DOCSLIB.ORG

Afghanistan and the Anglo-Russian Dispute (1885) Theophilus F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Afghanistan and the Anglo-Russian Dispute (1885) Theophilus F University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1885 Afghanistan and the Anglo-Russian dispute (1885) Theophilus F. Rodenbough Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Rodenbough, Theophilus F., "Afghanistan and the Anglo-Russian dispute (1885)" (1885). Books in English. Paper 8. http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno/8 This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ruler of Afghanistan, Abdurrahman Khan, Ameer of ICabal. AFGHANISTAN ANn THE AN ACCOUNT OF RUSSIA'S ADVANCE ?'OWARD INDIA, BASED UPOX TEE RBI'ORTS AND EXPERIENCES OF RUSSIAN, GERMAN, AND DRlTlSH Ol~DICEKS AND TRAVELLERS; WITH A DESCRIPTION OF AFGNANISTAN AND OF THE MILITARY RESOURCES OF TI3C POWERS CONCERNED TI-IEO. I?. RODENBOUGH BVT. URIGADIOR GENERAL, U.S.A. --A WITH TKREE MAPS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS NEW PORK AND LONDON G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS ZQe~nithcrbothcx Vrcss 1885 COPYRIGHT DY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 1885 Press of G. P. PUTNAM'SSONS New York CONTENTS. IV. THERUSSIAN FORCES AND APPROACHES . - . 104 nowin$hlie AJbc~ncdsof RUSSIATOWAR~SINDIA MON G 0 L I A TURKEY JN A SlA AFGHANISTAN AND THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN DISPUTE. THROUGH THE GATES OF ASIA. INuniversal history there is no more interesting subject for the consideratioir of thc political student than the record of Russian progress through Central Asia. In one scnsc this advance is a practical reestablishment or extension of tl~cinfluence of the Aryan race in coun- tries long dominated by peoplcs of Turlci or Mongolian origin; in another sense it has resulted in a transition from the barbarism or rude fo1.m~ of Asiatic Iife to the enlightenment and higher moral development of a Euro- pean age. In a religious sense it embodies a crusade against Oriental fanaticism ; and it is a curious feature of the Anglo-Russian dispute, that upon a question of tem- poral gain, the greatest Christian nation finds itself allied with the followers of Buddha and Mahomet against Russia under the Banner of the Cross. I - -- - " i._~_."_-.- -- . 2 APGHA NISTAN. The descendants of the grcat Peter have opened up in Central Asia a new regioil whicll, if as yet it has not been l1 made to blossom as thc rosc," has nevertheless profited by tile introduction of law, order, and a certain amount of industrial prosperity. Russia cornmenccd her relations with Central Asia as early as the sixtecnth century. Not only through embas- sies sent, but by military expeditions ; these, however, at that time were private ventures by roving Cossacks and other inhabitants of Southern Russia. Authorized gov- ernment expeditions commenced with Peter the Great, who in 1716-17 sent two exploring parties illto the Central Asia11 deserts-13eltovitch to IChiva, and Liltl~areffto the Black Irtish. These expeditions were undertalten in search of gold, supposed to cxist in those regions, but failed in their object ; the detachment under Beltovitch being entirely dcstroyed after reaching IChiva. Peter next turncd his attention to the countiy bordering upon the southern shores of the Caspian Sea; taking advantage of Persian embarrassments, with thc consent of the Shah and of the Sultan he acquired, in 1722-3, the provinccs of Gilan, Mazanderan, and Asterabad; but the great cxpense of maintaining a large garrison so remote from Russia, ancl the unhealthiness of the locality, induced thc Russian Government, in 1732, to restore the districts to Persia. In the same year Abul-Khair, the I<han of the Little Kirghiz Horde, voluntarily submitted to Russia. Twenty years later a small strip of the kingdom of Djungaria, on TfIROUGf.3 THE G.4TE.Y OF ASIA. 3 the Irtish, was absorbed, and toward the coinmcncement of thc reign of Catharine II., Russian authority was as- sertecl and maiiltainecl over thc broad tract from the AItai to the Caspian. This occupation was limited to a linc of outposts along the Ural, thc Irtish, and in thc intervening ia as district. During Catharine's reign the frontier ilomads nba5- became reduced in numbers, by the cleparturc from the :r, stcppe between the Ural and Volga of the Calmucl<s,who a11d flecl into Djungaria, and were nearly destroyed on the goy- road, by the I<irghiz. ;reat, The connection between Russia and Central Asia at ntra1 this time assumed another character, that of complete ) the tranquillity, in consequence of the dcvelopinent of trade :arch through Orenburg and to sotne extent through Troitsk their and Pctropaulovslt. The lines along the Ural and 11-tish tirely gradually acquired strength; the robbcr-raids into Euro- d his pean Russia and Western Sibel-ia almost entirely ceasing. 