466/1999 Arclllleological Investigation or Queen Square, BriSIOI. The Archaeological Evidence

Trench 1

4.2 The removal of turf, topsoil and the tarmac path revealed a black ash and cinders deposit (context 4/16) that covered the trench and into which had been cut the construction trench for the tarmac path (6) and an air raid shelter (2). This air raid shelter, at the northern end of the trench, had an 'H' shaped plan aligned north-south with a third north-south passage terminating at the central east-west passage (cover PI. & PI.2). This shelter measured approximately lOm x 10m, although the shelter continued north, west and east beyond the trench, and had been backfilled with rubble. Removal of this rubble from the central area to a depth of 1.5m revealed the prefabricated concrete shuttering and roof beams that had been used in the air raid shelter's construction. This also exposed a section through the black ash and cinders (Pl.3) revealing the deposit to be loosely stratified with lenses of rubble, slate and mortar.

4.3 In the central area of the trench, south of the air raid shelter, the black ash of context 4 was overlain by three similar spreads of reddish brown clay containing small to medium sized stones of yellow and red Dolomitic Conglomerate (contexts 8, 11 and 12) and a layer of sand (9). These deposits were found to be approximately contemporary and contained finds of 20th century date. It is likely that these contexts are associated with the construction of the air raid shelter and possibly formed hard standing for any machinery used in the construction work.

4.4 The stony clay spreads were very shallow, having a maximum depth of 100mm, and overlay the thin spread (30-50mm) of light grey/brown, fine to medium grained sand (9). This sand was evidently a type of sub-base for the stony clay being deposited only in the central area immediately prior to contexts 8, 11 and 12.

4.5 To the south of the central deposits was the diagonal cut for the modem tarmac path (6). The tarmac and scalpings of the sub-base were removed by machine to leave a 3m wide, 0.3-0.5m deep vertical-sided construction trench aligned southwest northeast. Beneath the tarmac path was an earlier compacted coarse gravel or scalpings path (7) and a sub-base of gravel, ash and lime (13) the timber shuttering for which still survived along the northern edge of the cut (PI.4). Truncated by these 20th-century paths was a thin layer of gravel and red sandy clay marl (14/21) that lay at approximately 9.64m aOD, 0.5m below the present path surface. This gravel was visible in patches along the northern side of the path's construction trench and extended for 0.5m south along the eastern section left by the path's removal (Fig.9, PI.5) . Two sections were hand dug perpendicular to the tarmac path to find the extent of the red gravel and to recover dating evidence from this and the black ash deposits. These sections revealed that there were alternating deposits ofblack ash (16, 18,20), pinkish brown, sandy clay (17) and grey silty clay (19) overlying the red layer of gravel (14/21) (Fig.S). Below the red gravel the deposits were more consistently a black ash (22, 27, 35) with very little difference between them. Context 22 produced pottery dating from 1700-1750 and clay tobacco pipes dating from the late 17th century to the early 18th century (Appendix 2 and 3). Context 27 produced late 17th-

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BaRAS Repon No. 466/1999 Arclueologieal Investigation 0( Queen SqUIre., Bri!lol. century pottery including part of a North Devon dripping pan (Fig.12.ii). The lowest deposit encountered by the hand excavated sections was a layer of greyish white lime and ash mortar (28) at a depth of 8.32m aDD, 1.8m below the present ground surface. This produced pottery and clay tobacco pipes of late 17th century date (Appendix 2 and 3). The red gravel did not continue all along the hand dug section but gradually faded northwards and was not visible in the northern O. 7m of the section, although an horizon was detectable between context 20, above the gravel, and context 22, below. Along the northern edge ofcontext 14121 the gravel was loose and lacking the red marl to consolidate it.

4.6 The various black ash deposits were also revealed by the machine excavated sondage at the southern end of the trench. In this sondage brown alluvial clay (52) was encountered at a depth of 7.15m aDD, 3m below the present ground surface. This was a thin layer, 100mm thick, of oxidised alluvium overlying blue alluvial clay (53) that oxidised to brown within a short period after exposure to the air. No dating evidence was recovered from the alluvial clays (contexts 52 and 53). From the earliest black ashy deposit (context 51), immediately above the alluvium, part of a Nether Stowey dish was recovered (Fig.12.i and PI.7) at a depth of approximately 2.5m below the ground surface. This dish had slip and sgraffito decoration, under-glazed with copper staining and dates from the first half of the 17th century.

4.7 An attempt to fmd the northern cross path for this quadrant of the square proved unsuccessful. Rocque's map of 1750 (Fig.4) shows that this path should have passed through the trench, however, removal ofthe black ash material by machine to a depth of 8.8lm aDD, 1.3m below the present ground surface, did not reveal evidence for the path. This excavation did reveal several other deposits of black ash and cinders (contexts 40 and 50) beneath context 4 that probably correspond to the layers found beneath the red gravel in the hand-excavated sections. Context 40 produced pottery ofpre 1750 date and clay tobacco pipes of late 17th to early 18th century (Fig.12.iii). Context 50 produced several near complete clay tobacco pipes of late 17th century date (Fig.12.v-vi and PI.I0).

