a 11-IE

Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia ISSN 0047-7222 Vol. 30, No. I - 1998

FjSf-61:87

FjSf-61:48

-Q- 0 2 3 FjSf-61:103 centimetres

SERIALS SERVICES FjSf-61:107 RECEIVED SEP 2 3 1998

UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA McPHERSON LIBRARY

Fj Sf-61:129 Nechako Canyon Excavations I ·

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF a MIDDEN BRITISH COLUMBIA Published four times a year by the Archaeological Society of British Columbia Dedicated to the protection of archaeological resources and the spread of archaeological knowledge. Editorial Committee Acting Chief Editor: Heather Myles (274-4294) President [email protected] Helmi Braches (462 -8942) Field Editor: Richard Brolly (689-1678) [email protected] [email protected] News Editor: Heather Myles Membership Pu.blications Editor: Robbin Chatan Sean Nugent (685-9592) [email protected] [email protected] .ca Editorial Assistant: Erin Strutt Annual membership includes I year's subscription to Production & Fred Braches (462-8942) Subscriptions: [email protected] The Midden and the ASBC newsletter, SocNotes. Membership Fees SuBSCRIPTION is included with membership in the ASBC. Non-members: $14.50 per year ($17.00 USA and overseas), Individual: $25 Family:$30 Seniors/Students: $I 8 payable in Canadian funds to the ASBC. Remit to: Send cheque or money order payable to the ASBC to: Midden Subscriptions, ASBC ASBC Membership P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station Vancouver, B.C. VSC 2N3 Vancouver, B.C., V6C 2N3 SuBMISSIONS: We welcome contributions on subjects germane to B.C. archaeology. Guidelines are available on request. Sub­ ASBC on Internet missions and exchange publications should be directed to the http://home. istar.ca/-glenchan/asbc/asbc.shtml appropriate editor at the ASBC address. Affiliated Chapters Nanaimo Contact: Rachael Sydenham Copyright Internet: http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/5433 Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the ASBC. Programme Chair: Lorrie Lee Hayden It is unlawful to reproduce all or any part, by any means what­ Meetings the second Monday of the month at Malaspina Uni­ soever, without the Society's permission, which is usually gladly versity College, Department of Social Science. given.

Contributors this issue Victoria Contact: Tom Bown (250-385-2708) Diana Alexander, Arne K. Carlson, Robbin Chatan, Bruce Internet: http://www.museumsassn.bc.ca/-bcma/museums/asbc Dahlstrom, Heather Myles and Sandra Zacharias. Meetings on the third Thursday of the month at 7:30pm at the Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria.

ASBC Diary

The British Columbia Heritage Trust has provided MEETINGS featuring illustrated lectures 8.ie held on the second Wednesday of each month (Except July and August) at 8:00 financial assistance to this project to support conservation of pm. Meetings are usually held at the Auditorium of the our heritage resources, gain further knowledge and increase Vancouver Museum at II 00 Chestnut Street in Vancouver. New members and visitors are welcome. public understanding of the complete history of British

Columbia .. September 9 - Speaker: George P. Nicholas Archaeological Prospects and Aboriginal Concerns in British Columbia ft THE IDDEN

Table Of CULTURE LIBRARY Contents UPDATE

As reported in the Winter 1997 issue of The Midden, Culture Library Update budgetary cutbacks within the Ministry of Small Business, Internet Resources & BC 2- 4 Tourism and Culture have left the Culture Library without Archaeology funding. by Bruce Dahlstrom At this time, the Ministry is undertaking financial and A Plateau Horizon Site on the 5 - 9 administrative procedures to transfer theCulture Library Nechako Canyon collection to the BC Archives. Until the closure occurs by Arne K. Carlson the library is operating as usual. Individuals can contact Romi Casper via phone (250 356-1440), fax (250 356- The Separation of Home and 7796) or email ([email protected]) with the Workplace Review by Sandra Zacharias 1 0 loan requests and limited photocopying is still available. The tentative closure date for the library is this Autumn. Labouring to the Changing 11 - 12 Upon transfer to the BC Archives the Culture Library Rythms and Motions of Industry collection will be part of the Closed Stacks attached to the Review by Robbin Chatan Reading Room. While the collection will still be Re-evaluating Historical Ar- 12 - 13 accessible, it will become a reference only collection. chaeology Requests of photocopied material from the collection Review by Diana Alexander will still be possible, but the time between request and arrival of the photocopies may be quite lengthy (i.e. three Look for .... 13 to four weeks). Therefore, anyone in urgent need of Annual Index to the Midden 14 - 16 Culture Library loans should make plans to visit the library Vol. 29, 1997 or contact Romi Casper as soon as possible. by Heather Myles

Permits 17- 20

Field Notes 20

Exhibits Inside back cove

Front Page News Items Inside back cover Artifact illustrations by Lesley Mitchell. Tools recovered from the Conferences Outside back cover excavations at FjSf61 in the vicinity of the Nechako Canyon, BC. Figure 3 of "A Plateau Horizon Site on the Nechako Canyon" on pages 5 -- 9, Arne K. Carlson.

The Midden 30/1 INTERNET RESOURCES & BC ARCHAEOLOGY

by Bruce Dahlstrom search engine. Some engines specialize in Most web pages as a rule, can be usenet sites4 and others are designed to accessed free of charge using a web The internet has become increasingly 5 find e-mail addresses • There are also spe­ browser. Currently, free web browsers are important as a way to cost effectively dis­ cialized indexes and search engines which available from Netscape10 and Microsoft11 seminate information. A great deal ofma­ provide information about particular sub­ among others. Choosing a web browser is terial about archaeology is available on jects. ArchNet6 has detailed information a matter of personal preference, however the internet. For example, two recent web on archaeological topics including web you may fmd that some sites work more searches revealed between 53,033 and pages sorted by geographic region and reliably with a particular browser. Many 488,380 web pages mentioning archae­ subject. This index is particularly useful people find it useful to use more.tha n one ology: This article highlights a selection for older and more established resources. browser. ofthese resources which have particular A detailed list of archaeology and preser­ Commercial Sites - Several corpora­ relevance to archaeology in British Co­ vation resources is provided by the Na­ tions maintain web sites including soft­ lumbia. tional Center for Preservation Technology ware vendors and equipment suppliers. Of The internet resources can be broken 7 and Training . particular relevance to archaeology are down into four classes: web pages, e-mail Beyond the scope of this presentation, field equipment suppliers such as Neville discussion groups ( li sts), usenet considerable information on First Nations Crosby12 instrument suppliers like Fisher newsgroups, and interactive discussions is available through the Native Web8 Scientific13 and educational equipment (chats). They each have different struc­ which is a good starting point for such suppliers such as Edmund Scientific14• A tures and degrees of formality and research. The province also supplies a list number of archaeological consulting fmns interactivity, as illustrated. For purposes of First Nation governments.9 also have web pages. In British Columbia, of this discussion, formality is defined as the BC Association of Professional Con­ the ability to structure and present infor­ sulting Archaeologists (BCAPCA) pro­ mation, and interactivity is the ease with IW>b Page s! vides a list of member consulting firms, which different individuals can participate 0' several of which have their own web 15 in a discussion. Fom1ality has the advan- ~ !Mailing lists! pages . The American Cultural Resource tage of allowing for the presentation of '<"" Association 16 has a similar list in the complex and detailed information, while !Newsgroup I United States. interactivity allows for the maximum Government Sites - All levels of gov-. number of individuals to participate with Chat ernment are well represented on the web. the minimum expenditure of effort. Many towns and small communities have nteractiv~y Internet resources are in a continual web sites which provide local maps and state of flux, and although this informa­ lists of hotels and other local businesses, tion was up to date at the time of publica­ (this can usually be found by doing a Web Pages tion, changes may have occurred. I fa web search of the town name). The province Web pages have a high degree of for­ page link is not active, a variation on the also has information on accommodations mality in that the structure and content of 17 link or a search may be effective. A and travel • the pages are designed in advance, and number of search engines are available Material on provincial heritage legisla­ 1 2 cannot be changed by the user. There are including the popular Excite and Yahoo • tion is available from the Queen's Printer18 some exceptions where the web page's These engines search through submitted including the Heritage Conservation designer allows users to participate or 19 lists of pages, and are often useful for re­ Act • Currently, the Archaeology Branch comment on the site. ln most cases how­ sources which have a high degree of vis­ does not have a web page, but unofficial ever, these sites resemble journals or mu­ ibility and organization such as corpo­ copies of Branch directives are available seum displays in which information is pre­ rate web sites. Another type of browser, from theBCAPCN° The Ministry of For­ sented by the designer, and accessed but often called a web crawler\ looks through ests has a web page with contains details not altered by the user. Web sites here are the web and provides longer lists of links. about the forest practices code21 Infor­ organized into five general categories: Theses browsers are better at finding mation on the Canadian Heritage Informa­ commercial sites (those providing prod­ deeply buried and ep~emeral resources. tion Network (CHIN) is available22 and ucts or ~ervices); government sites; aca­ The list of 488,380 was produced using a Parks Canada maintains a number of web demic sites; association and special inter­ web crawler while the 53,033 list of links pages which include material on the Fed­ est sites; and museum!E-journals. 23 was produced using a conventional eral Archaeology Office •

2 The Midden 30/1 Other provincial sites of interest pro­ brary catalogues. BC university depart­ are passed on to each member. This struc­ 2 vide geographic data. These include a de­ ments include Simon Fraser University4 , ture is less formal than a web page in that 43 tailed searchable database of place the University ofVictoria , the University any member can participate. Joining a 24 4 names and a variety of GIS data obtain­ of British Columbia \ and the University mailing list requires an e-mail address and 45 able free of charge from the Ministry of ofNorthern BC • When conducting a web permission of the list manager. Detailed 25 Environment Lands and Parks • Phone based library search for archaeological information about the lists described is 58 numbers and addresses for provincial information, it should be noted that many avaHable from Arch-Net . One ofthe most employees including Branch staff are also older books (such as most ethnographies) popular lists, Arch-L is a general discus­ 26 available . are often not listed in the electronic cata­ sion of archaeological issues (academic · Museums - Both the Royal BC Mu­ logue. job listings and American cultural re­ seum 27 and Museum of Anthropology28 source job opportunities often appear Associations and Special have detailed web pages. A list of member here). The historical archaeology li st museums and links to web pages which Interests (HistArch) provides a dialogue for issues are organized by city is available from the Many associations provide web pages, in historical archaeology. A number of 29 which usually list upcoming events and BC Museums Association • The federal more specialized lists are also available Museum of Civilization also has its own news about the society as well as general including the American Cultural Re­ 30 information. The ASBC, for example, main­ web page . In the United States, the sources Association (ACRA-L) and a rock· 46 Smithsonian31 provides similar pages, and tains a web page . Professional societies art discussion (ROCK-ART). · the Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthro­ also have web pages which discuss their Newsgroups pology,32 maintains pages which are fo­ rules and requirements for membership, Newsgroups have a higher degree of cused on anthropology and archaeology. and provide lists of members. The BC interactivity than mailing lists, in that one In addition, there are a number of 'vir­ Association of Professional Consulting 47 does not have to be a member in order to tual museum' web sites that display pho­ Archaeologists has a page • Other ar­ participate, and anyone with an interest tographs, texts, moving images and chaeological association pages include the 8 can post a message. This has disadvan­ sounds from museum exhibits. Like regu­ Canadian Archaeological Society4 , So­ 9 tages in that it allows for protracted argu­ lar museums, these sites often change. ciety for Historical Archaeology" , Soci­ 50 ments with little relevance to archaeology, Three recent examples include a site which ety for American Archaeology , and the and encourages cross posting (the send­ discusses the excavation o'f one of Association of Historical Archaeologists 51 33 in the Pacific Northwest • ing of messages to numerous newsgroups LaSalle's ships in Texas , the excavation which sometimes includes those unrelated data from Keatly Creek34 and fish traps in Areas of special interest in archaeology 35 often have web pages whjch can usually to the message's subject). Some widely Northern Califomia . · carried newsgroups are sci.archaeology, Sites which present historical photo­ be found by conducting keyword sci.anthropology, and alt.archaeology. graphs are also of interest to archaeolo­ searches. Of particular interest is Henri D. Also available are more specialized groups gists. These include the BC Provincial Grissino-Mayer's Tree-Ring and Tree­ 52 including sci.archaeology.mesoamerican Archives which has an extensive historic rung Research web page , which provides and sci.anthropology.paleo. A fe~ photo-database on line36 and the Univer­ a detailed discussion of the techniques newsgroups are moderated, in that an in­ sity of British Columbia which has selected used by dendrochronologists, lists publi­ 37 cations including archaeological reports, dividual is appointed to read and screen historic images • out irrelevant and offensive postings. One Also available are papers, theses, site and provides information on sources for widely carried moderated archaeology reports and other long textual information dendrochronological supplies. The North­ 53 newsgroup is sci.archaeology.moderated. packages. These include a discussion of west Obsidian Research Laboratory has A number ofbulletin board systems also a New Haven Connecticut burial a homepage which includes a detailed bi­ ography of obsidian studies, sourcing in­ exist as parts of web pages which provide ground38 and a series of excerpts from pa­ 39 formation, and details about their hydra­ a newsgroup like environment. Lndividu­ pers on lithic analysis • als can post a message to these boards £-journals- are a similar sort of re­ tion and XRF services. The University of 54 which will be seen and responded to by . source in which papers are collected and Arizona's Cl4 site provides information other board users. distributed through electronic means. Rela­ on radiocarbon dating. A number of sites tively little information is available in E­ are devoted to lithic analysis and Chat avocational tlintknapping, and a list of joumal format but Online Archaeology4° is 55 Chat is the most interactive of the forms these is available . Historical archaeol­ being prepared, and a number of sites pro­ discussed here. Participants send infor­ vide Jinks to paper journals which often ogy specialties are also well represented 56 mation back and forth as text or less com­ including bead research • The Field Work have table of contents, newsletters and monly as sound and/or video. These re­ Server57 provides a list of Canadian and other information which is accessible in sources allow for immediate participation 1 international field opportunities. electronic format4 • and are common recreational pursuits. I Academic Sites - Most universities Mailing Lists am not very familiar with archaeological provide a series of web pages which usu­ Mailing Lists are lists of e-mail ad­ uses of chat but the Minning Co. has a ally conta.in information on events, depart­ dresses whose participants all have a par­ bulletin board style chat59 and Mat main­ 60 ments, staff, admission, and access to li- ticular interest. Messages sent to the list tains a PaleoChat .