111er11 Thc allegigncc of the Icirghiz of the Little and Central 'rsian Hordes was expressed in the fact that their Ichans were .f . the always selected undcr Russian influence and from time to rllzl11 , timc appeared at St. Petersburg to render homage. With se of the Central Asian Ithanates there was no connection ex- , and cept that of trade,but as regarded the Turcomans, who, it ~ssian is said, had frequently aslted for Russian protection, inter- ersia. course was discouraged, as they could not be trusted .it tle "within the lines," being simply bandits. ~~etlt y The Emperor Paul imagined that the steppes offered a a, 011 good road to Southern Asia, and desiring to expel the A PGfI4 NIS TAN. English from India, in the year I 800 he despatched a large numbcr of Don COSS~C~~S,under Orloff, through tllc districts of the Littlc I-Iordc. At tllc time a treaty was concluded with Napoleon, then First Consul, by virtue of which a combiilcd Russo-Frcnch army was to discm. bark at Astcrabad and march froin thence illto India by way of IChorassan a11d Afghanistan. Thc death of the Ernperor of Russia put an end to this plan. During the reign of Alexander I., Central Asia was suffered to rcst, and even the Chinese made raids into Russian territorywithout interruption. In thc third decade of the present century, however, several advanced military settlements of Cossacks were founded. "Thus," says M. Veniul;off, "was inaugurated the policy which afterward guided us in the stcppe, the foundation of advanced settlements and towns (at first forts, afterwards sta7zitsas*) until the most advanced of them touches some natural barrier." About 1840, it was discovered that the system of military colonization was morc effectual in preserving order in the Orenburg district than by flying detachments sent, as occasion required, f~ om Southcrn Russia ; and in 1845-6 thc orenburg and Ural (or Targai and Irgiz) forts were established. In 1846 thc Great ICirghiz I-Iorde acknowledged ils subjcctinn to Russia on the farthcr side of the Ballcash, tvhilc at the same time a fort was constructcd on the lower Yaxartes. * Cossaclc settlements. arge In 1847 the encroachlnents of Russia in Central Asia the had brought her upolr the borders of the important \vas khanates of IChiva and Kholcand, and, like some huge rtue ,boa-constrictor, she prepared to swallow them. In 1852 ;cm- the inevitable military expedition was followed by the a by customaly perrnallc~ltpost. Another row of forts was the planted on the Lower Yaxartes, and in 1854 far to the eastward, in the midst of the Great Horde, was built Fort was Vernoye-the foundation of a new lime, more or less con- into tiguous to natural boundaries (motntains and rivers), but cade not a close line. Between Perovslcy and Vernoye there ltary were upwards of four hundred and fifty miles of desert j M. open to the incursions of brigands, and between thc Aral ,vard and Caspian seas there was a gap, two hundred miles in nced width, favorable for raids into the Orenburg Steppe from ;as $9 the side of I<hivn. Finally, under the pretext of closing tural this gap, a general convergent movement of the Siberian and Orcnburg forces commenced, culminating under Gen- n of eral Tchernayeff in the capture of Aulieata and Chemlcent ving in 1864, and of Tashkent in 1865. lents Here, M.Veniulcoff says : "The Government intended and to halt in its conquests, and, limiting itself to forming rgiz) a closed line oil the south of the Kirghiz steppes, left rghiz it to thc sedentary inhabitants of Tashkent to form a the separate khanate from the Kholtand so I~ostileto us." fort And this historian tells us that the Tashkendees declined the honor of becoming the Czar's policemen in this way, evidently foreseeing t11e end, and, to cut the matter short, 6 AFGHANISTAN. 4 chose the Russian general, Tchernayeff, as their Ichan. Thc fcw Central Asian rulers whose necks had so far escaped the Muscovite heel, made an ineffectual resist- ancc, and in 1866 I-Iocljeni and Jizalch wcre duly I 4 "aiinexcd," thus separating Bokhara and I<hol\rand. P Here we inay glance at the tnethod by which Russia took firmer root on the shores of the Caspian, and estab- lished a comn~ercial linlc with the IChivan rcgion. In 1869 a military post and seaport was planted at Krasno- I vodsk, on that point Bf thc east shore of the Caspian, which presents the greatest facilities for shipping, and as a base of operations against the Turcomans, who were at I that time very troublesome. Several military expcdi- I I tions set out from this point, and every year dctachmcnts '1 of troops were despatched to keep the roads open toward Ichiva, the Icepet Dagh, or the banlrs of the Attrelc.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Language Between God and the Poets
