Check List 10(2): 292–298, 2014 © 2014 Check List and Authors Chec List ISSN 1809-127X (available at www.checklist.org.br) Journal of species lists and distribution

Rotifers (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) from wetlands of Majuli pecies

S – the largest river island, the Brahmaputra river basin of

of upper Assam, northeast India ists L

B. K. Sharma North-East ern Hill University, Department of Zoology, Freshwater Biology Laboratory, Permanent Campus, Umshing, Shillong - 793 022, Meghalaya, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract:

Plankton samples collected from the floodplain lakes (beels) and small wetlands (dobas or dubies) of Majuli, sixthe Palaeotropical largest river island and one of theHolarctic world species and a uniqueare biogeographically fluvial landform interesting of the Brahmaputra elements; one river species basin ofis a northeast new record India, to Indiareveal while 131 Rotiferaseveral speciesspecies arebelonging of regional to 33 interest. genera Theand rotifer17 families. fauna Two is predominantly Australasian (Australiantropical indicating & Asian), high four richness Oriental, of cosmopolitan species and important contribution of tropicopolitan and pantropical species. Lecanidae > are the most diverse families; Lecane Bory de St. Vincent > Trichocerca Lamarck are species-rich genera. The

and rare occurrence of species of Nitzsch Brachionus > Pallas, Keratella Bory de St. Vincent, Bory de St. Vincent, Asplanchna Gosserotifers and communities Polyarthra areEhrenberg characterized in particular. by several small-sized littoral-periphytic taxa, paucity of the Brachionidae in general

Introduction small wetlands (dobas or dubies) of Majuli River Island Majuli, commonly called ‘Majoli’ (land in the middle of (Long.: 93°–95° E, Lat.: 25°–27° N), upper Assam (Figure two parallel rivers) is the largest river island of the world, 1). Sampled beels are indicated in Table 1. situated in the upper reaches of the river Brahmaputra in The collections were made by towing plankton net (# Upper Assam region of northeast India. It is an interesting 50 µm) and were preserved in 5% formalin. All the samples were screened, were isolated and mounted in arose from the Brahmaputra basin after a catastrophic polyvinyl alcohol-lactophenol mixture, and observed with region made up purely of fluvial geomorphology which Leica (DM 1000) stereoscopic phase contrast microscope level alluvial plain. It is, therefore, a unique geographical occurrenceflood in 1750 and and a result in course of the ofdynamics time turned of this into vast a river flat- fitted with an image analyzer. The different taxa were cultural heritage site is alarmingly shrinking due to erosion, identified based on Koste (1978), Segers (1995) and withsystem. about This 33% hotspot of its for landmass flora and eroded fauna in and the an latter important half of Sharma and Sharma (1999, 2000, 2008). The reference 20th century; if this trend continues this island may cease Freshwatercollections (NEHU/BKS/Assam-Majuli: Biology Laboratory, Department 1 - NEHU/BKS/ of Zoology, to exist on the world map. Majuli is dotted with wetlands North-EasternAssam-Majuli: Hill 180) University, are deposited Shillong. in the holdings of ranging from small dobas or dubies lakes (beels) which contribute notably to its socio-economy Results to several floodplain One hundred and eighty samples collected from Majuli The present study, a part of our pioneering limnological River Island reveal a total of 131 species, belonging to 33 surveythrough oftheir the significant Majuli River fishery Island, potential. documents faunal genera and 17 families (Table 2). Lepadella vandenbrandei diversity of planktonic and littoral-periphytic Rotifera. Gillard (Figure 2 A) is a new record from India. Brachionus This study merits special biodiversity value in light of the dichotomus reductus B. kostei Shiel (Figure 2 C) are Australasian species, while Keratella river basin to be one of the globally rich habitats for edmondsoni AhlstromKoste (Figure & Shiel 2 D) (Figure, Lecane 2 blacheiB) and hypothesis on the floodplain lakes of the Brahmaputra (Figure 2 E), L. niwati We present here a list of species examined from (Figure 2 F), and Filinia camasecla Myers (Figure 2Berzins G) are planktonRotifera (Sharma samples 2005; collected Sharma from and severalSharma 2008, wetlands 2012). of Oriental endemics. In addition, Segers, KotethipLecane rhytida & Sanoamuang Harring Majuli. Comments are made on nature and composition L. undulata Hauer (Figure 2 I) of the fauna, occurrence of interesting elements and are recent new additions to Indian Rotifera (Sharma and distribution of different species. Sharma& Myers in (Figure 2014b). 2 H) and