The Midden 30/1 3 Use and Misuse of Internet Information References to Internet Sites Internet information has many of the 1 www.excite.com same problems as information collected 2 visual.htm www.yahoo.com 37 Jayton.library.ubc.ca/WWW.41 9.x/ from paper sources. It can be outdated, 3 such as www.hotbot.com access+DBASE.PHOTOS inaccurate or intentionally incorrect. • such as dejanews.com 38 www.Jib.uconn.edu/ArchNet/Topical/ Therefore, it is important to be sure ofy our 5 www.bigfoot.com 6 Historic/Grove Street.html source. Information from a web site man­ www.Jib.uconn.edu/ArchNet/ 39 artalpha.anu .edu.au/web/arc/resources/ aged by a corporation or large institution 7 www.ncptt. nps.gov/pttinfo _ about_fs.stm 8 papers/stonepapers. htm is more likely to be reliable, than one which www.nativeweb.org/ 40 avebury.arch .soton.ac. uk/Journal/ 9 www.aaf.gov. bc.ca/aaf/pubs/bands.htm is posted to a mailing list or chat site. If 10 journal.html www.netscape.com 41 possible, information should be collected 11 These links include: wings.buffalo.edu/ www.microsoft.com anthropology/Documents/ from as close to the source (the original 12 www.nevcros.com arch _society_directory and poster) as possible. It is usually best to 13 www.fisher !.com www.Jib.uconn.edu/ArchNet/Other/ use internet data as a supplement and 14 www.edsci.com 15 Journals.html guide to paper sources, (making a list of www.bcapca.bc.ca 42 16 www.sfu.ca/archaeology/ publications relevant to lithic analysis for www.mindspring.com/- wheaton/ 43 web.uvic.ca/anth/ example), rather than as an ultimate source ACRAMembership.html 44 17 www.arts.ubc.ca/anso/ANSO!nfo.htm of information. The internet however, is www.tbc.gov.bc.ca/tourism/ 45 quarles.unbc.edu/anthro/ . tourismhome.html 46 an excellent place for news and gossip 18 home.istar.ca/- glenchan/asbc/asbc.shtml bbs.qp.gov.bc.ca 47 www.bcapca.bc.ca which, if not taken too seriously, can be 19 bbs.qp.gov.bc.ca/stat_reg/statutes/ 48 amusing. www.canadianarchaeology.com/caa. files/ 18700.htm caa.homepage Breaking archaeological news (al­ 20 www.bcapca.bc.ca/branch.htm 49 www.sha.org/index.html though often incorrect or incomplete from 21 www.for.gov.bc.ca/TASBILEGSREGS/ 50 www.saa.org/ even professional sources), can also be FPC/FPC.HTM 51 www.spiretech.com/- lester/ahapn/index/ 61 22 interesting . A few BC newspapers are www.chin.gc.ca index.htm 23 accessible on line such as the Vancouver parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/archaeology/ 52 tree.Jtrr.arizona.edu/-grissino/henri.htm Sun62. Aditionally, CBC information is page3eng.htm 53 24 www.peak.org/-skinncr/obsidian/html 63 www.env.gov.bc.ca/-bcnames/ 54 packrat.aml.arizona.edu/main.html available in various forms . Science Now 25 www.elp.gov.bc.ca/gis/ 55 from: wings.buffalo.edu/academic/ provides current science news, some of 26 64 www.dir.gov.bc.ca/ department/anthropology/Lithics/ which has archaeological relevance . A 27 rbcm I. rbcm.gov .be .cal 56 ww.spiretech.com/-lester/sbr/index/ news story or issue of archaeological im­ 28 www.moa.ubc.ca index.htm portance can often be followed in the news­ 29 www3.islandnet.com/- bcma/museums/ 57 www.cincpac.com/afs/testpit.html papers where the story is taking place. cities.html 58 www.Jib. uconn.edu/ Arch Net/Other/ 30 This information is usually of uneven qual­ www.civilization.ca/ Newsgroups.html 31 ity but is generally more detailed than www.si.edu/newstart.htm 59 archaeology.miningco.com/mpboards.htm · 32 sources farther away from the event. A www.pal.berkeley.edu/-hearst/ 60 www.pitt.edu/-mattf/PaleoChat.html exhibits.htm 61 recent example ofthis is the Tri-City Her­ Sites providing free news include: 33 www.thc.state.tx.us/belle ald's coverage ofthe Kennewick Man con­ www.nando.com, www.cnn.com, and 34 www.sfu.ca/archaeology/museum/bc/ troversy65. www.globeandmail.com keat src/kOOOOOO l.htm 62 www.vancouversun.com 35 Conclusion www. indiana.edu/- maritime/caparks/ 63 www.cbc.ca fishtraphome.html 64 sciencenow.sciencemag.org In conclusion, the internet can be a use­ 36 www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/visual/ 65 ful if confusing source of archaeological www.tri-cityherald.com/ information. The resources available change constantly, so it is important to Not only the Archaeological Society of British Columbia in Vancouver but search for a topic of interest regularly and also the Nanaimo Branch and the Victoria Branch of the ASBC have web check web pages for updates and new pages on the Internet. Take a look! links. Once you have found a site of inter­ ln Victoria the BC Museums Association through Cliff Quinn is sponsor­ est, links for the site will usually direct ing the site at http://www.museumsassn.bc.ca/- bcma/museurns/asbc. I you to similar ones. Nanaimo's site can be accessed through http://www.geocities.com/rainfor­ ·• I est/5433. Both sites give a good indication of what is happening at the two branches. I Bruce Dahlstrom is currently working Speaking ofneat sites: try the digital excavation of the Hoko Rockshelter for I.R. Wilson Consultants Ltd. in at http://www.olywa.net/ketchie/hoko/rockdig/htm. This site lets you partici­ Victoria as a consulting archaeologist. He specializes in coastal archaeology and pate in the excavation of the rockshelter as you work your way through computer applications. each unit in 5 em levels.

4 The Midden 30/1 A PLATEAU HORIZON SITE ON THE NECHAKO CANYON

by Arne K. Carlson

Introduction precipitous cliff exists at this locale, such Investigations In 1996 Arne Carlson, and a crew ofsev­ as those present along most of the Investigations at FjSf 61 involved de­ eral archaeology students and First Na­ Nechako Canyon. tailed contour mapping of the single tions assistants conducted exploratory FjSf 61 was one of approximately 150 house depression with level and stadia, test excavations at five small archaeologi­ sites first recorded in 1994 during an in­ and excavation of four lx1 m2 excavation cal sites in the vicinity of the Nechako ventory survey of the Nechako Canyon. units in a trench through the middle of the Canyon, BC. Presented below is a brief Identified at the site was a single house house. Mapping data points were taken summary of the investigation results at depression, originally created through on a l m grid across the house feature, one of these sites (FjSf 61). Additional excavation of a hollow/depression into a extending approximately 3 m beyond the details about the investigations is pro­ slope on the southwest end of a silty sand edge ofthe house in all directions. From vided in the permit report (Carlson these data, contour lines were inter­ 1997). polated and a map was produced The rationale for this study stems (Fig. 1). from a long-standing need for ar­ chaeological research of virtually any kind in the central and northern Sediments and Stratigraphy interior portions of BC. A substan- Sediments in the house at FjSf 61 consist primarily of variable depth tial void exists in the archaeological ·~""=='"~;;;;' = """""..! record of northwestern North -.. silts overlying compact heavy clay. America. Gaps in basic archaeologi- The depth/thickness of the silt cal knowledge of this region (and sediments increases to the north, and other areas to the north) include a the entire ridge into which the house lack of detailed culture-historical se­ was originally excavated appears to quence, no outline ofsettlement and consist of silt. Additionally, an inter­ mittent layer of sand was identified subsistence patterns for the pre-con­ during the excavations, but its extent tact period (let alone how these may in the natural stratigraphy ofthe area have changed over the Holocene), and no comprehensive understand­ could not be determined. Given the sediments' generally fine texture, ing of the variability in the distribu­ they were likely deposited in a rela- tion and nature of archaeological tively slow moving, flood plain/flu­ sites and material culture through time and ridge. Seven cache pits were discovered vial bar environment. Four primary strata space. This study was intended to begin southwest of the house, situated on the were identified in the house overlying the filling in these gaps. tops and sides of several NE-SW parallel running ridges of fine silty sediments. Two basal clay (Fig. 2). other depressions tentatively interpreted Stratum I consists of dark brown to Site and Setting - FjSf 61 as cache pits were identified on the oppo­ black organic litter, sod, and root mat on Fj Sf 61 is located in the bottom of a site side of the knoll into which the house the surface. Cultural material first appears protected basin on the west side of the was excavated. Although not defmite, it at the bottom of this stratum, on top of Nechako Canyon, approximately 3.5 km is assumed that these cache pits are con­ Stratum II. Stratum II consists of dark or­ north ofKenney Dam. The 'basin' appears temporaneous and directly associated ange brown silt ofvariable thickness from to be ~nearly Holocene 'eddy' originally with the house depression. A small 5 to l 0 em. It is thickest on the sloped created by the canyon's erosion and sub­ swampy creek running eastward into a ends of the trench, corresponding to the sequent deposition offine sediments from pond flows past the site immediately to vicinity of the house walls, and thinnest glacio-fluvial outwash/flooding. The cur­ the north. Based on the site's location and in the centre of the house. This stratum rent canyon edge is located approximately nature of the features and materials iden­ contains a low moderate amount of cul­ 200m east of the site, and access into the tified, it was interpreted as a winter habi­ tural material and occasional small pieces canyon can be gained in this vicinity. No tation site. of fire cracked rock. It is interpreted as

The Midden 30/1 5 primarily erosional fill deposited subse­ vation units. From N-S it measures approxi­ Overall, the stratigraphy of this house quent to the house collapse. mately 1-1.2 m across. The pit fill in the suggests that only a single occupation Stratum Ill has been separated into two upper/central portion of the feature con­ and house construction · episode are sub-strata A and 8 , and as a whole con­ sists of brown silt with a relatively high present. No evidence of mixing through sist of brown silt. Stratum IliA, the upper proportion of charcoal flecks and chunks, house rebuilding is apparent within the sub-strata, is essentially homogenous and a low to moderate number of fire strata. Each layer is relatively discrete, brown silt. The boundary between IliA cracked cobbles. Its bottom is lined with a clearly defmed, and homogenous. and 1118 is most clear in the northern and sediment matrix containing a high amount southern sections of the profiles, and least of charcoal and a moderate number of fire Features visible in the central sections of the pro­ cracked rocks. The amount ofcharcoal and files. Ill A contains a low frequency of fLre cracked rock increases with depth, and Several features are present at FjSf 61 . cultural material. In the northern units, the at the bottom forms a distinct, but discon­ These include the house feature itself bottom of Stratum IliA and the top of Stra­ tinuous black layer, particularly in the (F:8), the circular cultural depressions tum Ill 8 is marked by discontinuous black western half of the pit feature. This de­ (cache pits, Features 1-7 & 9-10), and the pockets/lenses of charcoal rich sediment. pression is interpreted as a burning pit sub-surface pit feature (F:A) described The primary distinction between IliA and used for heating and cooking. Tools, above. 1118 is that IIIB is somewhat lighter in col­ flakes, and calcined bone were found The single house at FjSf 61 is moder­ our, and contains diffuse mottles and throughout the pit fill. ately sized. On the surface, the back (north) patches o.f charcoal rich of the house is approximately 1. m high, sediment and charcoal and the ftont ap­ flecks. Additionally, Figure 2 proximately 30 em Stratum 1118 has a rela­ high as measured tively high proportion from the centre ofthe of cultural material. The depression. Not in­ bottom boundary of cluding the depth of Stratum IIIB is abrupt, Feature A in the cen­ tre of the house, the wavy, and most distinct depression was exca­ in the northern half of vated to between 35 the house, as indicated and 60 em below the by the occurrence of a current surface. The very thin ( l-2mm) layer of orange-brown, com­ depth of the original excavation would have been greater at the pact sandy-silt overlying Stratum IV. Below Stratum IIIB in the southern two back (north) of the house as the original Stratum IliA is interpreted as primarily units butting up against the south side of rooftop and erosional sediments. Stratum the pit feature (F:A) is a variable thick­ slope of the ridge rose to the north. The overall shape of the house depression i? IIIB is the main cultural layer of the house, ness layer/lense of clean grey sand. Cul­ slightly oblong measuring approximately containing diffuse charcoal throughout tural material is not present in this sand, 7 m long x 5.5 m wide. and a high proportion of cultural material. and it marks the bottom of cultural depos­ It can be assumed that a super-struc­ No distinct ' living floor' was identified its in the southern half ofthe trench, south ture existed when the house was in use, either stratigraphically or through artifact of F:A. Stratum IV consists of relatively extending southward from the slope at the distributions. A thin, orange, compact compact grey-brown clayey silt with a fme back creating roof and walls. The form and sandy silt layer in the northern half of the brown mottle. The top of this layer repre­ nature of this super-structure cannot be trench and the bottom ofF:A (see below), sents the bottom of the cultural deposits, determined. However, it is likely that it was clearly mark the end ofthe cultural depos­ except where the sand layer is encoun­ relatively lightly built of smaller poles, pos­ its and the original excavation ofthe house tered above Stratum IV. The house floor sibly bark roofing, and some earth cover­ depression. Cultural material is more or was originally dug into Stratum IV. As in­ ing. It does not appear to have been a less evenly distributed horizontally and dicated above, in the northern two units, heavily built structure of logs and poles vertically throughout Stratum IIIB, and its the top of Stratum IV is marked by a very or necessarily covered entirely with earth, bottom marks the end of cultural depos­ thin (1-2mm) layer oforange-brown , com­ like a typical interior pit-house. This inter­ its. . pact sandy-silt at the bottom of Stratum pretation is based on the stratigraphy of In the. central portion of the house, a IIIB. Stratum V is the deepest sediment the house fill consisting of relatively thin large pit feature (F:A) appears in Stratum stratum identified. It is culturally sterile upper strata of roof fall/erosional fill with IIIB. The top of the depression is poorly and consists of dark grey compact clay. It low quantities of charcoal. No evidence defined, but appears to begin somewhere is assumed to be a continuous layer un­ of post moulds was found, probably be­ in the middle of Stratum IIIB. The pit out­ derlying all other layers, and probably the cause the excavation units were entirely line is irregular in shape and roughly ob­ entire ridge into which the house was built. within the house itself. It is assumed that long. Its long axis is approximately E-W, The original house was not dug to this the entrance was on the south end of the and extends beyond the limits of the exca- layer.