4.8 Trench 2

The removal of the turf and topsoil from the area of Trench 2 revealed a similar black ash and cinders deposit (context 202) to that revealed in Trench 1. This layer was 0.24m to O. 3m deep and contained mortar, bricks, and large stones. Pottery of 17­ 18th century date, such as WesterwaldStoneware from Germany (P1.8 and 9), and clay tobacco pipes of early 17th century date were recovered (Appendix 2 and 3), although the deposit is likely to be of a later date.

4.9 Beneath context 202 was a stone, concrete, mortar and tar feature (context 215) that was highly compact and measured 2.7m in width (Fig. 10). This was aligned northwest-southeast through the centre of the trench and is likely to have been a make-shift track possibly associated with pre-war developments in the square (see below, para 5.9). This is even more probable considering that this feature cut a black cinders deposit (context 203) that contained 19th-century pottery. Context 203 consisted of fine black cinders with occasional lime mortar fragments and very

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BaRAS Rcpofl No.466/1999 Archaeological lnvcsliplion of Quun Square, Brislol. occasional small stones and gravel pebbles. This layer was 0.26 - 0.3m in depth and was initially sampled with the excavation of a section at the southwestern end of the trench (Fig. 10) . It was later discovered that there must actually be two very similar deposits within context 203 as a small fragment of gravel path was found in the northern corner of the trench within this layer (Fig.lO). This was the only evidence of the former path as it had almost been completely removed by context 215, however, the constituents of this small fragment of path were identical to that of the gravel path in Trench 1.

4.10 Underlying context 203 were patches of brown clay (context 204) that were O.lm deep and contained occasional fragments of mortar, pennant sandstone, coal, a small quantity of slag and pottery of mid 17th century date. These patches overlay a further layer of black cinders with fragments of lime (context 205) that contained mid-late 17th-century pottery. This context was 0.1 m deep and began the sequence of sampled deposits from the box section in the southern corner of the trench (Fig.lO, 11 and PI.6).

4.11 Below context 205 were successive deposits ofblack cinders (contexts 206,208,210 and 211) and thin spreads of mortar (contexts 207 an 209) (Fig.ll) that were likely to have been demolition rubble similar to the spreads such as context 28 in Trench 1. These deposits produced pottery of 17th century date, although the mortar spread (207) produced late 16th-century Yayal Blue pottery from Seville in Spain. One hundred percent of the cinder deposits from this sequence were sampled and sorted as described above (para 4.3).

4.12 The box section was excavated to a maximum depth of 8.83m aOD, 1.45m below the current ground surface.

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BaRAS Report No. 466/1999 Archatologic.al Investigation of Queen Squue, Bristol. 5. CONCLUSION

5.1 Based on the evidence of the fieldwork at Queen Square it is possible to establish a provisional chronology of six broad periods of deposition and activity based on the archaeological evidence and artefacts found during the Queen Square Investigations. Further work in and around the square may refine this phasing.

Period 1 - The Marsh, pre 1690

5.2 Within the area of the trench this period is represented by the alluvial clays (contexts 52 and 53) deposited over many centuries during flooding. As shown by Millerd's maps of the 1670's, towards the end of this period a bowling green stood on the marsh, although it appears that by this time industrial and domestic waste was already being dumped on the marsh (see below). It is clear from the documentary sources that from the medieval period onwards the marsh was an important open space with a variety of uses, both industrial and recreational.

Period 2 - Transition from Marsh to Square, 1690 - 1700

5.3 The excavations at Queen Square have established that approximately 2.5m of black cindery deposits have been dumped on the marsh prior to the development of the square. It would be unlikely that the casual dumping mentioned above (para. 5.2) could account for this quantity of material and these deposits are all 17th century in date. The nature ofthe deposits suggest that the material mostly derives from industrial waste as it consists of between 25 % and 40 % spent coal cinders with only small quantities of domestic waste such as animal bone, oyster shell, glass and ceramics (see Table 1). Documentary evidence suggests that this dumping occurred between the 23rd October 1699, when the suggestion for construction work on the marsh was first put forward, and the spring of 1700, when "...masons and bricklayers had invaded the quiet meadow... "(Latimer 1893,25). It would seem unlikely that in a period of a few months anything other than mdustry could account for the quantity of material that covers the marsh. Similar waste has been found overlying the alluvium in evaluations at both ends of Welsh Back (BUAD 473; BaRAS Report BA/C078) and west of the square during a watching brief at Broad Quay (BUAD 3275; BaRAS Report No.404/1998),meaning that approximately 100,000 square metres of marsh has been covered by the black cindery deposit. Generalising from the weight of material sampled from Trench 2, where 0.57m3 weighed 544kg, a cubic metre could weigh just under 1 tonne, 954.4kg (see Table 2). Assuming that the depth of material is consistently about 2.5m then this would amount to approximately 250, 000 tonnes of waste being dumped on the area in the winter of 1699-1700.