Materials and Methods Discussion This study is based on plankton samples collected on The higher rotifer biodiversity (131 species) observed many occasions during 2010-2012, from the littoral and beels) and 30+ nature of Majuli Rotifera. These comprise ~34.0% and in the sampled floodplains indicates rich and diverse limnetic regions of 20+ floodplain lakes ( 292 Sharma | Rotifera from wetlands of Majuli, India

~55.0% of species of the Phylum known till date from from India, Assam state (Sharma 2004); this second Indian India and northeast India, respectively. The rotifer richness reported from this limited geographical area Orientalreport also endemics: affirms Keratellaits occurrence edmondsoni restricted Ahlstrom to northeast, Lecane India.blachei Besides, Majuli, L. niwati collections are characterized by four, andforms Sharma a significant 2014a) fraction and also (~60.0%) compares of well total with species 155 and Filinia camasecla Myers; the last two species are found recorded from floodplains of the state of Assam (Sharmapats) of in India Berzins only in its northeast Segers, region Kotethip while & K. Sanoamuang edmondsoni Manipur (Sharma 2009). The Paleotropical Lepadella and L. blachei exhibit disjunct distribution in this country vandenbrandeispecies reported is an from interesting the floodplain addition lakes to the ( rotifer (Sharma and Sharma 2013). Of the members of these two categories, the reports of B. kostei and F. camasecla environmental heterogeneity of the sampled beels and beyond their classical distribution limits: i.e., north-east dobasfauna or of dubies India. The documented diversity reflects China and Panama, respectively are possible examples of lakes of northeast India as Rotifera rich habitats of the introduction (Segers 2007). Indian sub-region and (Sharma affirms the 2005; hypothesis Sharma on and floodplain Sharma The occurrence of six Paleotropical species namely Dipleuchlanis ornata Segers, Lepadella discoidea Segers, Segers et al. (1993) on the rich rotifer diversity of (sub) L. vandenbrandei Gillard, Lecane lateralis Sharma, L. 2008, 2012). Our results also support the hypothesis of simonneae Segers and L. unguitata (Fadeev), and the Holarctic Lecane elongata Asian)tropical taxa floodplain namely lakes. Brachionus dichotomus reductus features of Majuli Rotifera. The tropical-latitude specimens The occurrenceB. kostei of Shiel, two a Australasian noteworthy feature (Australian of this & Harring & Myers are notable study, supports our remarks (Sharma 2005; Sharma Koste and Brachionus diversicornis & Shiel and (Daday)of the latter, Lepadella may represent discoidea, glacial L. vandenbrandeirelicts as hypothesized, Lecane northeast India with those of Southeast Asia and Australia. bylateralis, Segers L. (1996).simonneae In and addition, L. unguitata SegersSharma (2001) 2005, remarked 2008, 2012) on the on occurrence the affinity of of the Rotifera reductus of Eastern Hemisphere species following Savatenalinton and vicariant of B. dichotomus Segers (2005). are categorized as the recent expansion of these populations to Southeast Lecane niwati, L. rhytida and L. undulata are recent Asia with Australia as possible outside origin Australia, of this hypothesizing taxon. The additions to the Indian fauna based on the samples report of this vicariant from upper Assam region supports examined from Majuli River Island (Sharma and Sharma B. dichotomus reductus is known till 2014b). Besides, the collections from Majuli indicate date from India exclusively from the states of Assam and several species of regional distribution importance namely Segers′sTripura of hypothesis. its northeast region. B. kostei Lophocharis oxysternon (Gosse), Mytilina acanthophora

was first known

Figure 1. District map of Assam state indicating location of Majuli River Island (insert Map of India indicating Assam state of northeast India).