6 The Midden 30/1 Table 1: Frequency ofDebitage by Raw Material and Stratum from FjSf61 Material! Stratum n IIIIllA IIIIIIAIIIIB lliAIIDB IIIB IJIRIF:A F:A TOTALS Basalt 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Chalcedony 78 Tl 45 70 336 70 170 796 Vitreous Basalt 4 2 3 2 29 5 7 52 TOTALS: 82 29 48 72 365 75 178 849

and with poorly defined bulbs of percus­ structure, opposite the ridge bank. How­ present. The closest known source is the sion. These attributes are particularly ap­ ever, no direct evidence of a doorway was Baezaeko/Biackwater River region, ap­ parent on many of the fine agate chal­ identified. proximately 100 km southeast of the cedony flakes in the assemblage. Nechako Canyon. The Basalt raw material category is a Cultural Material - Artifacts catch-all for dark-grey to black raw mate­ Tools A total of 881 lithic specimens consist­ rial that is relatively coarse and crystal­ ing of849 pieces of debitage and 32 tools A total of32 lithic specimens classified line (crystals visible without magnifica­ were recovered from approximately 2.45 m3 as tools were recovered from the excava­ tion). It is locally available throughout the of matrix. The volume oflithic material at tions at Fj Sf 61. These are presented in area. this site is approximately 360 specimens/ Table 2 according to artifact type and raw The greatest amounts of debitage were cubic metre (includes excavated sterile material, and in Table 3 according to arti­ recovered from both Stratum IIIB and the strata). The ratio of debitage to tools is fact type and stratum. The 'tools' category F:A fill (n=618, 72.8%), representing the includes bifaces, unifaces, and retouched approximately 27:1. Cultural material was primary cultural layers within the house. and utilized flakes recovered from Strata II, III, and the F:A Stratum IliA has a low quantity of cul­ fill. Additionally, 6.1ithic specimens con­ Bifaces -- Three bifaces or fragments tural material. Unfortunately, it was not were recovered from FjSf 61. These in­ sisting of 5 unmodified chalcedony flakes possible to completely isolate the mate­ clude a mid-section fragment ofa relatively and I chalcedony core remnant, were re­ rial in lilA from Stratum II above and IIIB large chalcedony biface and two broken covered from shovel tests excavated at the below, because levels were excavated be­ projectile points. Both projectile point frag­ site when it was first found. However, the low unit datum and not by natural layers. ments are made ofvitreous basalt. The first following discussion only includes mate­ Consequently, the strata classes in Table of these (FjSf 61:87, Fig. 3) is the blade rial recovered during the current test ex­ I were combined as II/IIIA, II/IIIA/IIIB, section of a large, well made, apparently cavations. and IIIA/IIIB classes. basally-notched point. Unfortunately the Debitage recovered from FjSf 61 repre­ base, and what were probably basal-lat­ Debitage sents primarily middle to late lithic reduc­ eral barbs, have broken off. The terminal Table I presents the frequencies of tion stages. Most flakes are small to me­ ends of the notches however, are still · debitage by raw material type and stra­ dium sized, and there are few examples present. This point is very similar to pro­ tum. As used here, debitage includes all with existing cortex, a low proportion of jectile points found in the southern inte­ unmodified flakes, broken flakes, shatter, shatter, and a high proportion with two or rior plateau from the Plateau Horizon of and chunks. The largest proportion of more dorsal flake scars. All of these at­ the Plateau Pithouse Tradition dating debitage (n=796, 93 .8%) consists of chal­ tributes are indicative of later stages of about 2,400-1 ,200 years ago in the south­ cedony, followed by vitreous basalt (n= tool manufacture/maintenance. Addition­ em interior (Richards and Rousseau 1987). 52, 6.1 %), and basalt (n= l, 0.1%). There is ally, numerous small pressure flakes are The specimen from FjSf 61 is at the large no obsidian in the assemblage. present, and many of the flakes appear to end of the typical size range for points The chalcedony material, which comes have been created through soft-hammer from the Plateau Horizon. in a wide variety of colours, is derived from percussion, as they are n;:latively flat, thin, immediately local sources. Bands and pockets of it are present in the basaltic Table 2: Frequency of Tools by Type and Raw Material, FjSf 61 bedrock of the canyon and vicinity, and nodules and chunks of the material can TY(~e J Material Chalcedony Vitreous Basalt TOTALS: be found in glacial and fluvial gravel de­ Biface-tool I posits near the river. Biface-proj. pt. 2 2 No immediately local source ofvitreous Ret./Util. flakes 21 2 23 basalt is currently known for the upper U niface-scraper 4 4 Nechako River. However, given the sig­ Uniface-graver nificant volcanic geology in the upper Uniface-awl Nechako· basin, local sources may be TOTALS: 28 4 32

The Midden 30/1 7 Table 3: Frequency of Tools by Type and Stratum, FjSf61 Type I Stratum n IIIIllA llllllAilliB IIIB ~:A F:A TOTALS Biface-tool I Biface-proj. pt. 1 2 Ret.!Util. flakes 5 12 2 2 23 Uniface-scraper 3 4 Uniface-graver Uniface-awl TOTALS: 3 6 16 2 4 32

The second projectile point (FjSf 61:48, end is that of a typical end-scraper. The them are moderate sized samples contain­ Fig. 3) is a smaller comer notched point, next specimen (Fj Sf 61 : 107, Fig. 3) has ing small flecks and chunks of charcoal with one of jts basal comers broken off. It been classified as a uniface-awl. It was mixed with greasy black burnt sediinent. has a slightly concave basal margin, rela­ made from a relatively thick and angular Six were collected from the fill of the burn­ tively small oblique comer-notches which fractured flake of white/grey chalcedony. ing pit feature (F:A). Any or all of these are almost side notches, and a slightly Retouching formed a distinct, slightly ta­ samples would provide good dates. The incurvate blade at its distal end. The blade pering, narrow projection on the distal remaining two samples are from Uri it I OS/ edges are irregular and unevenly shaped, working end. The last uniface (Fj Sf 61: 129, 1OE and were recovered from Stratum IILB. · and its tip is also broken. As with the pre­ Fig. 3) has been classified as a uniface­ These probably represent burnt roofing/ ceding projectile point, this specimen is graver. It is a roughly triangular piece (ta­ structural material from the original house. similar to projectile points from the Pla­ pering to the proximal end), formed on a All ofthe C-14 samples collected are clearly teau Horizon of the southern interior pla­ thick flake of red-white banded chal­ associated with cultural material and are teau (Richards and Rousseau 1987). cedony. It exhibits complete unifacial re­ cultural in origin. Unifaces -- Six items classifi.ed as touch over the entire dorsal face of the Thirty-seven pieces of calcined faunal unifaces, all made from chalcedony, were original flake, forming its shape and creat­ bone, including what appears to be a frag­ recovered from the excavations. Three of ing steep edges. The working end of the mented ungulate tooth, were recovered. them, interpreted as scraping tools, were piece was created through very steep re­ Most, if not all of this material is unidenti­ formed through steep unifacial retouch on touch along the distal end, to form a fiable to species, but appear to be mam­ relatively thick flakes. Little effort was in­ slightly concave distal margin, with a mal. The greater proportion of the bone vested in forming the overall shape of small fme and sharp spur projection on (n=27) was collected from the fill of Fea­ these three tools, and their form is some­ the right distal corner. ture A. These faunal bones, the high quan­ what amorphous. Of the remaining Retouched/Utilized Flakes -- Twenty­ tities of charcoal and fire cracked rock, unifaces, one is classified as an end one specimens classified as retouched, indicate that it was a fire pit used for heat­ scraper (FjSf 61: I 03, Fig. 3). It has steep possible retouched, utilized and possible ing and probably cooking. unifacial retouch on the distal working end, utilized flakes were recovered. On utilized flakes, the minor edge retouch is presum­ and it is made on a thick flake of caramel Discussion coloured chalcedony. The proximal end of ably created from use. On retouched flakes, Fj Sf 61 is interpreted as a short-term, this piece bas been formed and shaped the edge retouch, while still marginal, is single occupation, early winter habitation through bifacial retouch. However, its more pronounced, regular and assumed site. The nature of the features at the site, overall form and steeply retouched distal to have been created purposefully. The and the composition ofthe artifact assem­ specimens from FjSf 61 consist ofnine­ blage indicate a single component and teen chalcedony and two vitreous basalt occupation. No direct evidence for sea­ flakes. They are variable in size, shape and son of occupation was recovered. How­ in the extent of retouch and/or utilization. ever, the overall nature of the site is con­ All of them have relatively limited, fme, sistent with an early winter site, as and sometimes discontinuous retouch or compared to the ethnographic record of apparent use wear along one lateral mar­ seasonally occupied sites. Further analy­ gin. They would have been used for a va­ sis of the faunal material may produce riety of cutting and scraping purposes. some direct evidence for seasonafity. Ethnographically, it has been docu­ Other Cultural Material mented that large interrelated groups of Eight C-14 samples were recovered from aboriginal peoples of the central interior, FjSf 61 , but none have been submitted gathered at salmon fishing locations on for analysis due to lack of funding. All of the major rivers and lakes in the late sum- Figure 3 .. see cover page

8 The Midden 30/1 mer and.early fall. Subsequent to the har­ cally ascribed to sites with a general func­ Taken as a whole, the poorly docu­ vest, processing and storage/preserva­ tion of habitation/tool use, and indicates mented, investigated, and synthesized tion of salmon to provide a winter food a relatively high degree of tool mainte­ archaeological record ofthe interior region supply (berries were also collected and nance at the site. The debitage to tool ra­ between roughly the Chilcotin and preserved during the fall), the larger gath­ tio of 27: I at FjSf 61 falls between the Nechako rivers, seems to indicate that this erings would break into several smaller values of8-15: I from house pits at Keatley region should be viewed as the boundary one or two family groups and disperse to Creek (J. Spafford pers. comm.), a multi­ area of overlapping southern and north­ winter hunting, trapping, and fishing ter­ component long term habitation site, and em interior spheres of cultural interaction ritories. A suitable location would then 39: I for FjSf 30 (see Carlson 1997) which throughout the late Holocene. Moreover, be chosen and structures constructed. is interpreted as a short term primarily early there was likely one or more shifts in the Early in the winter, people could rely on stage lithic reduction site. This supports degree or magnitude of interaction or in­ the salmon, berry, and other stores har­ the proposition that the site was occupied fluence from north or south. The last of vested in the fall. As such, these sites were for a fairly short time, as does the rela­ these shifts, it can be hypothesized, was probably not far from the salmon fishing tively low amount of lithic material recov­ from the north and corresponds .to the locations. Based on this ethnographic ered, and the generally low level of vari­ southward expansion of Athapaskan pattern, an early winter site would be fairly ability in the types of tools and raw speaking peoples. Working within ·such a small, with one or two winter style houses, materials present. In addition, no evidence framework, in this portion ofthe interior, · have features evincing food storage, and of rebuilding or re-use of the house is ap­ we should expect to fmd single compo­ be relatively close to a good salmon fish­ parent in the stratigraphy observed. nent sites of the Plateau Pithouse Tradi­ ing location. The recovered projectile points indicate tion, and single component sites of north­ FjSf 61 fits this pattern well. The single that FjSf 61 is a component ofthe Plateau em traditions. Moreover, we should also house would have been suitable for a rela­ Horizon ofthe Plateau Pithouse Tradition. expect to discover sites, single or multi­ tively small group of people. Additionally, Therefore, it is expected that this site dates component, that appear to have combina­ a significant amount of effort was put into to the period 2,400-1 ,200 years ago. Based tions of northern and southern traits. Tezli the house construction, particularly in on the projectile points' morphology and and Punchaw are probably best inter­ terms of excavating the original depres­ high similarity with Plateau Horizon mate­ preted this way, particularly given their sion in order to provide a well. insulated rial from the south, it would be very sur­ apparent long spans of occupation. In structure. The basin itself, within which prising if C-14 samples came back with summary, examining the culture history of the site is located, offers a well protected dates outside the above range. This site the central interior region within such a locality. Evidence for food storage con­ currently represents the most northerly framework, would go a long way in assist­ sists of several cache pits. Dried salmon, known expression ofthe Plateau Horizon, ing archaeological interpretation of the harvested from the Nechako River, and and probably represents the northern pe­ pre-contact history of this region ofBC. dried and preserved berries collected from riphery ofthe full distribution of this cul­ References Cited the surrounding area would have been put tural horizon. Carlson, Arne K. 1997, 1996 Archaeological up in these caches. Salmon may have been In contrast to the fmdings at Fj Sf 61, Investigations at Sites FjSf 30, 61 , I 02, 155 , collected directly from the canyon to the there are an increasing number of sites and FkSf II in the Nechako Canyon Vicinity. east of the site, although it remains un­ being identified in the Nechako River Unpublished HCA permit report 1996-197. On known whether or not migrating salmon Drainage Basin with lithic assemblages file at the Culture Library, Victoria. actually entered the canyon prior to the bearing similarities to the broadly defined Helmer, James 1977, Points, People and Pre­ construction of Kenney Dam. Neverthe­ Northern Archaic Tradition, and having history: A Preliminary Synthesis of Culture His­ less, chinook salmon currently and in the little or no similarity with the southern Pla­ tory in North Central British Columbia. In Pre­ past always reach the mouth of the can­ teau Pithouse Tradition. FjSf 61 is an ex­ history of the North American Sub-Arctic. The Athapaskan Question, edited by J.W. Helmer, S. yon, approximately 3 km north ofthe site. ception to this pattern. Moreover, no sites Van Dyke, F.J. Kense, pp. 09-96. University of The Cheslatta Fan (now a dry gravel bar with definite Kamloops Horizon assem­ Calgary Archaeological Association, Calgary. at the mouth of the canyon) probably pro­ blages have been identified north of the vided excellent spawning grounds for Blackwater River area. Those sites near Richards, Thomas H., and Mike K. Rousseau 1987, Late Prehistoric Cultural Horizons on the chinook. It would have been a relatively the Blackwater River with components Canadian Plateau. Archaeology Press Publica­ short distance to travel in order to bring ascribed to the horizons of the Plateau tion No. 16. Department of Archaeology, Simon dried and preserved salmon from the fan Pithouse Tradition (e.g. Tezli and Punchaw Fraser University, Burnaby. area back to the site. Lake) by Richards and Rousseau ( 1987), The lithic assemblage recovered from contain high frequencies of projectile Arne K. Carlson is a PhD candidate in the the house feature indicates that the site/ points that do not fit the Plateau Pithouse Department of Anthropology at the feature was primarily a habitation site and Tradition sequence, and have only low University of Toronto, and the Principal that it represents a relatively short dura­ frequencies or isolated examples of typi­ Archaeologist of TRACES Archaeological Research and Consulting Ltd. He has tion and single occupation. The debitage cal points from the three horizons. As been conducting research and CRM assemblage is predominately composed of Helmer (1977) pointed out, the assem­ archaeological investigations in the flakes ev.incing middle to late stages of blages at these sites are overall better Central Interior region of BC since 1993. Artifact illustrations by Lesley Mitchell. reduction. Such a pattern has been typi- compared to more northerly assemblages.