5.4 There is a relatively low percentage of metallurgical slag within the deposits sampled at Queen Square. Gill Juleff examined the samples visually and sorted the slag into three main classes; a) 'true' slags - generally dense and relatively homogenous in texture and colour. The majority from Queen Square are fractured to such an extent that form and orientation cannot be determined, but it is assumed that they originate from metallurgical activities.

11

BaRAS Report No.466I1999 Archaeological Investigalioll of Queen Square, Bristol. b) Non-diagnostic vitrified debris - this class covers a wide range of lightweight, heterogeneous glassy ,dross' which cannot be readily assigned to a metallurgical process. In general, they are high in silica and contain visible inclusions of calcium carbonate, perhaps remnants of lime mortar. At best they can be described as deriving from clays and mortars subjected to high temperatures, intentionally or otherwise. c) Possible iron objects - these are identified by their distinctive orange, red and brown corrosion colours. Many are extensively, if not totally, mineralised and do not retain indications of the form of the original object. The quantity of each type by context is shown in Table 3. This table indicates the small amount of metallurgical slag from the samples with less than 50% of the total weight of slag examined, and less than 1%of the total excavated sample weight, being 'true' slag. The 'true' slag that is present appears to derive from small-scale smithing with two possible hearth bottoms in the sample from context 6. No further interpretation can be made with such a low level of occurrence of slag.

5.5 The results of the sampling and analysis of slags discounts iron foundries and lead smelting as a source for the material at Queen Square. Clay-tobacco pipe makers and pottery kilns of the 17th century were mostly using timber as fuel and there is little or no charcoal in the Queen Square deposits. The most likely single contributor for the material were the glasshouses of late 17th-century Bristol, nine of which were listed by John Houghton in 1696 in one of his letters on husbandry and trade (Witt, Weeden and Schwind 1984, 21). Two laws introduced in the 17th century also suggest the likelihood of the glass industry as a source; in 1615 glass houses were forbidden to use wood in furnaces (Witt, Weeden and Schwind 1984,21) and the Scavengers Act of 1699-1700 that forbade" glassmakers, copper-smelters, and others for throwing refuse into the two rivers "that had been up to that point "...thereceptacles of most ofthe ashes and filth of the city," (Latimer 1900,491-2). The concurrence of the latter Acts date with the founding of Queen Square would seem more than fortuitous. It would be unusual to recover waste glass from this type of deposit as the cullet would normally be collected and added to the next batch for firing (Kenyon 1967, 18) whereas flecks of lime, frequent throughout the Queen Square material, would further indicate glass making as a source. It is possible that the material derived from a variety of sources; there are lenses of possible demolition rubble within the stratigraphy (contexts 28, 207 and 209) and some of the waste may have been transported considerable distances along the rivers as suggested by the presence ofclay tobacco pipes from Shropshire and Wiltshire that are unusual for Bristol assemblages (Appendix 3). However, glass production was taking place in the vicinity and would have produced large quantities of spent fuel that would need to be hauled away and dumped.

5.6 The evidence recovered during excavation and post-excavation has established that this phase represents the initial groundworks for the square that took place probably in the winter of 1699-1700. As with modern developments there would have been a need to establish an initial construction level before the bricklayers and masons moved in. As this development was reclaiming a marsh, albeit one which was relatively stable, the ground surface needed to be raised else cellars would flood.

5.7 This phase represents the transition of public open space to private space, a process of urban renewal in the late 17th to early 18th century that has been identified by

12

BaRAS Ro:port No. 46611999 Archaeological Investigation of Queen SqUllro:, Bristol. historians (see Borsay 1989). The building of Queen Square can be seen as part ofthis process, the Corporation of Bristol looking to create revenue and at the same time enhance civic pride. It is not clear how the loss of an open space that had been used for recreation and industry was received by Bristolians, but it is likely to have caused some concern.

Period 3 - Park Layout, 1700 - 1750

5.8 The next phase in the development of the area was the layout of formal gardens that further emphasised its polite use. Gravel walks were laid out and trees were planted. Cartographic evidence shows that Queen Square's original paths were in existence by 1742 (Rocque's map of 1750 shows the same layout (Fig.4». Dating evidence from excavated material suggests that the last black ash layer before the formal layout of the square (22) was being deposited around the end ofthe 17th century and beginning of the 18th. The pottery from context 22 dates between 1700 and 1750, the clay pipes date from 1669 to 1722. After the deposition of this layer the gravel paths were laid out. The red gravel (14/21) probably represents one of the diagonal paths from this period, although no dating evidence was recovered. The gravel consists mostly of flint with lesser quantities of Pennant Sandstone pebbles, pieces of Middle Jurassic shelly oolitic limestone, rounded pieces of buff-coloured sandstone (possibly Cretaceous Upper Greensand) and well rounded white quartz. This material may have derived from the gravels of the River Avon around Saltford, although outcrops ofPennant and white quartz lie downstream of Saltford and may suggest that the gravel was specifically imported.