293 Sharma | Rotifera from wetlands of Majuli, India

Hauer, Macrochaetus longipes Myers, Lepadella benjamini (20 species) > Trichocerca (13 species) are species-rich Harring, L. costatoides Segers, L. dactyliseta (Stenroos), genera; these families and genera include about 51.0% L. elongata , L. quinquecostata (Lucks), Lecane doryssa Harring, L. elongata , L. paxiana respectively. Interestingly enough, the relative consistency Hauer, L. pusillaKoste Harring, L. monostyla (Daday), L. ofand the 58.0% importance of the of rotifer three speciesperiphytic observed monogonont from genera Majuli, thienemanni Hauer, TrichocercaHarring abilioi & Myers and indicates the possibility of assemblage rules for the tridentata Smirnov. Of these, Macrochaetus longipes, Lepadella benjamini, L. dactyliseta,Segers L. & elongata, Sarma L. quinquecostata, Lecane doryssa, L. elongata, L. pusilla and periphyticcomposition community of Rotifera as of hypothesized wetlands from by Assam Green (Sharma (2003). Testudinella tridentata are observed till date from India The significance of these taxa, however, concurs with the only from its northeast region. Lepadella quinquecostata represents its second report from northeast India; this Paggiand Sharma1993, 2001), 2008), Niger northeastern delta (Segers India et al . (B.K. Sharma unpublished)Bonecker as well as et elsewhere al. from Argentina (Jose De state by Sharma (2004). 1993),Segers Brazil speciesThe richnesswas first of examined Majuli Rotifera from thisis similar region to from 130 speciesAssam et(Koste al. 1974; 1994, 1998), Thailand (Segersloc from Lake Guarana (Bonecker et al. citand.). Pholpunthin 1997; Sanoamuang 1998), Bolivia ( Segers et Brachionidae 1998) and Okavango (14 species) Delta of and South Trichocercidae Africa (Green (13 al. 1993). Our report is, however, higher1994) than 111 from species Brazil species) merit attention with caution on over-emphasis of and 136 species (Iyi-Efi Lake) from Niger delta ( 1993); 124 species (Oguta lake) from Niger delta (Segers by distinct paucity of the brachionids in general and of reportedet al. from the floodplains of Argentina (Jose De Paggi Brachionusthe former as and our Keratella collections spp. from in Majuli particular. are characterized This feature

1993); 106 taxa from Thale-Noi Lake (Segers of these taxa, respectively known from Assam, only half of Bufeos,and Pholpunthin Bolivia (Segers 1997) et al. and 118 from the river Nan theis affirmed species byof theeach fact taxon that are amongst observed 29, from14 and Majuli. 9 species The (Sanoamuangfrom the Rio Pilcomayo 1998), Thailand; National 104 park, species Formosa, from Argentina Laguana rarity of Filinia, Asplanchna and Polyarthra spp. is another 1998); and 114 taxa examined notable character of this study.

