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ROTIFERA FAUNA OF UZBEKISTAN (CENTRAL ASIA)

Iskandar Mirabdullayev* and Abdirahman Saparov**

* Tashkent State Agrarian University, Tashkent, UZBEKISTAN. E-mail: mirabdullayevi@ umail.uz, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2533-2875 ** Nukus State Pedagogical Institute, Nukus, UZBEKISTAN.

[Mirabdullayev, I. & Saparov, A. 2021. Rotifera fauna of Uzbekistan (Central Asia). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 16 (1): 388-393]

ABSTRACT: Own and literary data on the composition of fauna of Rotifera of Uzbekistan have been summarized. In total, Uzbekistan has 157 species of rotifers, belonging to 42 genera 21 families 5 orders of subclass Monogononta and 2 species from understudied in Central Asia subclass Bdelloidea.

KEY WORDS: Rotifers, taxonomy, fauna composition, history of study, Uzbekistan

Rotifera is a phylum of scolecids playing a significant role in continental aquatic ecosystems. The rotifers are one of the most diverse and complex groups to study in communities of aquatic ecosystems. Their diversity and abundance depend on the type of waterbody, climatic conditions of the area, the whole range of environmental conditions and vary depending on a number of abiotic and biotic factors (Anufrieva, 2005). At present, there is no doubt on active participation of the rotifers in many biological processes, especially those related to the productivity of the waterbodies (Kutikova, 1970). The rotifers are one of the main links in the food chain of reservoirs and belong to the direct consumers of primary production (Erman, 1962). Most mass planktonic rotifers use small diatoms, protococcous, golden and cryptophytic algae. Larger algae are captured by detritovorous rotifers after they die off and are processed by bacteria. The rotifers itself serves as food for many invertebrates: protozoa, turbellaria, nematodes, cladocers, copepods, insect larvae. The rotifers are essential in the nutrition of young fish. Intensification of fish farming raises the question of obtaining natural feed for young fish on a production scale. Experience has shown that a number of species of rotifers can be cultivated in large quantities (Kokova, 1982; Hagiwara et al., 2017). This raises the question of finding species of rotifers whose biology would not only facilitate receiving high production at any time of the year, but which would be fully consistent with the food selectivity of consumers and would not have a negative impact on the larvae of farmed fish species (Kutikova, 1970). Habitats of the rotifers are extremely diverse: plankton, benthos, perithyton, neuston, interstitial, sphagnum. They live in both freshwater and brackish and salt waterbodies, at different levels of pollution. Undoubtedly, the role of rotifers in the natural self-cleaning of waterbodies is significant. Due to the voraciousness and mass of the rotifers populations, these phyto-, bacterio-, detrito- and polyphagous hydrobionts are effective indicators of contaminated water. Most rotifers have a method of nutrition (sedimentation) in which bacterial flora is absorbed, which provides a natural process of self- cleaning of the lake water. Some coastal predatory rotifers (Asplanchna,