The Midden 30/1 9 BOOK REVIEWS

THE SEPARATION OF HOME In Chapter 2, Wall provides the histori­ have been "at least in part responsible for AND THE WORKPLACE cal context for this study, which focuses their own ultimate seclusion in the home" on the era from the American Revolution (p. 163). to the 1830's. Using New York City direc­ This book's title, The Archaeology of The Archaeology of tory data, she demonstrates how, over time, Gender: Separating the Spheres in Ur­ home and workplace became physically ban America, is intriguing, but mislead­ ) Gender: Separating separated, first for the 'elite' and then for ing on several accounts. Primarily, it sug­ the middle-class. Similarly, in the follow­ gests this is a much broader study .'than the Spheres in Urban ing chapter, Wall uses the city directories just early nineteenth century middle and America and changing architectural styles to show upper-classes in New York City. Second­ how the 'social landscape' ofthe city was arily, it suggests that the subject of gen­ also changing. Increasingly, the city sepa­ der will be discussed, and finally, it sug­ by DIANA diZEREGA WALL rated into commercial and residential dis­ gests that archaeology will be a,focus of tricts, and into areas based on economic the study, rather than less than one eighth Plenum Press. New York and London. 1994. class. of the book. xvii + 241 pp., illus., refs., index. Price: Next, in Chapter Four, the author uses The author writes from a middle-class ISBN 0-306-44551-4 (He) $37.50 US. census and birth records to look at the (or perhaps 'elite') American view point. changing make-up of middle-class and The urban poor and underclasses are re­ This volume is a published version of wealthy households during this period. ferred to as "them"(p. 7). Wall describes Wall's PhD dissertation. She states that Her data shows a decrease in non-family women having servants, as if servants its aim is to explore "the relationship be­ males and an increase in non-family fe­ might not also be women. At times, this tween the development of the cult of do­ males over time. She suggests that with book is almost charmingly naive in its eth­ mesticity in woman's sphere and the de­ the separation of home and workplace, nocentric perspective. For example, the velopment of capitalism of man's sphere male workers no longer resided with the author states that "in 1790, New York was in middle-class and wealthy families of family, and that middle-class and wealthy just recovering from the effects ofthe Brit­ late-18th and early-19th century New York women's increasing role was the supervi­ ish occupation" (p. 42), as if the Ameri­ City" (p.J5). A variety of data was used sion of live-in female domestic servants. cans were the indigenous inhabitants, and by Wall to research her thesis, including Based on comparatively low birth rates for she suggests that early nineteenth cen­ public records (city directories and tax middle-class and wealthy urban families tury New York merchants were in control­ records, census data, birth records), his­ during this period, the author suggests led European trade (p. 152). At other toric architectural styles, and domestic that these families made a decision to limit times, Wall is politically correct to the point archaeological ceramics excavated from the number of children according to new of absurdity, as when she describes Ne­ eleven urban sites in New York City. definitions of motherhood and childhood. gro slaves in early nineteenth century New The study looks at the separation of In Chapters Five and Six, Wall employs York as "live-in African-American serv­ home and the workplace (and, thus, spa­ archaeological data to explore the idea that ants" (p. 97)! However, I do applaud the tial separation of men's and women's ac­ meals became increasingly ritualized in author's use of historic archaeological tivities), which occurred for the middle-class and wealthy homes with the material from an urban context to support middle-class and 'elite' in early nineteenth continued development of a woman's her thesis. With the current lack of pro­ century New York. In the Introduction, sphere. Analysing domestic ceramics tection for historic archaeological sites in the author hypothesizes that "if we can from eleven urban historic sites excavated British Columbia, we may never get such see evidence of changes in social prac­ in New York City, she finds increasingly an opportunity. tices that we associate with the develop­ elaborate ceramic patterns, place settings, ment of the woman's sphere before this and vessels, suggesting multiple meal Sandra Zacharias separation" of home and workplace oc­ courses and the advent of'high tea'. She curred, then it would indicate that also found that this elaboration began Sandra K. Zacharias, MA, is principal of middle-class and 'elite' New York women early in the period that she was studying. Deva Heritage Consulting Ltd. Her were active participants in the develop­ Based upon the different sources of interests include feminist archaeology and the protection of BC's historic past. ment of the cult of domesticity in wom­ data, the author concludes that her thesis an's sphere. Ifthese·changes are evident is correct. Middle-class and wealthy New after the separation of home and York women were active participants in workplace, then women passively adapted redefining their sphere as a purely domes­ to these economic and social changes (p. tic one, and that these women may in fact ll-12).

10 The Midden 30/1 LABOURING TO THE trol over the means of production (i.e., dence from two different socio-economic CHANGING RHYTHMS tools, knowledge, etc.). These ideals also residences, the Master Armorer's House reduced tensions between capital and la­ and the Armory Workers' House, to infer AND MOTIONS OF bour. The change to piecework was not this trend. INDUSTRY turbulent, and artisans were able to keep The change from craft-oriented produc­ control of production and their independ­ tion to machine production can also be ence. However, the appearance of fully illustrated in consumer patterns. Through­ Culture Change and mechanised production within the factory out the first half of the nineteenth cen­ system resulted in increased worker resist­ tury, there is a decline on the reliance of the New Technology: ance, due to their loss of control over the household production and barter, and an means of production. In factories, the increase towards the reliance on monetary An Archaeology of the once-independent tradesmen and crafts­ exchange for both services and g~>Od s. ln men became mere wage-dependent ma­ chapter 5, the author employs compara­ Early American Indus­ chine tenders. Work became dictated by tive ceramic and faunal analys·es to inter­ the clock and machines, in order to pret temporal and socio-economic variabil­ trial Era achieve greater time efficiency and in­ ity in household assemblages of the creased productivity. managerial elite and workers, The author by PAUL A. SHACKEL Associated with this transition was the sees an interrelationship between indus­ appearance of various material correlates, trialisation, craft and factory ethics, com- · Plenum Press, New York, 1996 such as town planning, the organisation munity, infrastructure, Romantic ideology, xix + 217 pp., illus., app., refs., index. Price: of public and private space, and consum­ and domestic life. Artifacts from the do­ ISBN 0-306-45333-9, (He) $37.50 US. erism. With the trend towards increased mestic refuse of the Master Armorer's mechanisation, discipline, and regular House indicate differing purchasing pat­ In his new book, Culture Change and working hours and conditions, the ma­ terns and access to markets. There is a the New Technology, archaeqlogist Paul nipulation of space became an integral part trend towards greater artifact type diver­ Shackel presents a study that looks at the of industrialisation. Walls and fences were sity from the craft-oriented (ca. 1815-1832) socio-economic aspects of industrialisa­ built around armory buildings to both con­ to factory-oriented (1832-1852) period as­ tion, and their impact on people and com­ tain the workers and to allow for manage­ semblages, which the author equates with munities. Shackel (p.l8) writes: "I use ar­ rial surveillance. During the military the Romantic ideology. Romanticism is chaeologically retrieved data and managership period, the town plan of characterised by an increase in consum­ historical documents to provide another Harpers Ferry was re-organised to facili­ erism and the acquisition of material history - a history of the town's industrial tate transportation and cartage, increase wealth. and domestic landscape and the domestic the efficiency of production, and to iso­ However, the domestic assemblages life of armory workers and their house­ late activities. This programme consisted from the Armory Worker's House .for holds in the first half of the nineteenth of widening roadways, relocating the roughly the same period exhibit a differ­ century." The data set he uses in this town's marketplace, constructing build­ ent temporal pattern. Although the assem­ study is derived from the Harpers Ferry ings in a more orderly fashion, and build­ blage dating to ca. 182 1-1841 contains National Historic Park, situated at the con­ ing a new superintendent's home on the higher quality ceramics, the subsequent fluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac town's highest topographical feature. assemblage, dating to ca. 1841-1852, as­ rivers in West Virginia. This site was one Another temporal trend fo und in this sociated a wage labourer's household with of the earliest industrial communities in transition were the changes in the urban items that would have been considered North America, and provides an excellent and industrial landscapes. Early American old-fashioned. Shake! (p.138) infers that: setting to study the impact of industriali­ industrial sites emphasised the ideology "The retention of unfashionable goods sation on work life and domestic relations. of 'non-urban industry' where landscape and the continued use of old cultural tra­ Shackel (p.1) records that: "While the so­ and plants were used to create idyllic set­ ditions may be seen by outsiders as a sign cial and political circumstances of Harp­ tings for factories. In Harpers Ferry, both of vulgarity, when, in fact, it may have been I ers Ferry are unique to this community, the managerial elite and the tradesmen a standard cultural norm found among there are many phenomena that are uni­ used domestic landscapes and gardens armorers, who did not accept, or would '\ versal in incipient industrial communities." not only for utilitarian, but also for orna­ not adopt, the new modem norms associ­ The book deals with the transition from mental purposes. However, as the early ated with industrialisation." As interest­ craft production to wage-labour, and the nineteenth century progressed, the town ing as this argument for intentional resist­ full industrialisation ofthe U.S. Armory at changed from a 'townscape' to an ' urban ance is, there may be other reasons why Harpers Ferry between ca. 1802 - 1855. lot', and industry began to dominate na­ labourer households curated and used Early republican ideals emphasised the ture, with the town experiencing a growth out-dated items. Could this patterning be importan~_:e of skilled independent trades­ in urban population. Shackel (chapter 4) reflective of decreased household pur­ men and craftsmen, who maintained con- uses comparative archaeobotanical evi- chasing power and living standards