Period 4 - Re-landscaping, late 18th - 19th century

5.9 The material overlying the original path appears to be 18th - 19th century in date, despite the early dates for the pipes recovered from the upper make-up deposits. It would seem likely that this material represents the re-landscaping of the square undertaken in the latter years of the 18th century and early 19th century prior to the layout shown in Plumley's map of 1817 (Fig.S). The ground surface was raised by a further 0.5m, and new paths laid (possibly the intermediate path surface, context 7). This would suggest that the previous paths were turfed over or overlaid by new paths such as shown in (PI.5, Fig.9).

Period 5 - Road and Air-Raid Shelter Construction, 1936 - 39

5.10 The construction of the dual carriageway through the square in 1936 and, or the air raid shelters excavated in the square in 1938 may have produced the stony clay and underlying sand of this period (contexts 8 - 12). It is possible that construction of the air raid shelter has removed evidence of the 18th-century northwest, southeast path that was predicted to pass through the trench (see Fig.4). The air-raid shelter was a covered trench shelter as suggested by the presence of the prefabricated concrete shuttering and roof beams. The excavated spoil from the shelter's construction was likely mounded on top of the roof of the shelter for extra overhead protection and the shelter was probably entered by a flight of steps flanked by blast walls (Lowry (ed.) 1996, 67). Similar shelters were constructedat College Green in 1938 (Winstone 1987,76 (263)­ (265) and later surface shelters were constructed through the tramway centre.

13

B&RAS Report No. 466/1999 ArclmeoIO&i~1 Investigalion of Queen Square, Bri51ol. 5.11 It is probable that the make-shift track (context 215) in Trench 2 was also associated with this phase possibly as a means of transporting materials to the air-raid shelter to the northwest.

Period 6 - Post War landscaping

5.12 After the second World War the air raid shelter was back-filled, possibly with rubble resulting from the blitzes, and the square returfed to appear much as it does today.

14

BaRAS Rtpon No.466/I999 Archaeological Investigation of Queen Square, BriSIO!. 6. BmLIOGRAPHY

BaRAS Report BA/C078 1994 Archaeological EvaluaJion of 42-43 Welsh Back, Bristol, Avon. Unpublished client report.

BaRAS Report BAID209 1995 Historical and Archaeological Study ofThe Centre, Bristol. Unpublished client report.

BaRAS Report NoA04/1998 Watching Briefat Broad Quay, Bristol. Unpublished client report.

Borsay, P, 1989 The English urban renaissance: culture and society in the provincial town, 1660-1770. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Brett, J, forthcoming The Bristol Urban Archaeological Assessment, Draft document.

Bristol City Council, 1996 The Restoration ofQueen Square. Application to the Heritage Lottery Fund.. .Document 1. Bristol City Council unpublished document.

Buchanan. RA & Cossons, N The Industrial Archaeology of the Bristol Region. 1969 David and Charles, Newton Abbot.

Gaimster, D, 1997 German Stoneware 1200 - 1900. British Museum Press, London.

Good, G L, 1987 The excavation of two docks at Narrow Quay, Bristol, 1978-9, Post- Medieval Archaeology vo121, 25-126.

Hughes, Root & Heath, 1996 The History and Development of the Square. Appendix to the Application to the Heritage Lottery Fund...Document2. Bristol City Councilunpublished document.

Kenyon, G H, 1967 The Glass Industry of the Weald. Leicester University Press.

Latimer, J, 1893 The Annals of Bristol in the Eighteenth Century. WilIiam George's Sons, Bristol.

Latimer, J, 1900 The Annals of Bristol in the Seventeenth Century. WilIiam George's Sons, Bristol.

Lowry, B (ed) , 1996 20th Century Defences in Britain, an introductory guide CBA, York.

15

BaRAS Report No.466fl999 Archaeological Invesdgalion of Queen Square, Bristol. lies, R & Kidd, A, 1987 Avon Archaeology 1986-7, Bristol and Avon Archaeology vol 6,44-56.

Ison, W, 1978 The Georgian Buildings ofBristol. Kingsmead Press, Bath.

Mowl, T, 1991 To Build the Second City, Architects and craftsmen of Georgian Bristol. Redcliffe Press Ltd. Bristol.

Price, R, and Jackson, R, & P, Bristol Clay Pipe Makers: A Revised and Enlarged 1979 Edition. Privately published.

Winstone, R 1987 Bristol As It Was 1937 - 1939. Burleigh Press, Bristol.

Witt, C, Weeden, C, 1984 Bristol Glass. South Western Printers Ltd. Schwind, A, P, Caerphilly.