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Asplanchnopus, etc.) devour the larval stages of parasitic worms, thus reducing the degree of invasion, and therefore parasitic diseases in fish and birds (Kutikova, Foliyan, 1996]. Some of the rotifers are very sensitive to a number of physical and chemical parameters of the environment and serve as indicator organisms of salinity, acidity and contamination. It is known that plankton rotifers can serve as one of the most sensitive and valuable indicators of water pollution (Gutkowska et al., 2013). There have been attempts to use rotifers for the purpose of biotesting of natural and sewage. Problems are caused by the species identification of the rotifers - most of the hydrobiological works of the region are based on the capital, but already largely outdated monograph of L.A. Kutikova (Kutikova, 1970). At the same time, a lot of work has been done in recent years on the taxonomy of the rotifers, especially at the species level (Segers, 1995; Nogrady & Segers, 2002; Jersabek & Leitner, 2018; etc.), that allowed to prepare and publish a modern guide of Uzbekistan's fauna of Rotifera, useful also for researchers of neighboring countries (Mirabdullayev & Saparov, 2020). The scientific study of hydrobionts in the region, including the rotifers began with the Russian study of the Aral Sea in the 19th century. The most significant stage in the study of the Aral Sea and its population was an expedition led by L. S. Berg in 1900-1902. Research on other waterbodies began in the 1920s. The first was probably S. D. Muraveisky, who explored the Syr Darya River and its floodplain lakes (Muraveisky, 1925). The zooplankton and, including the rotifers of the Syr Darya lakes and rice fields, were studied by N. A. Keiser (1937) and V. F. Gurvich (1939), who noted 43 species of Rotifera. Data on the rotifers of the region's waterbodies are provided by N. A. Akatova and other researchers. Since the 1950s, professor A. Mukhamediev began to conduct regular studies of zooplankton in Uzbekistan. Although his main scientific interest was Cladocera, but in the course of his research he inevitably turned to the rotifers. He summarized his more than 15 years of research in a monograph devoted to hydrobiology of various waterbodies in the Fergana Valley. The author gives a list of 34 species, mainly loricate rotifers (Mukhamediev, 1967). Later (from the 2nd half of the 1960s to the 2nd half of the 1980s) a significant material was collected on zooplankton by M. A. Mukhamediev and his numerous students such as H. G. Gulyamov, I. Ibragimov, D. M. Mirzaaliev, A. A. Negmatov, D. S. Niyazov, D. A. Aripov, O. U. Umarov, E. M. Muhitdinov, T. A. Tashpulatov and other. During these years, zooplankton (including naturally rotifers) of waterbodies of the republic were investigated by other hydrobiologists, such as A. K. Daribayev, N. V. Pridatkina, S. Kazakhbayev, L. I. Afanasieva, and other. Since the end of the 1980s, I. M. Mirabdullayev and his students and collaborators have been studying the rotifers. Not only are the rotifers more carefully defined and counted, but their variability is also being investigated. Thus, a new for the fauna of Uzbekistan and the former Soviet Union tropical species Keratella procurva has been recorded (Mirabdullayev & Zahidova, 1987) and a new form f K. procurva f. monospina, described a new for science Lophocharis turanica, L. kutikovae (Mirabdullaev, 1992). The study of the diversity of Uzbekistan's rotifers was given attention by also N. A. Rayimberdiyeva, K. A. Saparov, A. D. Saparov, and other.

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In total, Uzbekistan has 157 species of rotifers, belonging to 42 genera 21 families 5 orders of subclass Monogononta and 2 species from understudied in Central Asia subclass Bdelloidea. There are no representatives of the marine class Pararotatoria in the fauna of Central Asia (Table 1). The systematics by G. Markevich (2005) and A. L. Kutikova et al. (2010) was used in this paper.