The Midden 30/1 11 amongst the working class? Shackel RE-EVALUATING by neighbouring groups with strong clan (pp.l41-143) later states that mean house­ relations. The authors also clearly illus­ hold wages decreased and poverty in­ HISTORICAL trate how Mahican oral histories have creased because of the transition to the ARCHAEOLOGY managed to survive to the present day. wage labour system. Reduced living stand­ They further show that this picture con­ ards would explain a correspondingly tradicts the prevalent view held by the greater reliance on subsistence self-suffi­ Making Alternative general public and government officials ciency (i.e., pigs) in working class house­ that few Native people existed in this area holds: Histories: The Prac­ at contact, and that these people had since Chapter 6 discussed household indus­ tice of Archaeology "lost" their culture. This view was used trial production. Craft production of guns to justify the expropriation of Mahican .. in Harpers Ferry continued up to 1841 , and History in Non­ lands and resources. In a recent attempt when . th~ military assumed the to repatriate some cultural artifacts, the managership of the Armory. The assem­ Western Settings Mahican discovered that the courts still .. blages associated with the household de­ refused to acknowledge their oral history, posits of the armory pieceworker contain Edited by PETER R. SCHMIDT and unless supported by documentary or ar­ tools and gun parts involved with gun chaeological evidence. THOMAS C. PATTERSON production. The post 1841 assemblage, on Unfortunately, even some archaeolo­ the other hand, exhibits a substantial de­ gists still maintain that the area was .largely School of American Research Press, Santa crease in the gun parts and tools. This uninhabited at contact. The authors dem­ Fe, New Mexico, 1995. xiii + 312pp., 8 figs., pattern seems to reflect a loss of control onstrate how survey techniques employed bib., index. Paper cover. over the means of production by the by these archaeologists were inadequate armory labourers during the military su­ to delimit the Mahican's small settlements, This book is comprised of eleven arti­ perintendency at the Armory, and a sub­ and how many Mahican sites have only cles emerging from a 1992 seminar on ex­ sequent division between work and do­ come to light after a careful examination amining how archaeology and other his­ mestic spheres. Shackel (p.l59-160) of the oral and documented history, and torical research can recover the histories observes that: "This sparseness of gun­ the development of new surveying tech­ of Third World people that have been related materials in the later assemblage niques. "erased, marginalized, or misrepresented may be evidence .of stricter manufactur­ Several of the articles in this book ad­ - usually for reasons pertaining to mainte­ ing regulations, including the implemen­ dress how historians and anthropologists nance of state or elite interests." Native tation of factory discipline and the aban­ have tended to discuss acculturation and Americans and African Americans are donment of the piecework process." assimilation rather than resistance, and viewed as part of this Third World. One of In this volume Shackel presents a very have often dismissed oral histories as the key issues presented in the book per­ interesting and cogent discussion on the myths or recent cultural inventions, rather tains to the way archaeologists have impact of early capitalist industrialisation than as persistent efforts to maintain cul­ sometimes misinterpreted or dismissed on people and their community. This is a tural identity. Many historians and anthro­ historic evidence, and how they may need very good study in which an anthropo­ pologists have helped to maintain the false to re-evaluate their ways of examining and logical/social historical theoretical ap­ impression that the study cultures were interpreting the recent past. proach has been applied to 'industrial ar­ uninterested in their own pasts and histo­ The book includes a lengthy introduc­ chaeology'. The text is well-written, and ries. The articles also illustrate how inquir­ tion from the editors, and a summary arti­ illustrated with maps, plans, art work, and ies into the traditional use of the lands cle by Alison Wylie on the theoretical and photographs. For those of us that inves­ deemed to be "without history" are ac­ philosophical issues presented at the semi­ tigate industrial sites, Shackel's study pro­ tively resisted by developers and govern­ nar. It also contains three articles on Af­ vides a useful archaeological reference for ments, because this information could rica, and one each on India, Latin America, the material manifestations of early indus­ impede access to resources and the pro­ Peru, the Hispanic Caribbean, African trialisation. duction of wealth. In B.C., this view is Americans, and Native Americans. supported by the government's refusal, The article with the most relevance to Robbin Chatan until only a few years ago, to engage in British Columbia archaeology is a discus­ archaeological and traditional use inves­ sion of the Mahican and Schaghiticoke ASBC member Robbin Chatan obtained tigations of forestry developments. .. ~ his MA in Archaeology from the peoples of the American northeast by Archaeologists who remain unreceptive Russell G. Handsman and Trudy Lamb University of Calgary in 1992, and is to, and uninfluenced by, anthropological currently the Publications Editor for The Richmond. In this article, the authors use perspectives and practices, are also seen Midden. He has a great interest in archaeological evidence and oral histories historical/industrial archaeology of the to be largely ignoring contributions made to construct a picture of historic land use North American West, and recently by Third World archaeologists and histo­ by these people. They describe numerous completed an extensive archaeological rians. In particular, the seminar partici­ inventory and impact assessment small farming villages, fishing places, com­ pants thought that most American archae­ project at the McLean Mill National munal cemeteries, and sacred sites used Historic Site, Port Alberni, Vancouver ologists failed to relate the study of past Island. 12 The Midden 30/1 cultures to the present, and dismissed or seem to have little relevance to B.C. ar­ scapes and social relations ofNative home­ underplayed the value Of oral accounts, chaeology, since our political situation is lands, and that their conceptual models folklore, and written documents. The indi­ substantially different from those pre­ and field methodologies may need to vidual studies presented in this book ex­ sented. Moreover, unlike other places, ar­ change. I would recommend B.C. archae­ amine what information was used or sup­ chaeology and ethnography have always ologists read this book not for the spe­ pressed, what concepts were used in been closely interwoven in B.C. However, cific examples, but for a clearer under­ interpretation, and the power relationship the reluctance to accept oral history as standing of how archaeologists' views of between the study groups and those who fact, or 'mythology' as factual accounts, Native history can be coloured by con­ interpreted the information. has lead to a failure to recognise the im­ ceptual perspectives and methodological To remedy what they thought were the portance of these sources to the interpre­ approaches. main problems, the seminar participants tation of B.C.'s prehistoric past. Local ar­ recommended that researchers: (l) focus chaeologists also need to recognise how Diana Alexander on questions relevant to the people under archaeological evidence can be used to study; (2) credit oral traditions and histo­ substantiate oral histories. ries not only as important sources of in­ To date, historical archaeology in B.C. ASBC member Diana Alexander has been terpretative insights, but as historical has focussed primarily on non-Native actively involved in British Columbia documents in their own right; and (3) in­ sites, thereby underplaying or ignoring archaeology for 23 years. For the last seven years, she has worked as an form the popular audience. They empha­ Native history. In fact, historic material independent consultant involved in sised how archaeology has the potential recovered from prehistoric sites is often archaeological and ethnographic work. to critique or even refute historical inter­ dismissed as intrusive non-Native activ­ Much of her research has focussed on pretations which are based solely on his­ ity. This book reminds us that archaeolo­ the late prehistory and ethnography. of Native cultures of the Interior Plateau. torical documents. gists need to recognise that they have the Many of the articles in this book may capability to make visible the cultural land-

LOOK FOR •••• Carlson, R.L., 1996 The First British Columbians. In The Pacific Province: A History ofBritish Columbia, edited by Hugh M. Johnston, pp. 12-46. Douglas & Mcintyre, Vancouver.

Driver, Jonathan C., Martin Handly, Knut R. Fladmark, D. Earle Nelson, Gregg M. Sullivan, and Randall Preston, 1996 Stratigraphy, Radiocarbon Dating, and Culture History of Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia.. Arctic 49(3):265--277.

Fedje, Daryl W., Joanne B. McSporran, and Andrew Mason, 1996 Early Holocene Archaeology and Paleoecology at the Arrow Creek Sites in Gwaii Haanas. Arctic Anthropology 33(1 ): 116--142.

Hutchinson, Ian, and Alan D. McMillan, 1997 Archaeological Evidence for Village Abandonment Associated with Late Holocene Earthquakes at the Northern Cascadia Subduction Zone. Quarternary Research 48:79--87.

Josenhans, Heiner W. , Daryl W. Fedje, Kim W. Conway, and J. Vaughn Barrie, 1995 Post Glacial Sea Levels on the Western Canadian Continental Shelf: Evidence for Rapid Change, Extensive Subaerial Exposure, and Early Human Habitation. Marine Geology 125:73--94.

Josenhans, Heiner, Daryl Fedje, Reinhard Pienitz, and John Southon, 1997 Early Humans and Rapidly Changing Holocene Sea Levels in the Queen Charlotte Islands - Hecate Strait, British Columbia, Canada. Science 277 (July):7l--74.

Odwak, Hartley, and Rick J. Schulting, 1996 A Simple Technique for Aiding in the Interpretation and Enhancement of Radiographs. International Journal ofOsteoarchaeology 6:502--505.

Owens, D' Ann, and Brian Hayden, 1997 Prehistoric Rites of Passage: A Comparative Study ofTransegalitarian Hunter-Gatherers. Journal ofAnthropological Archaeology 16:121--161.

The Midden 30/1 13 ANNUAL INDEX TO THE MIDDEN VOL. 29, 1997

compiled by Heather Myles *indicates illustrated article

AUTHOR SPURGEON, TERRY: Tour Brings to Life North American Archaeol­ ogy [Book Review: In Search of Ancient North America: An ABBOTT, DONALD and SHARON KEEN : *In Memoriam: Elizabeth Archaeological Journey to Forgotten Cultures, by Heather Jane Hill (1924-1997). Sum 97, 29/2:2-3 Pringle]. Win 97, 29/4:8-9 APLAND, BRIAN: Heritage Conservation Act - Enforcement. Win 97, YOUNG, JEAN C. and DAVID POKOTYLO: *Ongoing Investiga­ 29/4 :3-4 tions at Xa:ytem, the Hatzic Rock Site (DgRn 23) 1997 UBC BEATTIE, GRANT: The Management of Spatial Data [Book Review: Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:4-5 Archaeology and Geographical Information Systems: A Euro­ pean Perspective, edited by Gary Lock and loran Stancic]. TITLE Sum 97, 29/2:12-13 BRACHES, FRED: *A Fond Farewell to Isabel Byrnes. Aut 97, 29/3: 13 *1997 University of Victoria Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/ BRACHES, HELMI: Toothless Legislation? Win 97, 29/4: I -2 3:6-7 BRAND, MIKE: Donald Clark at Fort Reliance, Yukon Territory [Book Activities of Altamira Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/4:12 Review: Fort Reliance, Yukon: An Archaeological Assessment, Activities of Antiquus Archaeological Consultants Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, by Donald W. Clark]. Spr 97, 2911 :15-16 29/4:15 BROLLY, RICHARD: *Prehistoric Responses to Sea Levels and Delta Activities of Areas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/ Growth at the Beach Grove Site. Sum 97, 29/2:8-11 4 : 13-14 BURLEY, DAVID V. and PHILIP M. HOHLER: *Archaeology and the Activities of I.R. Wilson Consultants Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/4:13 British Columbia Fur Trade. Spr 97, 2911 :2-5 Activities of Kutenai West Heritage Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/ BUSH, KELLY: *Western Washington University Field School. Aut 97, 4 : 13 29/3:8-9 Activities of Millennia Research Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/4:14 CHATAN, ROBBIN: A Tale of Enclosure and Commodification [Book Activities of Points Wes t Heritage Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/ Review: An Archaeology of Capitalism, by Matthew Johnson]. 4 :12 Sum 97, 2912: 14-15 · *A Fond Farewell to Isabel Byrnes. Aut 97, 29/3 :13 __*Digging it at the Mclean Mill: 1997 North Island College (Port A Letter from Sage Birchwater. Sum 97, 2912:15 Albemi Campus) Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3: I 0- Annual Index to the Midden, Volume 28, 1996. Sum 97, 29/2: 18-20 12 *Archaeological Survey of Stave Reservoir Draw Down Zone. Sum 97, 29/ Towards A Global Historical Arcliaeology [Book Review: A Histori- 2:7 - - cal Archaeology of the Modern World, by Charles E. Orser, *Archaeology and the British Columbia Fur Trade. Spr 97, 29/ 1:2-5 Jr.]. Spr 97, 2911: 16-17 A Synthesis of Canadian Prehistory [ Book Review: A History of the CLARK, TERRY: *1997 University of Victoria Archaeological Field Native People of Canada: Vo lume I (10,000- 1,000 BC), by School. Aut 97, 29/3:6-7 James V. Wright]. Win 97, 29/4:9 C OPP, STAN: A Synthesis of Canadian Prehistory [Book Review: A A Tale of Enclosure and Commodification [Book Review: An Archaeol­ History of the Native People of Canada: Volume I ( 10,000 - ogy of Capitalism, by Matthew Johnson]. Sum 97, 2912: 14-15. I ,000 BC), by James V. Wright]. Win 97, 29/4:9 CURTIN, JOANNE: Status, Offerings and Human Remains [Book Re­ B eads for Pelts [Book Review: Prophecy of the Swan: The Upper Peace view: Mortuary Variability and Status Differentiation on the River Fur Trade of 1794-1823, by David V. Burley, J. Scott Columbia-Fraser Plateau, by Rick J. Schulting]. Win 97, 29/ Hamilton, and Knut R. Fladmark]. Spr 97, 29/ 1: 13-14 4 : I 0-11 Clayoquot Sound Inventory Project. Sum 97, 29/2:7 DAHLSTROM, BRUCE: *Test Excavations at DdSc 12 on the Juan De Conferences. Spr 97, 2911 :20-22 Fuca Marine Trail. Sum 97, 29/2:4-6 Conferences. Sum 97, 29/2:21 HAMILTON, SCOTT and OLGA KLIMKO: *The Development of a Conferences. Aut 97, 29/3:22 Land-Based Fur Trade in British Columbia. Spr 97, 29/ 1:10-13 Conferences. Win 97, 29/4 :2 1 HOWE, GEORDIE: Beads for Pelts [Book Review: Prophecy of the Courses. Sum 97, 29/2:22 Swan: The Upper Peace River Fur Trade of 1794-1823, by Courses - Underwater Archaeology Course. Spr 97, 29/1 :9 David V. Burley, J. Scott Hamilton, and Knut R. Fladmark]. Spr D ebitage. Win 97, 29/4:7, II 97, 2911 : 13-14 *Digging it at the Mclean Mill: 1997 North Isl and College (Port Alberni LYONS, NATASHA: *The 1997 Simon Fraser University Field Season Campus) Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3: 10-12 at Scowlitz. Aut 97, 29/3:2-3 Dionisio Point Household Archaeology Project, 1997. Aut, 97 29/3:7 , MACKIE, QUENTIN: The Right Book at the Right Time? [Book Re­ Donald Clark at Fort Reliance, Yukon Territory [Book Review: Fort Re­ view: Early Human Occupation in British Columbia, edited by liance, Yukon: An Archaeological Assessment, by Donald W. Roy L. Carlson and Luke Dalla Bona]. Aut 97, 29/3:16-17 Clark]. Spr 97, 29/ 1:15-1 6 MAGNE, MARTIN: Everything You Wanted to Know About Ground Equinox Research and Consulting Ltd. Activities in 1997. Win 97, 29/ Stone Celts [Book Review: The Taxonomy of Ground Stone 4 : 14-15 Woodworking Tools, by Quentin Mackie]. Aut 97, 29/3:14-16 Everything You Wanted to Know About Ground Stone Celts [Book Re­ MYLES, HEATHER: Annual Index to the Midden, Volume 28, 1996. view: The Taxonomy of Ground Stone Woodworking Tools, by Sum 97, 29/2:18-20 Quentin Mackie]. Aut 97, 29/3: 14-16 PORTER, JOHN: *Fort Langley National Historic Site: A Review of Exhibits. Sum 97, 29/2:22 Archaeological· Investigations. Spr 97, 2911 :6-9 Exhibits. Win 97, 29/4:22 RAHEMTULLA, FARID: Stone Tools, Debitage and Human Behaviour. • Fort Langley National Historic Site: A Review of Archaeological Inves- Win 97, 29/4:5-7