    1 Contexts This is a book about four eleventh-century scholars who lived a millennium ago. But it is also a book about ideas that took shape as if the world outside did not exist. The authors involved conceived their accounts of language, divinity, reason, and metaphor as universal accounts of the human condition. They did not see their Muslim, Arabic, Persian, medieval, context as a determining factor in these universal accounts, and neither should we. To claim that eleventh-century Muslim scholars, writing in Arabic, expressed a universal human spirit with just as much purchase on language, mind, and reality as we achieve today is an endorsement of the position in the history of thought made famous by Leo Strauss.1 However, in order to make sense of eleventh-century texts we need to explore the books their authors had read, the debates in which they were taking part, and the a priori commitments they held: this is the methodology for the history of thought advocated by Quentin Skinner.2 THE ELEVENTH CENTURY What can we say about the eleventh century? It was known, in its own calendar, as the fifth century of the Islamic era that started in 622 a.d. with Muḥammad’s emi- gration from Mecca to Medina (al-hiǧrah; hence the name of that calendar: Hiǧrī) and was counted in lunar years thereafter. The different calendars are, of course, a translation problem. The boundaries of the eleventh-century that I am using (1000 1. Strauss (1989). 2. Skinner (2002). 7 8 Contexts and 1100) are not just artificial; they were wholly absent from the imaginations of the scholars who lived between them, for whom those same years were numbered 390 and 493.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan State Structure and Security Forces
    European Asylum Support Office Afghanistan State Structure and Security Forces Country of Origin Information Report August 2020 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office Afghanistan State Structure and Security Forces Country of Origin Information Report August 2020 More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN: 978-92-9485-650-0 doi: 10.2847/115002 BZ-02-20-565-EN-N © European Asylum Support Office (EASO) 2020 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, unless otherwise stated. For third-party materials reproduced in this publication, reference is made to the copyrights statements of the respective third parties. Cover photo: © Al Jazeera English, Helmand, Afghanistan 3 November 2012, url CC BY-SA 2.0 Taliban On the Doorstep: Afghan soldiers from 215 Corps take aim at Taliban insurgents. 4 — AFGHANISTAN: STATE STRUCTURE AND SECURITY FORCES - EASO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT Acknowledgements This report was drafted by the European Asylum Support Office COI Sector. The following national asylum and migration department contributed by reviewing this report: The Netherlands, Office for Country Information and Language Analysis, Ministry of Justice It must be noted that the review carried out by the mentioned departments, experts or organisations contributes to the overall quality of the report, it but does not necessarily imply their formal endorsement of the final report, which is the full responsibility of EASO. AFGHANISTAN: STATE STRUCTURE AND SECURITY
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Trade and the Economy(Second Half Of
    ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction 2 TRADE AND THE ECONOMY(SECOND HALF OF NINETEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY)* C. Poujol and V. Fourniau Contents Introduction ....................................... 51 The agrarian question .................................. 56 Infrastructure ...................................... 61 Manufacturing and trade ................................ 68 Transforming societies ................................. 73 Conclusion ....................................... 76 Introduction Russian colonization in Central Asia may have been the last phase of an expansion of the Russian state that had begun centuries earlier. However, in terms of area, it represented the largest extent of non-Russian lands to fall under Russian control, and in a rather short period: between 1820 (the year of major political and administrative decisions aimed at the Little and Middle Kazakh Hordes, or Zhuzs) and 1885 (the year of the capture of Merv). The conquest of Central Asia also brought into the Russian empire the largest non-Russian population in an equally short time. The population of Central Asia (Steppe and Turkistan regions, including the territories that were to have protectorate status forced on them) was 9–10 million in the mid-nineteenth century. * See Map 1. 51 ISBN 92-3-103985-7 Introduction Although the motivations of the Russian empire in conquering these vast territories were essentially strategic and political, they quickly assumed a major economic dimension. They combined all the functions attributed by colonial powers
    [Show full text]
  • The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate
    University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din. dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec. \ViTkI AN INrPR<dl>kJCTOl2Y NO'FE PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Republics of the Silk Road: Moscow to Almaty
    Republics of the Silk Road: Moscow to Almaty https://www.irtsociety.com/journey/republics-of-the-silk-road/ Overview The Highlights - Grand trek across Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Russia - The most stylish, comfortable way to see sights rarely seen by Western travelers - Samarkand’s Registan Square, with its stunning three madrasas - Baikonur, home of the USSR Cosmonaut Program and launch point for both Sputnik 1 and Yuri Gagarin, first human in space - Khudayar-Khan Fortress, built by the last Khan of Kokand, Uzbekistan The Society of International Railway Travelers | irtsociety.com | (800) 478-4881 Page 1/8 - Andizhan, Uzbekistan, birthplace of Zahiruddin Babur, founder & first Emperor of the Mughal Dynasty - Shahrizabz, birthplace of Tamarlane the conqueror - Eagle Hunting demonstration in Kyrgyzstan - Ancient city of Margilan, world-famous for its silk production - Open-air Museum of Petroglyphs at Lake Issyk-Kul, Kyrgyzstan, a sacred site used by Saka priests for sacrifices and other rites to the sun god - Kohi Navruz Palace in Dushanbe, capital of Tajikistan - Moscow’s Kremlin, Red Square, and St. Basil’s Cathedral - Visit Zenkhov Cathedral & Chimbulak Resort in Almaty, Kazakhstan - Tours of Osh, Khujand, Samarkand, Shahrizabz, Dushanbe, Bukhara, Merv, Ashgabat, Khiva, Tashkent, & Bishkek - All meals, wine and beer with lunch & dinner, off-train tours, and gratuities included The Tour The Republics of the Silk Road is a fascinating rail journey through the Five Stans: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Travel in comfort aboard the Golden Eagle luxury train while exploring these Southern Republics of the former Soviet Union. Watch Lonely Planet's short video explaining why they have named the Central Asian Silk Road the top region to visit in 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • PROCLAMATION 5621—MAR. 20, 1987 101 STAT. 2091 Afghanistan
    PROCLAMATION 5621—MAR. 20, 1987 101 STAT. 2091 with protection of national security and rights of privacy. As we celebrate free access to information as part of our heritage, let us honor the memory of President Madison for the wisdom and the devotion to the liberty of the American people that were his credo and his way of life. The Congress, by Public Law 99-539, has designated March 16, 1987, as "Freedom of Information Day" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this event. NOW, THEREFORE, I, RONALD REAGAN, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim March 16, 1987, as Freedom of Information Day, and I call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate programs and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh. RONALD REAGAN Proclamation 5621 of March 20,1987 Afghanistan Day, 1987 By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The people of Afghanistan traditionally celebrate March 21 as the start of their new year. For the friends of the Afghan people, the date has another meaning: it is an occasion to reaffirm publicly our long-standing support of the Afghan struggle for freedom. That struggle seized the attention of the world in December 1979 when a massive Soviet force invaded, murdered one Marxist ruler, installed another, and attempted to crush a widespread resistance movement.