Table 1. Taxonomic composition of the fauna of the rotifers of the waterbodies of Uzbekistan (the taxa marked are from the waterbodies of Uzbekistan). World fauna Fauna of Uzbekistan (Segers, 2002) TAXA Number of genera / Number of genera / species species PHYLUM ROTIFERA Cuvier, 1817 129/1805 44/159 CLASS EUROTATORIA De Ridder, 1957 127/1802 44/159 SUBCLASS MONOGONONTA Plate, 1889 108/1428 42/157 SUPERORDER GNESIOTROCHA Beauchamp, 1965 25/198 9/17 Order Collothecaceae Harring, 1913 5/37 1/1 Family Collothecidae Harring, 1913 2/33 1/1 Family Atrochidae Harring, 1913 3/4 0/0 Order Flosculariaceae Harring, 1913 20/161 8/16 Family Flosculariidae Ehrenberg, 1838 9/54 3/4 Family Testudinellidae Harring, 1913 3/44 2/6 Family Filiniidae Harring and Myers, 1926 3/15 2/3 Family Hexarthriidae Bartos, 1959 3/44 1/3 Family Trochosphaeriidae Harring, 1913 2/4 0/0 SUPERORDER PSEUDOTROCHA Kutikova, 1970 83/1230 33/140 Order Transversiramida Markevich, 2005 31/522 20/96 Suborder Epiphanina Markevich, 2005 10/240 3/37 Family Lecanidae Remane, 1933 1/170 1/35 Family Epiphanidae Harring, 1913 5/17 2/2 Family Proalidae Harring and Myers, 1924 4/53 0/0 Suborder Brachionina Markevich, 2005 12/174 10/33 Family Euchlanidae Ehrenberg, 1838 5/21 4/10 Family Brachionidae Ehrenberg, 1838 7/153 6/23 Suborder Mytilinina Markevich, 2005 9/144 7/26 Family Mytilinidae Harring, 1913 2/17 2/6 Family Trichotriidae Harring, 1913 3/19 2/7 Family Lepadellidae Harring, 1913 4/108 3/13 Order Saltiramida Markevich, 2005 3/15 2/6 Family Asplanchnidae Eckstein, 1883 3/15 2/6 Order Saeptiramida Markevich, 2005 28/456 10/37 Suborder Notommatina Markevich, 2005 20/385 5/27 Family Trichocercidae Harring, 1913 3/78 1/19 Family Notommatidae Hudson and Gosse, 1886 17/307 4/8 Suborder Ploesomina Markevich, 2005 8/71 5/10 Family Gastropodidae Harring, 1913 2/12 2/2 Family Synchaetidae Hudson and Gosse, 1886 4/57 3/8 Family Microcodidae Hudson and Gosse, 1886 1/1 0/0 Family Birgeidae Harring and Myers, 1924 1/1 0/0 Order Centroramida Markevich, 2005 1/14 0/0 Family Lindiidae Harring and Myers, 1924 1/14 0/0 Order Antrorsiramida Markevich, 2005 20/223 1/2 Family Dicranophoridae Harring, 1913 18/216 1/2

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Family Tetrasiphonidae Ehrenberg, 1840 1/1 0/0 Family Ituridae Sudzuki, 1964 1/6 0/0 SUBCLASS BDELLOIDEA Hudson, 1884 19/374 2/2 Order Philodinida 14/356 2/2 Family Philodinidae Ehrenberg, 1838 11/228 1/1 Family Habrotrochidae Bryce, 1910 3/128 1/1 Order Philodinavida 3/4 0/0 Family Phylodinavidae Harring, 1913 3/4 0/0 Order Adinetida 2/14 0/0 Family Adinitidae Hudson et Gosse, 1889 2/14 0/0

The most studied and numerous plankton rotifers are among the ~55 species from the families Flosculariidae, Hexartridae, Polyarthridae, Filiniidae, Brachionidae, Epiphanidae, Synchaetidae, Trichocercidae, Asplanchnidae (Table 2). Sometimes there are rotifers and from other families in plankton. The true diversity of the rotifers of Uzbekistan's fauna should be significantly higher given that:  very poorly studied non-punk, overgrown and benthos forms;  apparently, most known species of rotifers are complexes of cryptic species.