14 The Midden 30/1 ligations. Spr 97, 2911 :6-9 Permits Issued by thr. Archaeology Branch, August - December 1997. FYI. Aut 97, 29/3:21 Win 97, 29/4:17-19 Heritage Conservation Act - Enforcement. Win 97, 29/4:3-4 Archaeologists, local •In Memoriam: Elizabeth Jane Hill (1924-1997). Sum 97, 29/2:2-3 Debitage. Win 97, 29/4: II Introduction. Spr 97, 29/1 : I *In Memoriam: Elizabeth Jane Hill (1924-1997). Sum 97, 29/2:2-3 Introduction. Sum 97, 29/2: I Archaeological Institute of America Introduction. Aut 97, 29/3: I FYI. Aut 97, 29/3:21 Lectures - The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia. ASBC Aut 97, 29/3:12 *A Fond Farewell to Isabel Byrnes. Aut 97, 29/3:13 Letter to the Editor. Win 97, 29/4: 19 Book Reviews Lpok For - More on the Fur Trade. Spr 97, 29/1:5 A Letter from Sage Birchwater. Sum 97, 29/2: 15 *Ongoing Investigations at 2\;a :ytem, the Hatzic Rock Site (DgRn 23) A Synthesis of Canadian Prehistory [Book Review: A History of the 1997 UBC Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:4-5 Native People of Canada: Volume I ( I 0,000 - 1,000 BC), by Pennits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, October - December 1996. Spr James V. Wright]. Win 97, 29/4:9 97, 2911 : 18-19 A Tale of Enclosure and Commodification [Book Review: An Archaeol­ Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, January - March 1997. Sum ogy of Capitalism, by Matthew Johnson]. Sum 97, 2912:14-15 . 97, 2912 :16-17 Beads for Pelts [Book Review: Prophecy of the Swan: The Uppe,r Peace Permits issued by the Archaeology Branch: March -August 1997. Aut 97, River Fur Trade of 1794-1823, by David V. Burley, ] . Scott 29/3: 18-21 Hamilton, and Knut R. Fladmark]. Spr 97, 29/ 1: 13-14 Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, August- December 1997. Win Donald Clark at Fort Reliance, Yukon Territory [Book Review: Fort 97, 29/4: 17-19 Reliance, Yukon: An Archaeological Assessment, by Donald. *Prehistoric Responses to Sea Levels and Delta Growth at the Beach W. Clark]. Spr 97, 29/1 :15-16 · Grove Site. Sum 97, 29/2:8-11 Everything You Wanted to Know About Ground Stone Celts [Book Re­ view: The Taxonomy of Ground Stone Woodworking Tools, Recent publications. Sum 97, 29/2:12 by Quentin Mackie]. Aut 97, 29/3:14-16 . · Recent Publications. Win 97, 29/4:20 Status, Offerings and Human Remains [Book Review: Martuary Variabil­ Recent Research in Skeen a River Drainage, NW BC. Win 97, 29/4:15 ity and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau *Recent Research in the Interior of Coast Tsimshian Territory. Win 97, by Rick J. Schulting]. Win 97, 29/4: 10-11 ' 29/4:15-16 The Management of Spatial Data [Book Review: Archaeology and Geo­ Recent Research on the Central Coast. Win 97, 29/4: 16 graphical Information Systems: A European Perspective, ed­ Status, Offerings and Human Remains (Book Review: Mortuary Variabil­ ited by Gary Lock and Zoran Stancic). Sum 97, 29/2: 12~ 13 ity and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau, The Right Book at the Right Time? [Book Review: Early Human Occu- by Rick .J. Schulting]. Win 97, 29/4: I 0-11 pation in British Columbia, edited by Roy L. Carlson and Luke St6:lo Nation Archaeological Activities in 1997. Win 97, 29/4:15 Dalla Bona]. Aut 97, 29/3: 16-1 7 Stone Tools, Debitage and Human Behaviour. Win 97, 29/4:5-7 Tour Brings to Life North American Archaeology [Book Review: In •Test Excavations at DdSc 12 on the Juan De Fuca Marine Trail. Sum 97, Search of Ancient North America: An Archaeological Journey 29/2 :4-6 to Forgotten Cultures, by Heather Pringle]. Win 97, 29/4:8-9 *The 1997 Simon Fraser University· Field Season at Scowlitz. Aut 97, 29/ Towards A Global Historical Archaeology [Book Review: A Historical 3:2-3 Archaeology of the Modern World, by Charles E. Orser, Jr.]. *The Development of a Land-Based Fur Trade in British Columbia. Spr Spr 97, 29/1:16-17 97, 29/1:10-12 Cultural Resource Management The Future of the Cultural Library in Doubt. Win 97, 29/4:4 Courses. Sum 97, 29/2:22 The Management of Spatial Data [Book Review: Archaeology and Geo­ Heritage Conservation Act - Enforcement. Win 97, 29/4:3-4 graphical Information Systems: A European Perspective, ed­ The Future of the Cultural Library in Doubt. Win 97, 29/4:4 ited by Gary Lock and Zoran Stancic]. Sum 97, 29/2:12-13 The Management of Spatial Data [Book Review: Archaeology and Geo­ The Right Book at the Right Time? [Book Review: Early Human Occupa- graphical Information System: A European Perspective]. Sum tion in British Columbia, edited by Roy L. Carlson and Luke 97, 29/2:12-13 Dalla Bona]. Aut 97, 29/3:16-17 Toothless Legislation? Win 97, 29/4: 1-2 Toothless Legislation? Win 97, 29/4:1-2 Field Notes Tour Brings to Life North American Archaeology (Book Review: ln Search Activities of Altamira Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/4:12 of Ancient North America: An Archaeological Journey to For­ Activities of Antiquus Archaeological Consultants Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, gotten Cultures, by Heather Pringle]. Win 97, 29/4:8-9 29/4: 15 Towards A Global Historical Archaeology [Book Review: A Historical Activities of Areas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/ Archaeology of the Modern World, by Charles E. Orser, Jr.]. 4 :13-14 Spr 97, 2911 : 16-1 7 Activities of I.R. Wilson Consultants Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/4: 13 Traces Archaeological Research and Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/ Activities of Kutenai West Heritage Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 4 : 15 29/4: 13 •Western Washington University Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:8-9 Activities of Millennia Research Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/4 :14 Activities of Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97, 29/ 4:12 SUBJECT *Archaeological Survey of Stave Reservoir Draw Down Zone. Sum 97, Archaeology Branch 29/2:7 Heritage Conservation Act - Enforcement. Win 97, 29/4:3-4 Clayoquot Sound Inventory Project. Sum 97, 29/2:7 The Future of the Cultural Library ig, Doubt. Win 97, 29/4:4 Dionisio Point Household Archaeology Project, 1997. Aut, 97 29/3:7 Toothless Legislation? Win 97, 29/4: 1-2 Equinox Research and Consulting Ltd. Activities in 1997. Win 97, 29/ Archaeology Permits 4 : 14-15 Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, October - December 1996. Recent Research in Skeena River Drainage, NW BC. Win 97, 29/4 :15 Spr 97, 2911: 18-19 *Recent Research in the Interior of Coast Tsimshian Territory. Win 97, Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch, January - March 1997. Sum 29/4: 15-16 97, 29/2:16- 17 Recent Research on the Central Coast. Win 97, 29/4:16 Permits Issued by the Archaeology Branch: March - August 1997. Aut 97, St6:lo Nation Archaeological Activities in 1997. Win 97, 29/4: 15 29/3: 18-21 Traces Archaeological Research and Consulting Ltd. in 1997. Win 97,

The Midden 3011 I 5 29/4: IS by Quentin Mackie]. Aut 97, 29/3 :14-16 Field Schools Stone Tools, Debitage and Human Behaviour. Win 97, 29/4:S-7 *1997 University of Victoria Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/ Mortuary Analysis 3:6-7 Status, Offerings and Human Remains [Book Review: Mortuary Variabil­ *Digging it at the Mclean Mill: 1997 North Island College (Port Albemi ity and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau, Campus) Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:10-12 by Rick J. Schulting]. Win 97, 29/4:10-11 Introduction. Aut 97, 29/3: I Notices *Ongoing Investigations at Xa:ytem, the Hatzic Rock Site (DgRn 23) Conferences. Spr 97, 2911:20-22 1997 UBC Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:4-S Conferences. Sum 97, 29/2:21 *The 1997 Simon Fraser University Field Season at Scowlitz. Aut 97, 29/ Conferences. Aut 97, 29/3:22 3:2-3 Conferences. Win 97, 29/4:21 *Western Washington University Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:8-9 Courses. Sum 97, 29/2:22 First Nations Courses - Underwater Archaeology Course. Spr 97, 29/1 :9 A Letter from Sage Birchwater. Sum 97, 29/2: IS Debitage. Win 97, 29/4:7, II *Archaeological Survey of Stave Reservoir Draw Down Zone. Sum 97, Exhibits. Sum 97, 29/2:22 29/2:7 Exhibits. Win 97, 29/4:22 A Synthesis of Canadian Prehistory [Book Review: A History of the Lectures - The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia. Native People of Canada: Volume I (10,000 - 1,000 BC), by Aut 97, 29/3:12 James V. Wright]. Win 97, 29/4:9 Obituaries Debitage. Win 97, 29/4:7 • A Fond Farewell to Isabel Byrnes. Aut 97, 29/3: 13 Exhibits. Sum 97, 29/2:22 *In Memoriam: Elizabeth Jane Hill (1924-1997). Sum 97, 29/2:2-3 Exhibits. Win 97, 29/4:22 Publications Recent Research in Skeena River Drainage, NW BC. Win 97, 29/4:JS FYI. Aut 97, 29/3:21 Recent Research in the Interior of Coast Tsimshian Territory. Win 97, Look For - More on the Fur Trade. Spr 97, 29/ I:S '29/4: IS Recent Publications. Sum 97, 29/2:12 St6:lo Nation Archaeological Activities in 1997. Win 97, 29/4: IS Recent Publications. Win 97, 29/4:20 Fur Trade Rock Art *Archaeology and the British Columbia Fur Trade. Spr 97, 29/1:2-S *In Memoriam: Elizabeth Jane Hill (1924-1997). Sum 97, 29/2:2-3 Beads for Pelts [Book Review: Prophecy of the Swan: The Upper Peace Sites: Gulf Islands River Fur Trade of 1794-1823, by David V. Burley, J. Scott Dionisio Point Household Archaeology Project, 1997. Aut, 97 29/3:7 Hamilton, and Knut R. Fladmark]. Spr 97, 29/1:13-14 Sites: Interior · Donald Clark at Fort Reliance, Yukon Territory [Book Review: Fort Status, Offerings and Human Remains [Book Review: Mortuary Variabil- Reliance, Yukon: An Archaeological Assessment, by Donald ity and Status Differentiation on the Columbia-Fraser Plateau, W. Clark]. Spr 97, 29/1:1S~J6 by Rick J. Schulting]. Win 97, 29/4:10-11 *Fort Langley National Historic Site: A Review of Archaeological Inves- Sites: Lower Mainland tigations. Spr 97, 29/1:6-9 *Archaeological Survey of Stave Reservoir Draw Down Zone. Sum 97, 29/ Introduction. Spr 97, 29/1 : I 2:7 Look For - More on the Fur Trade. Spr 97, 29/1 :S *Ongoing Investigations at Xa:ytem, the Hatzic Rock Site (DgRn 23) *The Development of a Land-Based Fur Trade in British Columbia. Spr 1997 UBC Archaeological Field School. Aut 97 , 29/3 :4-S 97, 29/1:10-13 *Prehistoric Responses to Sea Levels and Delta Growth at the Beach Geographical Information Systems Grove Site. Sum 97, 29/2:8-11 The Management of Spatial Data [Book Review: Archaeology and Geo­ *The 1997 Simon Fraser University Field Season at Scowlitz. Aut 97, 29/ graphical Information Systems: A European Perspective, ed­ 3:2-3 ited by Gary Lock and Zoran Stancic]. Sum 97, 29/2:12-13 Toothless Legislation? Win 97, 29/4: 1-2 Historical Archaeology *Western Washington University Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:8-9 *Archaeology and the British Columbia Fur Trade. Spr 97, 29/1:2-S Sites: Vancouver Island Beads for Pelts [Book Review: Prophecy of the Swan: The Upper Peace *1997 University of Victoria Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/ River Fur Trade of 1794-1823, by David V. Burley, J. Scott 3:6-7 Hamilton, and Knut R. Fladmark]. Spr 97, 29/ 1:13-14 Clayoquot Sound Inventory Project. Sum 97, 29/2:7 *Digging it at the Mclean Mill: 1997 North Island College (Port Alberni *Digging it at the Mclean Mill: 1997 North Island College (Port Alberni Campus) Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:10-12 Campus) Archaeological Field School. Aut 97, 29/3:10-1 2 Donald Clark at Fort Reliance, Yukon Territory [Book Review: Fort *Test Excavations at DdSc 12 on the Juan De Fuca Marine Trail. Sum 97, Reliance, Yukon: An Archaeological Assessment, by Donald 29/2:4-6 W. Clark]. Spr 97, 2911:1S-16 Social Archaeology *Fort Langley National Historic Site: A Review of Archaeological Inves- A Tale of Enclosure and Commodification [Book Review: An Archaeol­ tigations. Spr 97, 2911:6-9 ogy of Capitalism, by Matthew Johnson]. Sum 97, 29/2:14- IS Introduction. Spr 97, 29/1 : I • Surveys Look For - More on the Fur Trade. Spr 97, 29/1 :S *Archaeological Survey of Stave Reservoir Draw Down Zone. Sum 97, 29/ *The Development of a Land-Based Fur Trade in British Columbia. Spr 2:7 97, 29/1:10-13 The Midden Towards A Global Historical Archaeology [Book Review: A Historical Annual Index to the Midden, Volume 28, 1996. Sum 97, 29/2:18-20 Archaeology of the Modern World, by Charles E. Orser, Jr.]. Introduction. Spr 97, 2911 : I Spr 97, 29/1:16-17 Introduction. Sum 97, 29/2: I Letter.s to. the Editor Introduction. Aut 97, 29/3: I A Letter from Sage Birchwater. Sum 97, 29/2:1S Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia Letter to the Editor. Win 97, 29/4:19 Courses - Underwater Archaeology Course. Spr 97, 2911 :9 Lithic Analysis Lectures - The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia. Everything You Wanted to Know About Ground Stone Celts [Book Re­ Aut 97, 29/3:12 view: The Taxonomy of Ground Stone Woodworking Tools,

16 The Midden 30/1 PERMITS Issued by the Archaeological Branch, January- May 1998 The assistance of Mr. Ray Kenny, Manager, Assessment and Planning Section, and Alan Riches, Branch Secretary, in providing this information is gratefully acknowledged.

