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Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution

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Annotated Checklist of the Rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution ZOOTAXA 1564 Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution HENDRIK SEGERS Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand HENDRIK SEGERS Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution (Zootaxa 1564) 104 pp.; 30 cm. 31 August 2007 ISBN 978-1-86977-129-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-86977-130-0 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2007 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2007 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 1564 © 2007 Magnolia Press SEGERS Zootaxa 1564: 1–104 (2007) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Annotated checklist of the rotifers (Phylum Rotifera), with notes on nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution HENDRIK SEGERS Belgian Biodiversity Platform, Freshwater Laboratory, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B - 1000 Brus- sels Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract . 3 Introduction . 3 Approach . 4 Scope . 4 Future prospects . 9 Acknowledgements . 9 References . 10 Abstract Phylum Rotifera comprises about 2030 known species classified in three main groups, the marine Seisonida (3 species), the Monogononta (1570 species) and the unique, exclusively parthenogenetic Bdelloidea with 461 clonal species. Here I present an annotated checklist of the taxon, giving the global distribution of the valid species. This checklist contains over 3,000 available names at the genus- and species-group level, including valid names and a non-comprehensive list of synonyms. A number of taxonomic and nomenclatural suggestions following from the review is presented. Suggestions include several new synonyms and two nomina nova: Dissotrocha kostei for Dissotrocha aculeata Koste, 1996 non Ehrenberg, 1838 (stat. nov., ex. Dissotrocha hertzogi aculeata) and Lepadella zigzag for Lepadella bractea Myers, 1934 non (Ehrenberg, 1838). This contribution also describes features of an on-line, global names database of the Rotifera, on which this checklist is based. Key words: biodiversity, biogeography, Rotifera Introduction In recent years science has witnessed a rapid evolution from print to electronic media in the production of tax- onomic resources. This inevitable evolution (see Godfray, 2002) is fostered by a large number of initiatives like the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, http://www.gbif.org/), the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS, http://www.itis.usda.gov/), Species2000 (http://www.sp2000.org), and Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer (uBIO: http://www.ubio.org), to name a few. Even long-established resources like the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999; see http:// www.iczn.org/) are turning towards the World Wide Web, (e.g., with the ZooBank initiative: http:// www.zoobank.org/; Polaszek, 2005) notwithstanding the obvious difficulty the ephemeral character of elec- tronic media pose to a stable scientific nomenclature. Accepted by R. Dalgleish: 26 Apr. 2007; published: 31 Aug. 2007 3 Acknowledging this development, I present a checklist of the Rotifera of the world, extracted from a data- base compiled in the framework of the project `Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment' (see http:// FADA.biodiversity.be). In addition to the checklist I provide a short overview of a number of features of the database and some taxonomic and nomenclatural changes resulting from the literature review required to prepare the list. The present paper, together with the analysis of the diversity and biogeography of the Rotifera (Segers, in press), are intended as citable source for the database. Approach The checklist is based on the taxonomy of rotifers as presented in monographs listed in Table 1, and numerous recent publications. For practical reasons, only names or taxonomic changes published before November 1, 2006 are included. Considering that subsequent lumping of distributional data is easy whereas the inverse is not, a splitting rather than lumping approach to taxonomy has been adopted. As a consequence, the diversity of rotifers turns out to be higher than previous estimates. This is especially so for genera like Lepadella and Lecane. In Lep- adella, the lack of any comprehensive revision is responsible for the discrepancy, while Lecane is exemplary of the tendency towards a less inclusive species concept in Rotifera during recent years. This approach has been corroborated by recent research using molecular (e.g., Goméz et al., 2002) or detailed morphological techniques (Giri & José de Paggi, 2006), or combining different approaches (Ricci, 2001) and biogeography (Segers & Shiel, 2003), showing that diversity has generally been underestimated in Rotifera. On the other hand, many rotifer taxa exhibit wide morphological variability, either as a result of phenotypic plasticity and/ or distortion during fixation or dehydration. Although this has long been known and is well documented (see Dumont, 1983; Koste & Shiel, 1989c; Segers, 1998), variants are still frequently being described as subspe- cies of common species. Such taxa, together with insufficiently described ones, are included in the present checklist as their names are available, but are tagged species inquirenda in the absence of a critical taxonomic revision. Names listed as referring to unrecognizable taxa in recent revisions listed in Table 1 have not been included. The taxonomy reflected in the list may not be satisfactory, especially in taxa for which no recent comprehensive reviews are available (e.g., Brachionidae, Lepadellidae, and Notommatidae). The treatment of synonyms in the database is not comprehensive, but focuses on synonyms that occur in recent literature or that are occasionally listed as valid taxa. Older synonyms (especially in the morphologi- cally variable Brachionidae: Brachionus and Keratella) can be found in Harring (1913) and Wiszniewski (1954). When necessary, care was taken to correct names in accordance with the International Code of Zoo- logical Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). Incorrect subsequent spellings are generally not taken into account unless they have some nomenclatural significance beyond their mere existence: keeping track of published spelling variants and nomina nuda in the vast ecological literature on rotifers is a daunting task with dubious relevance. Data on distribution are presented for taxa considered valid only. This information is mostly drawn from the literature as in Table 1 and, as much as feasible, included only after critical assessment. A more complete analysis of the biodiversity and distribution of the rotifers, based on the data presented here, is as in Segers (in press). Scope The checklist and database, in its present version, contain 2127 species-level taxa of Rotifera, of which 109 are presently considered species inquirenda, and some 800 synonymous or alternative genus- and species- 4 · Zootaxa 1564 © 2007 Magnolia Press SEGERS level names. The vast majority of the valid names belong to Monogononta (1566), whereas Bdelloidea (461) and, especially, Seisonida (3) are much less diverse. The following information is provided: Valid names of genus- and species-level taxa with authority, and the original combination of species-level names. Genera and species within genera are arranged alphabetically in the checklist in order to facilitate information retrieval. This ordering is consistent with Harring (1913) and Wiszniewski (1954). Names with authority of synonyms of available genus-and species-level names, the latter in their original combination. The synonymy is incomplete for taxa in which a high number of older synonyms exist. For these I refer to Harring (1913) and Wiszniewski (1954). Names with authority of some species inquirendae not included in recent revisions (see Table 1). Taxonomic comments. This includes indication of taxonomically problematic cases, or instances where synonyms are in use as names of infrasubspecific variants. Unavailable names of infrasubspecific taxa are added in comments, except for those in genera like Brachionus and Keratella, where citing the exceedingly high number of names of variants, forms etc. would only add to confusion. Occurrence in eight large biogeographical regions (Palearctic, Afrotropical, Oriental, Nearctic, Neotropi- cal, Australian, Pacific and Antarctic), as circumscribed in Martens et al. (in press; see Figure 1), for all valid and recognisable species-level fresh- and/or brackishwater taxa. Marine, parasitic and interstitial taxa are mentioned as such. If relevant, a comment on distribution is added, mostly indicating that a regional record of a species is dubious, or that such a record may result from species introduction. FIGURE 1. Definition of the eight regions used in this work (after Martens et al., in press.) In addition, the database includes a higher-level classification of the free-living rotifers,
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