Table 2. List of species of Rotifera of Uzbekistan. TAXA TAXA CLASS EUROTATORIA DE RIDDER 1957 FAMILY EUCHLANIDAE EHRENBERG, 1838 SUBCLASS MONOGONONTA PLATE, 1889 Beauchampiella eudactilota (Gosse, 1886) SUPERORDER GNESIOTROCHA BEAUCHAMP, 1965 Tripleuchlanis plicata (Levander, 1894) ORDER COLLOTHECACEAE HARRING, 1913 Dipleuchlanis propatula (Gosse, 1856) FAMILY COLLOTHECIDAE HARRING, 1913 Euchlanis oropha Gosse, 1887 Collotheca mutabilis (Hudson, 1885) E. incisa Carlin, 1939 ORDER FLOSCULARIACEAE HARRING, 1913 E. triquetra Ehrenberg, 1838 FAMILY FLOSCULARIIDAE EHRENBERG, 1838 E. dilatata Ehrenberg, 1832 Sinantherina socialis (Linnaeus, 1758) E. lyra Hudson, 1886 Conochiloides natans (Seligo, 1900) E. pyriformis Gosse, 1851 C. dossarius (Hudson, 1885) E. deflexa Gosse, 1851 Conochilus unicornis Rousselet, 1892 SUBORDER MYTILININA MARKEVICH, 1990 FAMILY TESTUDINELLIDAE HARRING, 1913 FAMILY TRICHOTRIIDAE HARRING, 1913 Pompholyx complanata Gosse, 1851 Macrochaetus collinsi (Gosse, 1967) P. sulcata Hudson, 1885 M. subquadratus Perty, 1850 Testudinella bidentata (Ternetz, 1892) M. sericus (Thorpe, 1893) T. elliptica (Ehrenberg, 1834) M. altamirai (Arevalo, 1918) T. patina (Hermann, 1783) Trichotria tetractis (Whitelegge, 1889) T. reflexa (Gosse, 1897) T. pocillum (O.F. Müller, 1776) FAMILY FILINIIDAE HARRING ET MYERS, 1926 T. curta (Skorikov, 1914) Tetramastix opoliensis Zacharias, 1898 FAMILY COLURELLIDAE WESENBERG-LUND, 1929 Filinia longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1834) Lepadella ehrenbergii (Perti, 1850) F. passa (O.F. Muller, 1786) L. apsida Harring, 1916 FAMILY HEXARTHRIIDAE BARTOS, 1959 L. patella patella (O.F. Müller, 1786) Hexarthra fennica (Levander, 1892) L. ovalis (O.F. Müller, 1786) H. mira (Hadson, 1871) L. cristata (Rousselet, 1893) H. oxyuris (Zernov, 1903) L. triptera Ehrenberg, 1830 SUPERORDER PSEUDOTROCHA KUTIKOVA, 1970 L. patella oblonga (Ehrenberg, 1834) ORDER TRANSVERSIRAMIDA MARKEVICH, 1990 L. quadricarinata (Stenroos, 1898) SUBORDER EPIPHANINA MARKEVICH, 1990 Colurella obtusa (Gosse, 1896) FAMILY EPIPHANIDAE HARRING, 1913 C. uncinata (O.F. Müller, 1776) Epiphanes brachionus (Gosse, 1832) C. colurus (Ehrenberg, 1830) FAMILY LECANIDAE REMANE, 1933 C. adriatica Ehrenberg, 1831 Lecane leontina (Turner, 1892) Squatinella mutica (Ehrenberg, 1932) L. luna (O.F. Müller, 1786) FAMILY MYTILINIDAE HARRING, 1913 L. papuana (Murray, 1913) Mytilina trigona (Gosse, 1851)