Permit types : /NS[pection], ALT(eration], INV(estigation]. Other abbrevations: AlA -Archaeological Impact Assessment, AIS- Archaeological Inventory Survey, AIM- Archaeological Impact Management, AOA - Archaeological Overview Assessment, CMT- Culturally Modified Tree, CP - Cutting Permit., DL - District Lot, FD - Forest District, FL - Forest Licence, MoF- Ministry of Forests, Rge- Range, rlw- right of way, SBFEP -Small Business Forest Enterprise Programs, Sec- Section, TFL - Tree Farm License, TL - Timber License, Tp- Township, TSA - Timber Supply Area, TSL - Timber Sale License.

1998-001 Michael Dunn ALT Alterations to CMTs by MacMillan Bloedel (Stillwater Division) forestry operations in TO 701, S side of .... Knight Inlet, Port McNeill FD 1998-002 Justin Kumagai ALT Alterations to GeTb 12 by forestry operations within CB K51028, near Dorreen, W side of Skeena River, Kalum FD 1998~003 Robert Field INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Franklin Woodlands) forestry operations within TFL 44 and associated tenures. South Island FD 1998-004 Susan Woods INS AlA of Hecate Logging forestry operations in FL A19234 and associated ten ures N and W of Toquart Bay, South Island FD 1998,005 Susan Woods INS AlA of Hecate Logging forestry operations in FL A19236 and associated tenures between Port Eliza and Espinosa Inlet, Campbell River FD 1998-006 Heather Pratt INS AlA of Macmillan Bloedel (Kelsey Bay Division) forestry operations in TFL 39, Blk. 2 and associated tenures on Vancouver Island, Campbell River FD 1998-007 Heather Pratt INS AlA of Pacific Forest Products forestry operations in TFL 19 and associated tenures, Nootka Sound area, Campbell River FD 1998-008 Richard Brolly INS AlA of proposed subdivision of Lot A, DL 16, Plan 40097, N Saltspring Island, at S shore of entrance to Booth Inlet 1998-009 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Stillwater Division) forestry operations in FL A19244, TFL 39, and associated . timber licenses, S and N of Knight Inlet, Port McNeill and Campbell River FDs 1998-010 Susan Woods INS AlA of Pacific Forest Products forestry operations in FL A16847 and associated tenures, E end of Owikeno Lake, Mid-Coast FD 1998-011 Lennart Holm ALT Alterations to EiRe 3, adjacent to Ainsworth Lumber Company Blk. 1, within FL A20002, CP 108, between Eagle Creek and Long Island Lake, 100 Mile House FD 1998-012 Marianne Berkey INS AlA of proposed subdivision by 324383 BC Ltd. in Gibsons, New Westminster District 1998-013 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Port McNeill Division) forestry operations in TFL 39 and associated tenures, N Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland 1998-014 Susan Woods INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Eve River) forestry operations in TFL 39 and associated tenures near Sayward, Campbell River FD 1998-015 Mary Quirolo INV Excavation of DhRp 37 (original HBC Fort Langley) at Derby Reach, S side of Fraser River 1998-016 Morley Eldridge INS AlA for proposed subdivision of Lot 13, at 2545 Beaufort Road, Roberts Point, Sidney 1998-017 Heather Pratt INS AlA of TimberWest (Honeymoon Bay) forestry operations in TFL 46 and associated tenures between Port Albemi and Port Renfrew, South Island FD 1998-018 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of Timfor Ltd. forestry operations in FL A53812, S of Knight Inlet and N of Johnstone Strait, Port McNeill FD 1998-019 Heath ~ r Pratt INS AlA of TimberWest forestry operations in TFL 47 and associated tenures, Moresby & Graham Island, Queen Charlotte FD 1998-020 David Mackay ALT Alterations to CMTs in DkSp 42 and 43 by lnterFor forestry operations in CB 1, Plumper Harbour, Nootka Island, Campbell River FD 1998-021 Bjorn Simonsen INS AlA for proposed sale of 180 & 190 Grice Road, Tofino (Lot A, DL 11 4, L.D. 09, Plan 45912, Clayoquot Land District) 1998-022 Morley Eldridge INS AlA for proposed house renovations and watermain replacement at 1338 Beach Drive, Oak Bay (near DcRt 18) 1998-023 Bruce Dahlstrom INV Data recovery at DcRu 606, in Lot 3, Section 23, Esquimalt District, Plan VIP 61203, near Thetis Cove 1998-024 Diana French INS AlA for proposed Keenleyside Powerplant development, Portuguese Point, Columbia River near Castlegar 1998-025 Phil Wainwright ALT Alterations to CMTs by Western Forest Products forestry operations in TFL 25, Block 4, between Cluxewe and Keogh River, Queen Charlotte Strait, Port McNeill FD 1998-026 Heather Pratt INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Queen Charlotte Division) forestry operations in TFL 39 and associated tenures on Graham and Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte FD 1998-027 Murray Pow ALT Monitoring and mitigation as necessary, of impacts to HeRo 3 and other sites which might be found during/after construction of Husky Oil Operations Fed. Pipeline and ancillary facilities S of Graham & Halfway Rivers, NE B.C. 1998-028 Cliff McCool ALT Excavation of DfSj 35 during road construction within realigned r/w for Peninsula Road, District of Ucluelet 1998-029 Brian Hayden INV Excavation at EeRI 7, Keatley Creek, near Lillooet 1998-030 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of MoF SBFEP forestry operations in South Island FD 1998-031 John Newton ALT Excavations within DcRu 606 & 629 by Chaucer Homes Ltd.'s proposed residential development within Lot 3, Section 23, Esquimalt District, Plan VIP 61203 1998-032 ·Heather Pratt INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Kennedy Lake Division) forestry operations in TFL 44 and associated tenures, South Island FD

The Midden 30/1 17 1998-033 Heather Pratt INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel {Aiberni West Division) forestry operations in TFL 44 and associated tenures including T0811 , South Island FD 1998-034 Dave Gatenby ALT Alterations to CMTs by MacMillan Bloedel (Stillwater Division) forestry operations in TFL 39, Block 5 and TL T0672, Campbell River FD 1998-035 Hea ther Pratt INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Kennedy Lake Division) forestry operations in TFL 44 and associated tenures on west coast of Vancouver Island, South Island FD 1998-036 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of lnterFor Ltd. forestry operations in TFL 54 and associated tenures, South Island FD 1998-037 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of TimberWest Forest Ltd. {Middlepoint/North Island Region) forestry operations in TFL 47 and associated tenures, Port McNeill and Campbell River FDs 1998 -038 John Waring ALT Alterations to CMTs by Western Forest Products' forestry operations between Gold River and Port Eliza in Nootka Sound , within TFL 19, FL A19231 , T0381 , and associated tenures, Campbell River FD 1998-039 Peter Scharf ALT Alterations to CMTs by Western Forest Products' forestry operations between Gold River and Tlupana Inlet in Nootka Sound, within TFL 19 and associated tenures, Campbell River FD 1998-0 40 Anthony Hewer INV Excavation of DhSb 2 on the Island Hall property, 161 West Island Highway, Parksville 1998-041 Heather Pratt INS AlA of Nootka First Nation Forest Products' forestry operations in FL A537 45, Bligh Island & Nootka Island blocks, South Island FD 1998-042 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of MoF Woodlot Licenses 0021 , 0022, 0024, 1557, and 1614, South Island FD 1998-043 Tim Ellis ALT Trench excavations for Ledcor Industries' proposed telecommunication cable within DcRu 42 at Thetis Cove or DcRu 20 at Fleming Bay 1998-044 Rick Howard INS AlA of MoF Nanoose Woodlots 0030 (DL 11 7), 0013 (DL 121 ), 0014 (DL 55), and 1476 (DL 137), vicinity of Nanoose Harbour, South Island FD 1998-045 Michael Dunn ALT Alterations to CMTs by MacMillan Bloedel (Stillwater Division) forestry operations in TO 405, 675, 682, 685, 688, Block 1, and King come TSA, FL A19244, within Campbell River, Port McNeill, and Sunsh ine Coast FDs 1998-046 Tanja Hoffmann INS Inventory of Homathko, Brem , and Theodosia watersheds, and Vancouver Bay, Sunshine Coast FD 1998-047 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of International Forest Products Ltd. (North Coast Operations) forestry operations in the Brown Lake, Kumaleon Inlet, and Marion Creek areas of FL A16841 , North Coast FD 1998-048 Hugh Middleton INS AlA of West Chicotin Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations in the Anahim Supply Block of Williams Lake TSA, FL A47409 & 55903, Chilcotin FD 1998-049 Bjorn Simonsen INS AlA for proposed expansion of Aluminum Company of Canada (ALCAN) Kitimat smelter facility, within City of Kitimat 1998-050 Anthony Hewer INS Inventory and evaluation of Lot A, Plan 11451, Victoria Land District, at 120 Kingston Street, Victoria, in vicinity of DcRu 33 1998-051 Jim Stafford INV Data ·recovery and emergency impact management at EcRh 71, within CPR r/w on Pemynoos IR#9, near Spences Bridge 1998-052 Jennifer Lindberg INS Site inventory and AlA within Desolation Sound and Copeland Islands Provincial Marine Parks 1998-0 53 Veronica Cadden INS AlA of Canadian Forest Products {Isle Pierre Division), Plateau Forest Products, West Fraser Mills, and other licensees' forestry operations within the Vanderhoof FD 1998-054 Bjorn Simonsen INS AlA of DkSb 23 & 24 between Thunder Bay and Frolander Bay, on DL 2090, Gp 1, NWD, WSW of Saltery Bay ' 1998-055 Peter Merchant INS Inventory and AlA for proposed ownership transfer of Penticton Airport by Transport Canada 1998-056 lan Wilson INS AlA of Western Forest Products forestry operations In TFL 6 and TFL 25, Port McNeill FD 1998-057 Normand Canuel INS AlA of Apollo Forest Products, Number 5 Timber Co., and other licensees within Fort St. James FD 1998-058 Kevin Twohig INS AlA of proposed residential development at Sechelt on DL 1331 , 1384, 1385, 1471, and 1647, NWD 1998-059 Robert Howie ALT Alterations to CMTs by Coulson Forest Products forestry operations in FL A19234 , N and W of Toquart Bay, South Island FD 1998-060 Robert Howie ALT Alterations to CMTs by Hecate Logging in FL A19236, between Port Eliza and Espinosa Inlet in Campbell River FD 1998-061 Sue Montgomery INS AlA of MoF forestry operations in Woodlot 015 on W side of Birkenhead River, and Woodlot 1666 on E side • of Owl Creek, Squamish FD 1998-062 Duncan Mclaren INS AlA for proposed rezoning of Parcel 'C" [R.P. 3788], DL 433, Gp 1, NWD, located at 27222 Loughead Highway 1998-063 Don McMillan ALT Alterations to CMTs by International Forest Products' forestry operations in the Kumaleon Inlet, Brown Lake and Manon Creek areas of FL A1 6841 , North Coast FD 1998-064 Karen Preckel INS AlA of Weldwood of Canada, Riverside Forest Products, MoF, and other licensees' forestry operations in the Horsefly FD 1998-065 Clinton Coates INS AlA for C.J./B .J. Hollis' proposed subdivision of DL 4850, exc. Plan KAP 58863, ODYD, on Three Forks Road, E of Kelowna 1998-066 D'Ann Owens -Baird INS Site inventory of portions of the Stave Lake Reservoir, for RIC Training Program 1998-067 Jean Bussey INS AlA for portions of the BC GAS Southern Crossing Pipeline Project, from Yahk to Oliver 1998-068 Karen Preckel INS AlA of C&C Wood Products, West Fraser Mills, Slocan Forest Products, Telke Industries, Weldwood of Canada, Canadian Forest Products, MoF, and other licensees' forestry operations in the Quesnel FD 1998-069 lan Franck INS AlA for proposed subdivision of Lot 49, Plan 58014, Part of SWY., Section 6, Tp 3, Rg e 28, W6M, NWD, exc. Plan LMP535, within Fraser Valley Regional District 1998-070 Jean Bussey INS AlA for MoTH proposed Wildhorse River Bridge, E of Fort Steele 1998-071 Richard Brolly INS AlA for proposed subdivision of Spalding Property, Part of NE Y,, Frac. SEY. of Section 4, Pender Island, Cowichan District, exc. part in Plan 19529, South Pender Island 1998-072 Morley Eldridge' INS AlA for proposed single lot residential development at 2567 Beaufort Road, Roberts Point, Sidney 1998-073 Kevin Twohig INS AlA for proposed subdivision development of Lot 2, Section 1, Tp 20, Rge 18, W6M, KDYD, Plan 43216, located in Kamloops 1998-074 Normand Canuel INS AlA of The Pas Lumber Company, Cartier Lumber, and other licensees' forestry operations in the Prince George FD