    [Show full text]
  • AJSHR, Vol. 1, No. 2, APR-MAY 2020 AMERICAN JOURNAL of SOCIAL and HUMANITARIAN RESEARCH
    AJSHR, Vol. 1, No. 2, APR-MAY 2020 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN RESEARCH ISSN: 2690-9626 Vol. 1, No.2, Apr-May 2020 Empire of Timur and its role in the economic development of Maverannahr M.Mukkhammedov1 1Samarkand Institute of Economics and Services, Samarkand, Uzbekistan Email: [email protected] Correspondent author: [email protected] Abstract: The article contains historical facts of a change in the economic life of the people living in the territory of modern Uzbekistan over the past 600 years - from the reign of A. Timur to the present day. The focus is on the heyday of the economy of Maverannahr during the reign of Timur and Timurids in the XI-XU centuries. and a new round of the rise and prosperity of Uzbekistan after gaining its independence and independent development. The genetic connection between the Timurov era and the current model of socio-economic development runs a red thread through the centuries-old rich history of Uzbekistan. In the era of Timur, the problems of the independence of the people, their spiritual and material well-being, were solved by other means. Today, these same noble goals are achieved by other, modern, civilized means and methods. The economic decline after the collapse of the Timurov power during the Sheibanids, the formation of small feudal states on the territory of Maverannahr and their colonization by the Russian Empire, endless wars and interethnic conflicts. The contradictions and oppositions of social forces found a detailed and consistent presentation. A special place in the book is given to the new and latest economic history of Uzbekistan after its accession to the USSR, its unique transition to a new round of growth and prosperity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geographical Nomenclature of the Disputed Country Between
    The Geographical Nomenclature of the Disputed Country between Merv and Herat Author(s): Arminius Vambéry Source: Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 7, No. 9 (Sep., 1885), pp. 591-596 Published by: Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1800817 . Accessed: 16/06/2014 18:39 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) and Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 194.29.185.82 on Mon, 16 Jun 2014 18:39:08 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions THE GEOGRAPHICALNOMENCLATURE, ETC. 591 explain the absence of old graveyards, said that they thought it likely that all who could afford it had carried their dead to Hazrat Imam (half-way between Penjdeh and Yulatan), where there are large grave? yards with numerous inscriptions, though the place itself is too small to have been inhabited by more than a few families at a time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan
    The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 George Fiske All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan George Fiske This study examines the socioeconomics of state formation in medieval Afghanistan in historical and historiographic terms. It outlines the thousand year history of Ghaznavid historiography by treating primary and secondary sources as a continuum of perspectives, demonstrating the persistent problems of dynastic and political thinking across periods and cultures. It conceptualizes the geography of Ghaznavid origins by framing their rise within specific landscapes and histories of state formation, favoring time over space as much as possible and reintegrating their experience with the general histories of Iran, Central Asia, and India. Once the grand narrative is illustrated, the scope narrows to the dual process of monetization and urbanization in Samanid territory in order to approach Ghaznavid obstacles to state formation. The socioeconomic narrative then shifts to political and military specifics to demythologize the rise of the Ghaznavids in terms of the framing contexts described in the previous chapters. Finally, the study specifies the exact combination of culture and history which the Ghaznavids exemplified to show their particular and universal character and suggest future paths for research. The Socioeconomics of State Formation in Medieval Afghanistan I. General Introduction II. Perspectives on the Ghaznavid Age History of the literature Entrance into western European discourse Reevaluations of the last century Historiographic rethinking Synopsis III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginnings of Christianity in Merv