(Jose De Paggi 2001), while the diversity is lower than the respectively.reports of 151 (Koste 1974) and 148 species from Rao Anuraeopsis,Majuli Rotifera , is Lecane characterized, Lepadella by and large Trichocerca number as of TapajosLecanidae and Lago (43 species)Camaleao > Lepadellidae(Koste and Robertson (24 species) 1983), are small-sized littoral-periphytonic species particularly of most diverse families while Lecane (43 species) > Lepadella of species. These interesting features can be attributed towell conditions as low densities of low (B.K. concentrations Sharma unpublished) of food of (Papinski majority Table 1. Island. List of the sampled floodplain lakes (beels) of Majuli River (Baumgartner et al. 1997). The former aspect is supported BEEL LATITUDE L°NGITUDE ALTITUDE 1990)by lower and phytoplankton predation by density juvenile in fish the sampledand invertebrates wetlands Bhereki Beel* Chela Beel* 27° 94° 26°57′09.1″ N 94°12′23.0″ E 67 m ASL Ghotonga Beel* 73 m ASL (B.K.Latitudinal Sharma unpublished) variations though in the specific distribution, observations directly are 04′58.2″ N 17′51.9″ E 89 m ASL Holmari Beel* 75 m ASL oryet indirectlydesired to confirm induced predation by climatological hypotheses. factors are well 27°01′52.7″ N 94°15′28.7″ E 74 m ASL 26°59′17.3″ N 94°12′30.6″ E Chakuli Beel* Segers Segers (2001) stressed the role of Khorkhoria Beel* 26°56′47.4″ N 94°12′28.8″ E Baatomaari Beel 71 m ASL thermophilesknown in Rotifera in the (Green rotifer 1972; fauna De ofRidder Southeast 1981; AsiaDumont and 26°56′40.3″ N 94°09′01.9″ E 69 m ASL Tuni Beel: 1983; 1996). . This 26°59′25.9″ N 94°13′08.0″ E Lecane Noldunga Beel 74 m ASL 26°58′35.3″ N 94°15′57.8″ E 67 m ASL 74 m ASL indicated the qualitative significance of 26°58′09.4″ N 94°03′03.4″ E Lecane in our study. Cosmopolitan Bor Beel 75 m ASL salient attribute is affirmed by species-rich nature of Kakorikata Beel 26°57′19.1″ N 94°08′35.7″ E Doriya Beel 70 m ASL the ‘tropic-centered′ 27°05′13.2″ N 94°22′41.8″ E Dighaliya Beel species show high richness (69.5% of the listed species) 26°57′27.7″ N 94°10′02.4″ E well represented. The stated features impart a general Lingri Beel while cosmotropical (12.2%) > pantropical (6.1 %) are 26°56′15.5″ N 94°03′45.7″ E 68 m ASL 71 m ASL 26°57′02.7″ N 94°05′05.3″ E 69 m ASL Puronibaari Beel ‘tropical character′ to the rotifer fauna of Majuli island; Jur Beel: 26°59′45.3″ N 94°14′34.4″ E tropical faunas from different parts of the globe (Green Chereki Beel this generalization concurs with the composition of the 26°59′23.7″ N 94°11′16.8″ E 96 m ASL et al. Gukhai Beel 70 m ASL 26°58′25.4″ N 94°10′38.7″ E 67 m ASL Segers Baalichapori Beel 75 m ASL 1972; Pejler 1977; Fernando 1980; Dussart 1984; 26°57′07.0″ N 94°09′04.2″ E Mohorichuk Beel 1996, 2001; Sanoamuang 1998; Sharma 1998a, b, 26°55′42.0″ N 94°02′44.7″ E The common species observed in this study are: Dubori Beel 70 m ASL 2005; and Sharma and Sharma (2005, 2008, 2012). 26°55′40.4″ N 94°01′47.7″ E 89 m ASL Plationus patulus, Platyias quadricornis, Euchlanis dilatata, 74 m ASL 26°57′01.9″ N 94°16′13.8″ E E. triquetra, Dipleuchlanis propatula, Mytilina ventralis, Karatipar Beel 26°56′39.4″ N 94°04′13.5″ E Macrochaetus collinsi, M. sericus, Colurella obtusa, C. uncinata, Lecane aculeata, L. bulla, L. closterocerca, L. curvicornis, L. crepida, L. doryssa, L. furcata, L. hamata, * Sampled monthly between August 2010-July 2011 while 30+ dobas L. leontina, L. ludwigii, L. luna, L. lunaris, L. papuana, or dubies were sampled randomly during winter (December/January), L. quadridentata, L. styrax, L. unguitata, L. ungulata, pre-monsoon (March-May), monsoon (June-August) and post-monsoon (September-October) between August 2010-July 2012. 294 Sharma | Rotifera from wetlands of Majuli, India

Figure 2. A-I. Species of Rotifera. A: Lepadella vandenbrandei Gillard, 1952. B: Brachionus dichotomus reductus Brachionus kostei Keratella edmondsoni Ahlstrom, 1943. E: Lecane blachei Lecane niwati Filinia camascela Lecane rhytida Lecane undulata Koste & Shiel, 1980. C: Shiel, 1983. D: Berzins, 1973. F: Segers, Kotethip & Sanoamuang, 2004. G: Myers, 1938. H: Harring & Myers, 1926. I: Hauer, 1938. 295 Sharma | Rotifera from wetlands of Majuli, India