Sources in Bristol Record Office

Proceedings of Common Council BRO 04264 City and Charity Rentals 1700 BRO 04043 (1) Bargain Books BRO 04335 Lamp and Scavenger Rate Books (no number)

16

BnRAS Repon No. 466/1999 ArcllacologiCllI Invesligation of Queen Square. Bristol. 7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Bristol and Region Archaeological Services (BaRAS) would like to thank Chris Heath, Roger Clark (geological analyses), Rod Burchill (pottery), Reg Jackson (clay tobacco pipes), Gill Juleff (sample strategy advice and slag analyses), Farrntrac Plant Hire, Brandon Tool Hire, the staff of Bristol Record Office and Bristol Central Library.

17

BaRAS Repon NI;), 46611999 Archaeological In~tigatic Appendix 1: Policy Statement

This report is the result of work carried Out in the light of national and local authority policies.

NATIONAL POLICIES

Statutory protection for archaeology is enshrined in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979), amended by the National Heritage Act, 1983. Nationally important sites are listed in· the Schedule of Ancient Monuments (SAM). Scheduled Monument consent is required for any work which would affect a SAM.

DOE PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE

The Planning Policy Guidance of Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16) consolidates advice to planning authorities. The Guidance stresses the non-renewable nature of the archaeological resource, details the role of the County Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) , encourages early consultation with county and district archaeological officers and sets out the requirement for developers to provide sufficient information on the archaeological impact of development to enable a reasonable planning decision to be made.

PPG 16 also indicates the circumstances where further work would be necessary and outlines the use of agreements and conditions to protect the archaeological resource.

DISTRICT POLICY

Bristol City Council Deposit Local Plan Written Statement (1993) states (policy B27):

There will be a presumption in favour of preserving any archaeological features or sites of national importance, whether scheduled or not.

Development which could adversely affect sites, structures, landscapes, buildings or areas of local archaeological interest and their settings will require an assessment of the archaeological resource through a desktop study, and where appropriate a field evaluation. Where there is evidence of archaeological remains, development will not be permitted except where it can be demonstrated that:-

(i) the archaeological features of the site will be satisfactorily preserved in situ. or a suitable strategy has been put forward to mitigate the impact of development proposals upon important archaeological remains and their settings, or, if this is not possible and the sites are not scheduled or of national importance;

(ii) provision for adequately recording the site prior to destruction is made, preferably by negotiating a planning agreement to ensure that access, time and financial resources are available to allow essential recording and publication to take place. APPENDIX 2 - The Pottery and Other Finds by Rod Burchill

Pottery

The pottery assemblage from Queen Square consisted of 252 sherds weighing 9.445kg. The material was identified by comparison to the Bristol Pottery Type Series (BPT) (Ponsford 1988; Burchill forthcoming).

The pottery ranged in date from the mid 13th century to the mid 19th century. The pottery exhibited little evidence for use but was able to provide a chronology for the excavated contexts.

None of the pottery was particularly unusual; however, the assemblage included pottery imported from the Rhineland (Raeren and Westerwald); Netherlands; France (Saintonge and Beauvaise) and Spain. Context 209 contained 9 sherds of medieval rooftile (BRF1). Full details of the pottery by context can be found in archive.

Chronology ofcontexts

Trench 1

Context 04: Post-1780

10: Post-1780

11: Post-1780

16: 19th century

18: 19th century

22: 1700-1750

23: Mid-late 17th century

26: 1700-1750

27: Late 17th century

28: Late 17th century

40: Pre 1750

50: Pre 1760

51: Early-mid 17th century. Trench 2

Context 202 !8th century

203 mid 19th century

204 mid 17th century

205 mid-late 17th century

207 late 16th century

209 early-mid 17th century

210 17th century

211 early-mid 17th century

Pottery Types Present

BPT95 Westerwald Stoneware 1680-1800 BPT96 Wanstrow (East Somerset) wares 1550-1800 BPT99 English tin-glazed earthenware 1650-1780 BPTlOO Yellow slipware 1650-1760 BPTl08 North Devon slip and sgraffito ware 1625-1750 BPT112 North Devon kitchen wares 1600-1800 BPTl82 Tudor Green 1420-1600 BPTl86 White salt-glazed stoneware 1720-1780 BPT201 Garden furniture (flower pot) BPT202 White china 18/19th cent BPT203 English porcelain 18/19th cent BPT223 Moccha ware 19th/20th cent BPT264 Local red ware 18th/20th cent BPT268 Donyatt (South Somerset) ware 1550-1800 BPT277 English brown stoneware 17th/early 19th (pre 1835) BPT278 Transfer-print ware Post 1780 BPT280 Nether Stowey (West Somerset) ware 1550-1750 BPT285 Miscellaneous Somerset post-med 1550-1800 BPT287 Raeren Stoneware 1475-1550 BPT310 Sugar Mould 1650-1800 BPT315 Southwest French 1550-1650 BPT318 Beauvaise Green 1500-1550 BPT325 Whieldon type ware 18th cent BPT333b Yayal Blue (Seville) 1525-1600 BPT340 Miscellaneous Staffordshire wares 18th or later. Other Finds