    Iranica Antiqua, vol. XXX, 1995 THE BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIANITY IN MERV BY G. KOSHELENKO, A. BADER, V. GAIBOV (Moscow Institute of Archaeology) The history of Christianity in Merv is well-known enough beginning with the Sassanian era, thanks to the famous Chronicle of Seert and al- Biruni’s descriptions1. Other sources are unfortunately very often neglected, so one could have the impression that the earliest penetration of Christianity into Merv is only from the IVth century A.D. However, some materials show clearly that a certain presence of Christian religion can be traced in the town of Merv as well as in the area of the Merv oasis (Margiana) already in the Parthian epoch. While describing the famous scene of assignment of peoples and coun- tries for missionary activity among the apostles (by throwing lots), Pseudo-Hyppolytus mentions Parthians, Medians, Persians, Hyrcanians, Bactrians and Margians as the peoples which the apostle Thomas had to baptize. From the same text we learn that (according to Pseudo- Hyppolytus) St Thomas preached in an Indian town Kalamene also, and that he was buried there2. A confirmation of the Pseudo-Hyppolytus’ information seems to be preserved in the Armenian Christian tradition. In an Armenian synaxare under the 12th day of navasardom month (i.e. August, 22) St Thomas is mentioned as the prophet who contributed much to the christianization of India. Unfortunately, other details are lacking of this part of the Armenian 1 E. SACHAU, Die Christianisierung-Legende von Merv, Festschrift für Wolf Wilhelm Grafen von Baudissin, Giessen 1918; G. MESSINA, Al-Biruni sugli inizi del Cristianismo a Merv, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, A.H.
    [Show full text]
  • Over a Century of Persecution: Massive Human Rights Violation Against Hazaras in Afghanistan
    OVER A CENTURY OF PERSECUTION: MASSIVE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION AGAINST HAZARAS IN AFGHANISTAN CONCENTRATED ON ATTACKS OCCURRED DURING THE NATIONAL UNITY GOVERNMENT PREPARED BY: MOHAMMAD HUSSAIN HASRAT DATE: FEBRUARY,2019 ABBREVIATIONS AIHRC Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission ALP Afghan Local Police ANA Afghanistan National Army ANBP Afghanistan National Border Police ANP Afghanistan National Police ANSF Afghanistan National Security Forces ANDS Afghanistan National Directorate of Security BBC British Broadcasting Corporation DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade EU European Union HRW Human Rights Watch IDE Improvised Explosive Devices IDP Internal Displaced Person ISAF International Security Assistance Force IS-PK Islamic state- Khorasan Province MP Member of Parliament NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organizations NUG National Unity Government PC Provincial Council UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNDP United Nations Development Programmes I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…1 2. SECURITY CONTEXT OF AFGHANISTAN …………………………………………………………………………….….…3 3. METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 4. THE EXTENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION AGAINST HAZARAS IN AFGHANISTAN....6 5. TARGET KILLING AND ORCHESTRATED ATTACK...………………………....…….………….………………….11 a. THE TALIBAN ATTACKS ON JAGHORI, UROZGAN AND MALISTAN…...…................………….….…11 b. SUICIDE ATTACKS ON MAIWAND WRESTLING CLUB..................................................................................16
    [Show full text]
  • OVERSEAS CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS (OCO) REQUEST AFGHANISTAN SECURITY FORCES FUND (ASFF) (Dollars in Thousands)
    OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE BUDGET FISCAL YEAR (FY) 2022 May 2021 Justification for FY 2022 Afghanistan Security Forces Fund (ASFF) The estimated cost of this report or study for the Department of Defense is approximately $283,000 in Fiscal Years 2020 - 2021. This includes $2,080 in expenses and $281,000 in DoD labor. Generated on 2021Jun01 RefID: 7-55F7B7A FISCAL YEAR 2022 OVERSEAS CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS (OCO) REQUEST AFGHANISTAN SECURITY FORCES FUND (ASFF) (Dollars in Thousands) Table of Contents I. O-1 Exhibit, Funding by Budget Activity Group and Sub-Activity Group ....................................................................................................................... 5 II. The Importance of the Afghanistan Security Forces Fund in the U.S. South Asia Strategy ........................................................................................... 7 A. Budget Activity Groups .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 B. Women in the ANDSF ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 C. Sources of ANDSF Funding ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]