L. glypta Harring et Myers, 1926 M. mucronata (O.F. Müller, 1773) L. flexilis (Gosse, 1886) M. ventralis (Ehrenberg, 1832) L. ungulata (Gosse, 1887) Lophocharis salpina (Ehrenberg, 1834) L. curvicornis (Muray, 1913) L. kutikovae Mirabdullaev, 1992 L. arcula Harring, 1914 L. turanica Mirabdullaev, 1992 L. crepida Harring, 1914 ORDER SALTIRAMIDA MARKEVICH, 1990 L. hastata (Murray, 1913) FAMILY ASPLANCHNIDAE ECKSTEIN, 1883 L. mira (Murray, 1913) Asplanchna brihthwelli Gosse, 1850 L. stichaea Harring, 1913 A. girodi Guerne, 1888 L. candida Harring et Myers, 1926 Asplanchna herricki Guerne, 1888 L. grandis (Murray, 1913) Asplanchna priodonta Gosse, 1850 L. tenuiseta Harring, 1914 Asplanchna sieboldi (Leydig, 1854) L. clara (Bryce, 1992) Asplanchnopus multiceps (Schrank, 1793) L. levistyla (Olofsson, 1917) Order SAEPTIRAMIDA MARKEVICH, 1990 L. signifera (Jennings, 1996) Suborder PLOESOMINA MARKEVICH, 1990 L. ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883) Family GASTROPODIDAE HARRING, 1913 L. nana (Murray, 1913) Gastropus stylifer Imhof, 1891 L. venusta Harring et Myers, 1926 Ascomorpha ovalis Carlin 1943 L. inopinata Harring et Myers, 1926 Synchaeta pectinata Ehrenberg, 1832 L. closterocerca (Schmarda, 1859) Synchaeta kitina Rousselet, 1902 L. hamata (Stokes, 1896) Synchaeta tremula (O.F. Müller, 1786) L. lamellata (Daday, 1893) Ploesoma hudsoni (Imhof, 1891) L. decipiens (Murray, 1912) Polyarthra vulgaris Carlin, 1943 L. furcata (Murray, 1913) P. euryptera Wierzejski, 1891 L. quadridentata (Ehrenberg, 1932) P. minor Voight, 1904 L. obtusa (Murray, 1913) P. remata Skorikov, 1896 L. stenroosi (Meissner, 1908) FAMILY DICRANOPHORIDAE HARRING, 1913 L. lunaris Ehrenberg, 1832 Dicranophorus forcipatus (O.F. Muller, 1786) L. thalera (Harring et Myers, 1926) SUBORDER NOTOMMATINA MARKEVICH, 1990 L. cornuta (O.F. Müller, 1786) FAMILY NOTOMMATIDAE (HUDSON ET GOSSE, 1886) L. bulla (Gosse, 1832) Cephalodella gibba (Ehrenberg, 1832) FAMILY PROALIDAE Cephalodella hoodi (Gosse, 1886) Proalides tentaculatus Beauch., 1907 C. auriculata (O.F. Müller, 1773) BRACHIONINA C. catellina (O.F. Müller, 1786) BRACHIONIDAE EHRENBERG, 1838 C. forficula (Ehrenberg, 1831) Platyias quadricornis (Ehrenberg, 1832) Monommata longiseta (O.F. Muller, 1786) Plationus patulus (O.F. Müller, 1786) Scaridium longicaudum (O.F. Müller, 1786) P. polyacanthus (Ehrenberg, 1832) FAMILY EOSPHAERIDAE MARKEVICH, 1990 Brachionus bennini Leissling, 1924 Eosphora ehrenbergi Weber, 1918 B. quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 FAMILY TRICHOCERCIDAE HARIING, 1913 B. leydigii Cohn, 1862 Trichocerca brachyura (Gosse, 1851) B. rubens Ehrenberg, 1838 T. sejunctipes (Gosse, 1886) B. urceolaris (O.F. Müller, 1773) T. helminthoides (Gosse, 1886) B. plicatilis O.F. Müller, 1786 T. tigris (O.F. Müller, 1786) B. falcatus Zacharias, 1898 T. weberi (Jenings, 1903) B. bidentata Anderson, 1889 T. bidens (Lucks, 1912) B. angularis Gosse, 1851 T. dixon-nuttalli (Jenings, 1903) B. calyciflorus Pallas, 1766 T. porcellus (Gosse, 1886) B. budapestinensis Daday, 1885 T. tenuior (Gosse, 1886) Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851) T. similis (Wierzejski, 1893) K. procurva (Thorpe, 1881) T. bicristata (Gosse, 1887) K. tropica (Apstein, 1907) T. rattus carinata (Ehrenberg, 1830) K. quadrata (O.F. Müller, 1786) T. pusilla (Lauterborn, 1898) Keratella valga (Ehrenberg, 1834) T. capucina (Wierz. et Zachar., 1893) Anuraeopsis fissa (Gosse, 1851) T. lophoessa (Gosse, 1886) Notholca acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1832) T. rattus rattus (O.F. Müller, 1786) N. squamula (O.F. Müller, 1786) T. cylindrica (Imhof, 1891) T. stylata (Gosse, 1851)

LITERATURE CITED

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