The excavations recovered small quantities of animal bone, shell, glass, slate and clay tobacco-pipe and clay marbles. There were also a number of miscellaneous iron objects mostly nails. Only tile clay tobacco-pipe was studied further. APPENDIX 3 - The Clay Tobacco Pipes by Reg Jackson

The archaeological investigations at Queen Square produced 115 clay tobacco pipe bowls or fragments of bowls from 18 contexts, 20 unstratified fragments were also recovered. The dates of these tobacco pipes range from the early 17th century to the early 18th century, although the earliest identifiable bowls that can be ascribed to a particular pipemaker - Richard Berryman (1619-1652) - are residual being recovered from stratigraphically the latest deposits (Trench 1: 4, 16 and unstratified; Trench 2: 202). There were also many more undiagnostic stem fragments that are not considered in this report. Approximately half of the total number of the stratified clay tobacco pipe bowls came from three contexts - Trench 1: 4 and 22 and Trench 2: 202.

TRENCH 1

Context 4 8 spurred bowls. 2 fragments of spurred bowls. 1 barrel-shaped bowl with heel. 3 heeled bowls. 1 bowl with the initials PE incuse on heel (made by Philip Edwards I or H. Philip Edwards I free 1650, died 1683; Philip Edwards H free 1681, working until at least 1696). 1 small bowl with the initials RB separated by a dagger and heart incuse on heel (made by Richard Berryman, working 1619 until at least 1652)(Fig.l0.iv).

Context 10 1 small bowl with Sun-like symbol incuse on heel. 1 small bowl with heel missing.

Context 11 1 small forward projecting bowl with heel.

Context 16 1 small bowl with Tudor Rose incuse on heel. 1 small bowl with Tudor Rose incuse on a small heel. 1 small bowl with initials RB separated by a dagger and heart incuse on heel (made by Richard Berryman, see above). 2 small heeled bowls.

Context 22 1 fragment of bowl with the initials PE incuse on heel (made by Philip Edwards I or H, see above). 1 spurred bowl with initials incuse on back of bowl which probably read LE (made by Llewellin Evans, free 1661, died 1688). 1 spurred bowl with initials incuse on back of bowl which probably read RT (made by Robert Tippet I or n. Robert Tippet I free 1660, dead by 1687. Robert Tippet n, free 1678, died 1722). 8 spurred bowls. 1 bowl with initials FR and decoration incuse on heel (made by Francis Russell I, free 1669, dead by 1714). 1 heeled bowl with a symbol similar to an inverted V surrounded by stars incuse on heel and repeated incuse on back of bowl. (The bowl shape is not a Bristol type and the mark is not known. Possibly from the Broseley area of Shropshire). 2 barrel-shaped bowls with heels. 5 other forward projecting bowls with heels.

Context 23 One small bowl with initials WC and decoration incuse on heel (made by either William Cherrington I or William Cissell. William Cherrington I free 1660, possibly still alive in 1704. William Cissell, free 1661, still working 1670).

Context 26 1 barrel-shaped bowl marked with the initials PE incuse on heel (made by either Philip Edwards I or n, see above). 1 barrel-shaped bowl unmarked. 1 spurred bowl. 1 fragment of spurred bowl. 1 stem with rouletted diamond decoration with possible initials that are illegible.

Context 28 1 barrel-shaped bowl with initials PE incuse on heel (made by either Philip Edwards 1 or n, see above). 1 fragment of bowl with initials lL and decoration incuse on heel (made by John Lewis I, free 1669, dead by 1696). 1 fragment of bowl with unmarked heel.

Context 29 1 bowl without spur or heel.

Context 40 5 spurred bowls. Fragments of 2 other spurred bowls. 1 bowl with small heel and initials TO incuse on back of bowl (made by Thomas Owen I, free 1698, dead by 1725). 1 barrel-shaped bowl with initials IT and decoration incuse on heel (made by John Tucker, free 1662, dead by 1690)(Fig.l0.ili). 1 barrel-shaped bowl with the initials PE incuse on heel (made by Philip Edwards I or H, see above). 2 forward projecting bowls with heels. Context 50 5 barrel-shaped bowls with heels (Fig.l0.vand vi). 2 forward projecting bowls with heels.

Unstratified 2 small bowls with Tudor Rose incuse on heel. 1 small bowl with initials RB separated by a dagger and heart incuse on heel (made by Richard Berryman, see above). 1 bowl with the initials WC incuse on heel with swag decoration (made by either William Cherrington I or William Cissell, see above). 1 barrel-shaped bowl with initials EL incuse on heel (made by Edward Lewis n, free 1678, working until at least 1722). 1 small bowl with initials HP incuse on heel (made by Humphrey Partridge, free 1650, dead by 1654). 1 spurred bowl with rouletted stem decoration. 3 heeled barrel-shaped bowls. 3 forward projecting heeled bowls. 1 small heeled bowl. 4 spurred bowls.