Scaridium longicaudum, Sinantherina spinosa, Trichocerca tropical character, predominance of non-planktonic bicristata, T. rattus, Testudinella emarginula and T. patina. littoral-periphytic species, distinct richness of `tropic- Besides, Brachionus calyciflorus, B. dichotomus reductus, B. Lecane diversicornis, B. falcatus, B. mirabilis, Keratella edmondsoni, paucity of the Brachionidae, and rare occurrence species of Dipleuchlanis ornata, Filinia camasecla, F. longiseta, Brachionuscentered′ , Keratella,, several Filinia, small-sized Asplanchna species, and Polyarthra distinct. Lophocharis oxysternon, Lepadella elongata, L. minuta, Our collections are biased towards planktonic and semi- Lecane elasma, L. elongata, L. lateralis, L. nitida, L. niwati, planktonic monogonont taxa while the sampling of benthic, L. paxiana, L. pertica, Notommata pachyura, sessile and bdelloids is desired to up-date the species sulcata, T. cylindrica, T. elongata, Asplanchna priodonta, inventory. The rotifer associations with different aquatic Polyarthra vulgaris, T. tridentata and Trochosphaera aequatorialis exhibit rare occurrence. To conclude, Rotifera fauna of Majuli is rich in macrophytes in wetlands as well as the flushing influence species, with several elements from global and regional meritof the Brahmaputra special study flood due waters to lack during of suchmonsoon works via-a-vis from biogeographical interest. The fauna depicts general rotiferIndia. assemblage and their subsequent re-colonization

Table 2. Systematic list of Rotifera species recorded from Majuli.

Phylum Rotifera L. dactyliseta Class Eurotatoria L. discoidea Segers, 1993 (Stenroos, 1898) Subclass L. elongata Order L. eurysterna Myers, 1942 Koste, 1992 Family Brachionidae L. latusinus Anuraeopsis fissa L. ovalis (Hilgendorf, 1899) Brachionus angularis L. patella (O.F. Muller, 1773) Gosse, 1851 (O.F. Muller, 1786) B. calyciflorus L. quinquecostata (Lucks, 1912) Gosse, 1851 B. dichotomus reductus L. rhomboides Pallas, 1766 B. diversicornis L. triptera Koste & Shiel, 1980 (Gosse, 1886) B. falcatus L. vandenbrandei Gillard, 1952 (Daday, 1883) Ehrenberg, 1832 B. kostei L. (Heterolepadella) apsicora Myers, 1934 Zacharias, 1898 B. quadridentatus L. (H.) ehrenbergi Shiel, 1983 Keratella cochlearis L. (H.) heterostyla (Murray, 1913) Hermann, 1783 (Perty, 1850) K. edmondsoni Ahlstrom, 1943 Squatinella lamellaris (Gosse, 1851) K. lenzi Hauer, 1953 Family Lecanidae (O. F. Müller, 1786) K. tropica (Apstein, 1907) Lecane aculeata Platyias quadricornis L. arcula Harring, 1914 (Jakubski, 1912) Plationus patulus L. blachei (Ehrenberg, 1832) Family L. bulla (O.F. Muller, 1786) Berzins, 1973 Euchlanis dilatata L. closterocerca (Gosse, 1851) E. incisa Carlin, 1939 L. crepida Harring, 1914 Ehrenberg, 1832 (Schmarda, 1859) E. triquetra L. curvicornis (Murray, 1913) Dipleuchlanis ornata Segers, 1993 L. decipiens (Murray, 1913) Ehrenberg, 1838 D. propatula L. doryssa Harring, 1914 Tripleuchlanis plicata L. elongata (Gosse, 1886) Beauchampiella eudactylota L. flexilis (Levander, 1894) Harring & Myers, 1926 Family Mytilinidae L. furcata (Murray, 1913) (Gosse, 1886) (Gosse, 1886) Lophocharis oxysternon L. haliclysta Mytilina acanthophora L. hamata (Gosse, 1851) Harring & Myers, 1926 M. bisulcata (Lucks, 1912) L. hornemanni Hauer, 1938 (Stokes, 1896) M. ventralis L. inermis (Ehrenberg, 1834) Family Trichotriidae L. inopinata (Ehrenberg, 1830) (Bryce, 1892) Macrochaetus collinsi L. lateralis Harring & Myers, 1926 M. longipes Myers, 1934 L. leontina (Gosse, 1867) Sharma, 1978 M. sericus L. ludwigii (Turner, 1892) Trichotria tetractis L. luna (Thorpe, 1893) (Eckstein, 1883) Family Lepadellidae L. lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1830) (O.F. Müller, 1776) Colurella colurus L. monostyla (Ehrenberg, 1832) C. obtusa L. nitida (Murray, 1913) (Ehrenberg, 1830) (Daday, 1897) C. uncinata (O.F. Muller, 1773) L. niwati (Gosse, 1886) Lepadella acuminata L. obtusa (Murray, 1913) Segers, Kotethip & Sanoamuang, 2004 L. apsida L. ohioensis (Ehrenberg, 1834) L. benjamini L. papuana (Murray, 1913) Harring, 1916 (Herrick, 1885) L. biloba L. paxiana Hauer, 1940 Harring, 1916 L. costatoides Segers, 1992 L. ploenensis (Voigt, 1902) Hauer, 1958