TRENCH 2

Context 202 1 barrel-shaped bowl with the initials EL between crude swags incuse on heel (made by Edward Lewis I, free 1631, probably dead by 1652). 2 forward projecting bowls with initials RN in circle between swags incuse in heel (made by Richard Nunney, a founder of the Bristol Pipemakers Guild in 1652, free 1655, dead by 1713). 3 bowls with initials RB separated by a dagger and heart incuse on heel (made by Richard Berryman, see above). 1 small bowl with crude'Prince of Wales Feathers' motif incuse on heel. 6 forward projecting bowls with a 'Gauntlet' incuse on heel (probably made by the Gauntlet family of Devizes, Wiltshire in the early to mid 17th century). 4 small bowls with Tudor Rose incuse on heel. 1 bowl with a very large flattened heel. Incuse two line mark on heel. First line reads IOHN, second line is illegible. (Made in Broseley or Broseley area of Shropshire in the early to mid 17th century). 11 small heeled bowls. 2 fragments of spurred bowls. 1 fragment of large barrel-shaped bowl.

Context 203 2 heeled bowls. 1 spurred bowl. 1 bowl with the initials RN in a circle and between swags incuse on heel (made by Richard NUl1ney, see above). Context 204 1 spurred bowl. The bowl is flattened at the front and appears to be a possible kiln waster. It is unsmoked.

Context 205 1 spurred bowl 1 heeled bowl. 1 bowl fragment.

Context 206 1 heeled bowI.

Context 210 3 small forward projecting 'West Country' style bowls with heels. Two have a Tudor Rose incuse on heel.

Context 211 1 small heeled bowl.

Unstratified 1 small heeled bowl 1 small bowl with 'Gauntlet' mark incuse on heel (see above for identification).

DISCUSSION

With a few exceptions, all the clay pipes were made in Bristol and information about their makers is taken from Price, R. & Jackson, R. & P.,Bristol Clay Pipe Makers: A Revised and Enlarged Edition. In the 17th century all the Bristol pipemakers were working in the Lewins Mead area of the city.

On clay pipe evidence nearly all the contexts are of 17th-century date, with perhaps one (Trench 1, context 40) just tipping into the 18th century. Ten pipes are unusual: One pipe from Trench 2 context 202 which was certainly made in Broseley or the Broseley area of Shropshire, and one from Trench 1 context 22 which may also have been made in Broseley. Seven pipes from Trench 2 contexts 202 and unstratified which bear the so called 'Gauntlet' mark on the heel and were allegedly made by the Gauntlet family of Wiltshire. One pipe from context 29 which has neither heel nor spur.

Trench 1 Context 4 and 26 cannot have been deposited before 1650 and the presence of spurred bowls suggests a date in the last quarter of the 17th century. Contexts 10, 11 and 16 probably date to the first quarter of the 17th century. Context 22 cannot have been deposited before 1669 and the presence of spurred bowls suggests a date in the last quarter of the 17th century. Context 28 cannot have been deposited before 1669 and probably dates to around 1670 to 1680.

I Context 40 must be later than 1698 but cannot be later than the very early 18th century. Context 50 probably dates to around 1660 to 1680.

Trench 2 Contexts 210 and 211 appear to date to the second quarter of the 17th century and are unlikely to have been deposited after 1650. Contexts 203, 204 and 205 date to the third quarter of the 17th century but are unlikely to have been deposited after 1700. Context 202 is a mixed deposit - the majority of pipes date to the early to mid 17th century but the presence of two pipes made by Richard Nunney and two fragments of spurred bowls indicate a late 17th century date. Table 1: Recovered material from sampled contexts, Trench 2

CONTEXT 205 206 208 210 211 Total llkg/lll 20kg/221 19 kg 122 I 16 kg 120 I 18 kg 120 I weight 1vol

g's % g's % g's % g's % g's % SLAG 105 0.95 120 0.6 40 0.21 60 0.37 305 1.69 CINDERS 100 0.91 155 0.77 310 1.63 275 1.72 340 1.89 STONE 720 6.55 1025 5.12 490 2.58 430 2.69 700 3.89 MORTAR 100 0.91 90 0.45 70 0.37 120 0.75 140 0.78 METAL 30 0.27 - - -- trace trace CERAMIC 125 1.14 120 0.6 20 0.11 20 0.12 40 0.22 OYSTERS 80 0.73 80 0.4 - - 70 0.44 - - BONE 60 0.55 60 0.3 40 0.21 60 0.37 70 0.39 GLASS 20 0.18 10 0.05 10 0.11 trace 20 0.11 COAL - - 40 0.02 40 0.21 70 0.44 140 0.78 CHARC. ------10 0.06 CLAY - - 80 0.4 ------

RESIDUAL 1500 13.6 3000 15 5000 26.3 5000 31.2 3000 16.7

Total 2840 25.8 4780 23.9 6020 31.9 6105 38.2 4765 26.5 sample Table 2: Sample volume, weight and slag content, Trench 2.

CONTEXT VOLUME WEIGHT SLAG QUANTITY I 3 (m ) (kg) gm % 205 0.1 129 780 0.6 206 0.25 277 975 0.35 208 0.04 19 60 0.32 210 0.1 84 125 0.15

I 211* 0.04 37 385 1.04 ~ Totals i 0.57** i546** i i I * Only half of a metre square was sampled of context 11. ** Totals achieved with a doubling of context II's volume and weight to produce equivilent results for a cubic metre. Table 3 Identification of material in the slag samples from Trench 2

CONTEXT Excavated Total weight 'True' slags Non- Possible sample (g) of slag diagnostic iron objects examined (g) vitrified debris (g) no. (g) no. (g) no. 205 129,000 780 200 5 >400 50+ 120 20 206 277,000 975 670 25 250 20+ 50 6 208 19,000 60 20 1 20 1 20 2 210 84,000 125 60 3 65 20+ 211 37,000 385 90 10+ 275 20+ 20 10

Totals 546,000 2325 1040 45+ >650 111+ 210 34 I I I I I

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~ ~ 942 9.84 212 I A 205 l ~ I

10.19 1 ~ A 1 I I 9.84 I 10.20 · 1 A 213 A -1 l-r--T--T-- T 1 · -- I I I BOX SECTION 1 203 · I -1 ~ 9.01 I I · ~ ~ ! 211 I -1 I ~position of section (Fig. 11) ~ "'1 L.1.-.-L._ ...... L._ ...... L._._ 1 ._. _. ...l..... _. ----L._. i._.-L. .-'--._. -L. _. ..-L. _. ---L. _. ....L._.-'--._ . ....L ._ ..J o 1m

Fig.10 Plan of Trench 2. I I­ I I possible 18th century horizon I {approximate level of 18th century paths) 201 I . SW 0 =x. 0

o o CJ " 202 I 0 o • I o .' O' 20°3 i

'-' _.'-. -~.j 9.73m aOO . I' I A I I = I c:0 205 cl c:::::? -----~ .. / I.p ------." <;;P I o ..:J I I' . 0 o o 0 0 I I !J /: 206 IJ I o . q ()G o I LO'r?o o Ll o 0 ../ "~'. _-----r-~~-;;:----;~-xJ208 I I'· 209 x I ~ =~ ~ ~. ( p=. x = x = . I 210 211 I .. : I o 1m I I Fig 11 Northwest facing section in Trench 2. I I I I I I I I I ',,---, I -=-~~ =r-~ ~-'" _ ..... I I

~:f'""~~-~_.~~~~~- - --- (~~-~~~~- I (ii) I, I: \ \ \ \ \ \ ' I \ \ \ \ I \ I

I (iv) I (v)

I (vi)·' .' I

I Fig.12 Selection of finds; (i) Early-mid 17th - century Nether Stowey dish with slip and sgraffito decoration, context 51, (ii) late 17th - century North Devon dripping pan, context 27, (iii) barrel - shaped bowl with initials IT I and decoration incuse on heel made by John Tucker, 1662-1690, context 40, (iv) small pipe made by Richard Berryman 1619-1652 with initials RE separated by a dagger and heart incuse on heel, context 4, (v) and (vi) I barrel - shaped bowls with heels, context 50. Shown 1:2. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Pl.1 Air raid shelters being excavated in Queen Square, October 1938. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,I I

I P1.2 View from the south-west of air raid shelter during archaeological inves-tigation. I December 1998. I I I ~ ~:~. ":: ...- . ..' .:::;: . . I' • • \~l.~'\'""'.,' 1 '\."....'­ I Co I I I

I P1.3 West facing section in air raid shelter after removal of back-f~ll. I I I I I I I I I I I

I PIA Soutn-east facing section after removal of modem tarmac path, showing timber shuttering. I I I I I I I I

I P1.5 West facing section after removal of modem tarmac path. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I PI.6 Box Section in Trench 2, viewed from northwest. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PI.7 Nether Stowey dish, context 51, Trench I. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I PI.8 Westerwald pottery from a vessel similar to that in Plate 9, context 202, Trench 2. I I I I I I I I I

I I PI. 9 An example of a Westerwald mug, of late 17th century date, made in I I Germany with Roundel Medallion moulded with a portrait of King William III (1689 - 1702) (Gaimster 1997, colour plate 22). I 1I I I II ,I I I I I I I PI10 Seventeenth century clay-tobacco pipes, context 50, Trench 1. I I I I I I I I I lJ