296 Sharma | Rotifera from wetlands of Majuli, India

Table 2. Continued.

L. pusilla Harring, 1914 T. tenuior L. pyriformis (Daday, 1905) T. tigris (Gosse, 1886) L. quadridentata T. voluta (Murray, 1913) (O.F. Müller, 1786) L. rhytida T. weberi (Ehrenberg, 1830) L. signifera Family Asplanchnidae Harring & Myers, 1926 (Jennings, 1903) L. simonneae Segers, 1993 Asplanchna priodonta (Jennings, 1896) L. stenroosi Family Synchaetidae Gosse, 1850 L. styrax Polyarthra vulgaris Carlin, 1943 (Meissner, 1908) L. tenuiseta Harring, 1914 Family Dicranophoridae (Harring & Myers, 1926) L. thienemanni Dicranophoroides caudatus L. undulata D. forcipatus (Hauer, 1938) (Ehrenberg, 1834) L. unguitata (Fadeev, 1925) Order Hauer, 1938 (O. F. Müller, 1786) L. ungulata Family Floscularidae Family Notommatidae Sinantherina socialis (Gosse, 1887) Cephalodella forficula S. spinosa (Linne, 1758) C. gibba Family (Ehrenberg, 1830) (Thorpe, 1893) Monommata longiseta Hexarthra mira (Ehrenberg, 1830) M. maculata Family (O. F. Müller, 1786) (Hudson, 1871) Notommata pachyura Testudinella emarginula Harring & Myers, 1930 Family Scaridiidae T. patina (Gosse, 1886) (Stenroos, 1898) Scaridium longicaudum T. tridentata Smirnov, 1931 (Hermann, 1783) Family Trichocercidae Pompholyx sulcata (O.F. Müller, 1786) Trichocerca abilioi Family Hudson,1885 T. bicristata Filinia camasecla Segers & Sarma, 1993 T. cylindrica F. longiseta (Gosse, 1887) Myers, 1938 T. elongata Trochosphaera aequatorialis (Imhof, 1891) (Ehrenberg, 1834) T insignis Sub-class Digononta (Gosse, 1886) Semper, 1872 T. insulana (Hauer, 1937) Order Bdelloidea (Herrick, 1885) T. pusilla Family Philodinidae T. rattus Philodina roseola (Jennings, 1903) T. similis Rotaria neptunia (O.F. Müller, 1776) Ehrenberg, 1832 R. rotatoria (Wierzejski, 1893) (Ehrenberg, 1830) (Pallas, 1766) Acknowledgments: The samples for this study are collected with Associations of planktonic and periphytic rotifers in a tropical swamp, the Okavango Delta, Southern Africa. Hydrobiologia Green,490 J.: 197–209. 2003. the support“University of the with Ministry Potential of forEnvironment Excellence & Program Forests (Govt. (Focused of India) Area: Biosciences)”sponsored project of North-Eastern No. 22018-09/2010-CS Hill University, (Tax) Shillong. and partly The author under is thankful to Dr. Sumita Sharma, Shillong for useful comments and José RevueDe Paggi, d′Hydrobiologie S. 1993. Composition Tropicale and seasonality of planktonic rotifers in suggestions. Thanks are due the Head, Department of Zoology, North- limnetic and littoral region of a floodplain lake (Parana River System). Eastern Hill University, Shillong for laboratory facilities; Prof. Moon of Rio Pilcomayo national park, 26(1): Ramsar 53-64. site (Formosa, Argentina). José HydrobiologiaDe Paggi, S. 2001. Diversity–34. of Rotifera (Monogononta) in wetlands

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