18 The Midden 30/1 1998-075 Dean Price ALT Alterations to DcRt 16 by gas service line trench excavations by Centra Gas British Columbia Ltd., paralleling Beach Drive to 430 Beach Drive, Oak Bay 1998-076 Gil Stoik ALT Demolition of existing house/garage and construction of new residence, incl. water/natural gas service · lines, within that part of DgRr 1 within Lot REM 15, Blk 3, DL 52, Ldist 36, Plan 2482, exc. Plan Ref. 68129, Surrey 1998-077 D'Ann Owens -Baird INS AlA for proposed seawall and sidewalk stabilization/replacement along the Esplanade, N side of Willows Beach Park, District of Oak Bay, in vicinity of DcRt 10 1998-078 Davin Jaatteenmaki ALT Alterations to CMTs #1 & #2 of EkSu 4 by forestry operations in cutblock HP106N on E side of Moses Inlet at Hoy Point. within FL A16850, Mid-Coast FD 1998-079 Stan Price ALT Alterations to CMTs in EjSt 2 by MacMillan Bloedel forestry operations immediately W of Nicknaqueet River, head of Rivers Inlet. within DL 10 and DL 14, Rge 2, Coast Land District ,., 1998-080 Karen Preckel INS AlA of Riverside Forest Products, West Fraser Mills, Lignum, Weldwood of Canada, MoF, and other licensees' forestry operations within the Williams Lake FD 1998-081 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of West Fraser Mills (Skeena Sawmills) forestry operations in TFL 41 and FL A16820, in the vicinity of Prince Rupert and Terrace, North Coast and Kalum FDs ~ 1998~082 Karen Preckel INS AlA of Riverside Forest Products, West Fraser Mills, Lignum, MoF, and other licensees' forestry operations in the Chilcotin FD 1998-083 Richard Brolly INS AlA for proposed residential redeve lopment at 1037 Pacific Drive, Tsawwassen, Municipality of Delta 1998-084 Jean Bussey INS AlA of Weyerhauser Canada (Okanagan Falls Division) forestry operations in the Penticton and Boundary FDs 1998-085 lan Franck INS AlA of MoF forestry operations in the Lakes FD 1998-086 Jean Bussey INS AlA of MoF SBFEP and Woodlot forestry operations, and recreation site/trail upgrading within the Penticton FD 1998-087 ian Wilson INS AlA for Anderson Oil wellsites, including ancillary developments (WA's 11329, 11331 , 11333 & 11336 at locations 4-35-84-18, A7-22-84-18, B7-22-84-18 & 2-22-84-18, respectively), near confluence of Stoddard Creek and Beatton River in the vicinity of HbRe 1 1998-088 Stuart Pitt ALT Alterations to DcRt 10 by proposed seawall and sidewalk stabilization along the Esplanade, N side of Willows Beach Park, District of Oak Bay 1998-089 Kevin Twohig INS AlA for proposed residential subdivision and golf course within DL 4682, NWD, on the E side of Porpoise Bay about 5 km N of Sechelt 1998-090 Karen Preckel INS AlA of Weldwood of Canada, Ainsworth Lumber Co., Lignum, MoF, and other licensees' forestry operations · in the 100 Mile House FD 1998-091 Karen Preckel INS AlA of Slocan Forest Products (Vavenby Division), MoF, and other licensees' forestry operations within the Clearwater FD 1998-092 lan Franck INS AlA of Evan Forest Products, Federated Co-operatives, and other companies' forestry operations within the · Salmon Arm FD 1998-093 lan Wilson INS AlA of Skeena Cellulose (Carnaby Operations) forestry operations in the Kispiox FD 1998-094 Terry Gibson INS AlA of MoF SBFEP forestry operations within TSAs A32903, A31978, A32916, and A54878B, Fort St. John FD 1998-095 Terry Gibson INS AlA of MoF SBFEP forestry operations within TSAs A31995, A31996, A32901, A32913, and A49989A, Fort St. John FD 1998-096 Terry Gibson INS AlA of MoF SBFEP forestry operations within TSAs A32903, A31978, A32916 and A54878B, Fort St. John FD 1998-097 Kevin Twohig INS AlA for proposed residentia l subdivision of DL 8418, exc. Plans H-17699, 18174 and KAP 59399, on both sides of Eighty-three Mile Creek, Lillooet District 1998-098 Clinton Coates INS AlA for proposed resort development within DL 4890, NW shore of Peter Hope Lake, including upgrades to esixting access road between DL 4890 and DL 708, KDYD 1998-099 ian Wilson INS AlA of International Forest Products (West Coast Operations) forestry developments within FL 19235, South Island FD 1998-100 lan Franck INS AlA for proposed residential development at Mayfair Lands Development site (Lot 1, Plan 12395, DLs 223 & 224, Gp 1, NWD) in Pitt Meadows 1998-101 Morley Eldridge INS AlA of BC Hydro's Stave Lake Reservoir drawdown, NW of Mission 1998-102 lan Wilson INS AlA of International Forest Products forestry operations within FL Area 19232, in the general area of Chamiss Bay and Moya Bay, Campbell River FD 1998-103 Dana Lepofsky INV Research excavations and documentation of house and other features at DhRI 16 (Scowlitz Site), and of burial mounds, cairns, and other features at DhRI 15 1998-104 John Maxwell INS AlA for MoF and forest licensees' forestry operations within the N half of the South Island FD 1998-105 Karen Preckel INS AlA of Weyerhauser Canada and other licensees' forestry operations in the Kamloops FD 1998-106 Tina Christensen INS AlA of MacMillan Bloedel forestry operations within TFL 39, including blocks 8110, 8111, 8214, 8174A, 8307, 9305, 9313, 9314, and others, in Mid-Coast FD 1Q98-107 Jason Harris ALT Alterations to FbTa 49 GMT by Western Forest Products forestry operations within Bullock Main access to Block 7 on Yeo Island , Mid-Coast FD 1998-108 Bjorn Simonsen INS AlA of International Forest Products forestry operations within the Mid-Coast FD 1998-109 Kim Haworth ALT Alterations to FkTe 5 CMTs by forestry operations within TSL A-16863, Block #2, Weewanie Creek, Kalum FD 1998-110 Peter Merchant INS AlA for proposed Phase Ill, IV, and V development of Sherwood Estates res idential subdivision, Lot 2, Sec.6, Tp 26, Plan 70322, NWD, on Teskey Road, Chilliwack 1998-111 David Schaepe INS AlA for proposed expansion and upgrading of campgrounds at Chilliwack and Rolley Lake Provincial Park 1998-112 Jim Spafford INS Site inventory and evaluation, Blocks A & B, NWY. Sec 11 , Tp 21, Rge 8, W6M, KDYD, at Black Point on the W side of Mara Lake, vicinity of EeQs 4

The Midden 30/1 19 1998- 11 3 Br"uce Ball ALT Systematic data recovery of DgRs 2 at 1642 56 Street, Delta (Beach Grove Site) 1998-114 Clinton Coates INS AlA for proposed campground development in Herald Park, within Sec 16, Tp 21 , Rge 8, W6M, KDYD, on the N shore of Shuswap Lake between Ashby and Paradise Point, vicinity of EeQt 5 & 7 1998- 11 5 Jean Bussey INS AlA of Canadian Hunter Exploration , Amber Energy, and Summitt Resources oil & gas developments in NE B.C. 1998-116 Martin Handly INS AlA of Bell Pole Co., Gorman Brothers Lumber, Tolko Industries (Lavington Division), Weyerhauser Canada, MoF/SBFEP, MoF/ Woodlot Program, and other licensees' forestry operations within the Vernon FD 1998-117 Rod McFarlane ALT Alterations to DgRs 11 during renovations to house and grounds at 1037 Pacific Drive, Tsawwassen 1998-118 Way ne French ALT Alterations to CMTs in DeS! 39/42.43/44, DeSg 63, DIS! 3/4, and DfSg 46 by MacMillan Bloedel (West Island Woodlands Division) in Openings 7610, 7686, 7615, 7613, 7518, 9652, 9692, and 8599, within TFL 44, South Island FD 1998-1 19 Martin Handly INS AlA of Pope & Talbot, Weyerhauser Canada, and other licensees' forestry operations within Boundary FD 1998-120 lan Wilson INS AlA of MoF/SBFEP forestry operations within TSL A57725 (Blocks 1/12/13), TSL A57727 (Blocks 2/18), and Cutblock A53187 & associated road (A53437) and log dump, North Coast FD 1998-121 Bob Bradshaw ALT Alterations to CMTs in DIRi 37/38/39/42/44/45 by J.S. Jones Timber Ltd. forestry operations within FL A 19201 , Blocks B4/B5/B7, near Ainslie Creek, Chilliwack FD 1998-122 Bob Bradshaw ALT Alterations to CMTs in EcRi 74/75 and EdRi 85 by J.S. Jones Timber Ltd . forestry operations within FL A18699, CP43, Block 10, CP43, Block 5, and CP42, Block T-12, Skoonka and Upper Spence Creek, Lillooet FD 1998-143 Gabriella Prager INS AlA of Slocan Forest Group and Canadian Forest Products forestry operations within Fort St. John and Fort Nelson FDs 1998-1 24 Robert Lackowicz INS AlA of Tolko Industries (Nicola Division) and other licensees' forestry operations within the Merritt FD 1998-125 Shawn Kenmuir ALT Alterations to CMTs in FiT! 8, FiT! 7, and FiTd 3 by West Fraser Mills (Skeena Sawmills Division) forestry operations within FL A16820 at Chambers Creek (Blocks C3A, C1E , C1Z, C1A-1 , C7A), Trip Creek (Blocks TP2B, TP2C), Narrow Creek (Blocks N1A, N1B, N2B

FIELD. NOTES

SUMMARY OF WORK BY Both projects were initiated in 1996. related feasibility studies, management THE BASTION GROUP FOR The Nass River project resulted in the dis­ plans, and consultations for industty and 1997 covery and documentation of several late First Nations clients. Of special note was nineteenth century eulachon fishing a feasibility study and development plan Bjorn Simonsen ofThe Bastion Group camps along a portion of the river's north of a major cultural centre complex for the reports that during 1997 they were in­ shore. This area has long been associ­ Teslin Tlingit Nation in the southern Yu­ volved in a total of 14 projects, which were ated with a number ofLax.-Kw'alaams fami­ kon. This study was carried out in as so-. carried out under permits issued by the lies who are now based out of Port ciation with three partners, including a Simpson. One of these camps is still in ~rovincia l Archaeology Branch. Four of Vancouver based architectural firm, and these involved ongoing archaeological operation, and the Bastion Group field required detailed consultation with mem­ impact assessment projects that were un­ party were fortunate to witness the bers of the Teslin Tlingit community. dertaken, primarily within the Central processing of eulachon into grease dur­ Coast region, on behalf of major forest ing their stay at the camp in March of 1997. companies. The rest of the projects were Surprisingly, very little evidence of pre­ mostly small-scale (one to five days long) contact period occupation was found assessments of proposed land develop­ along the 23 km highway corridor. How­ ments. Several other forest industry re­ ever, as the road traverses very steep ter­ lated projects of a non-permit nature (e.g., rain, there is little terraced land to support archaeological overviews, management occupation sites. During the Bamberton project, an inter­ MOA Volunteers plans, and reconnaissance level field in­ spectiqns), were also carried out in vari­ esting inland shell midden site was dis­ The Museum of Anthropology is ous regions of the province. covered at an elevation of 75 m above currently recruiting individuals who Archaeological inn pact assessment stud­ present sea level. However, as there is no are interested in assisting with the ies, coupled with traditional use studies evidence that the site was associated with museum's activities. Training for vol­ and First Nations consultations, were com­ the paleo-shoreline, the consultants feel unteers will begin in September, 1998. pleted for a proposed highway construc­ that the site may have been a refuge area For more information contact MOA tion project along the lower Nass River, which does not predate 2,000 years ago. at(604) 822-5087. and for the Bamberton Town Development Approximately half of the projects un­ near Victoria. dertaken in the past year were heritage

20 The Midden 30/1 EXHIBITS Vancouver Art Gallery Down from the Shimmering Sky: Masks of the Northwest Coast Through October 12, 1998

This diverse exhibit provides a rare opportunity to see over 175 historical and contemporary masks, which were created over the last two centuries by the fmest First Nations artists in this region. The exhibition explores the rich tradition of Northwest Coast mask-making, and celebrates the vital role that masks play in Native culture.

Hourly tours are available daily until the end of September. During October, hourly tours will be available Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday. To book a private tour, contact the Vancouver Art Gallery at (604) 662-4714. NEWS ITEMS

Branch Udates its Contract List

The Archaeology Branch is updating its' binder lists for contracts which may be required from time to time. If you are interested in being placed on any of these lists, contact the Archaeology Branch (5th Floor, 800 Johnson St., PO Box 9816, Stn Prov Govt, Victoria, BC, V8W 9W3; Fax: (250) 387-4420).

Responses should state on which list or lists you want to be placed, and include a description of the services you can provide. All interested parties who held previous Branch contracts must demonstrate a satisfactory performance record. Potential bidders should be aware of their responsibilities under the Criminals Records Review Act. The Branch may also post systems-related Request for Proposals, etc. on the web.

Bidders List for Planning and Assessment Program: a) Contracts for archaeological impact assessments b) Contracts for archaeological overview assessments to LRMP standards For further information, contact Ray Kenny. Planning and Assessment Program (250) 356-1438.

Bidders List for Inventory and Mapping Program: a) Contracts for enhancements to the Provincial Heritage Register Database (PHRD) b) Contracts for the construction/maintenance of WWW pages c) Contracts for digitizing site locations and scanning archaeological site maps/archive documents For further information, contact Jack Foster, Manager, inventory and Mapping Program (250) 356-1055.

Bidders List for Aboriginal Liaison and Public Education Program: a) Contracts for the investigation of reports of accidentally found human remains b) Contracts for the development of educational materials For further information, contact Milt Wright, Manager, Aboriginal Liaison and Public Education Program (250) 387-1780.

1\vo BC Archaeology Books Top Winners

UBC Press was recently advised by Choice magazine that two books on BC archaeology were the top picks of the year. . Choice is one of the major sources of book reviews for librarians in North America and annually assesses hundreds of books on the basis of readability, timeliness, and overall quality.

The two books are Early Human Occupation in British Columbia, organized and edited by SFU professor Roy Carlson and former SFU student Luke Dalla Bona, and Prophecy ofthe Swan: The Upper Peace River Fur Trade of1 794-1823, written by SFU professors David Burley and Knut Fladmark and former SFU student Scott Hamilton. Early Human Occupation in British C.olumbia brings together the archaeological evidence of Native culture history for the entire province with chapters written by leading regional specialists, whereas Prophecy ofthe Swan is about the archaeology of the fur trade in northeastern BC. CONFERENCES 1998 October 1-3 BCMA, 42nd Annual Conference "Does Anyone Care?'' Observations from Outside and Inside the Museum and Gallery Community, Cranbrook, BC

The 1998 British Columbia Museums Association conference will include workshops on: The Canadian Museum of Rail Travel; St. Eugene Mission and Tribal Centre; Cranbrook- Some 'External Aspects' of the Community Museum; and Fort Steel Heritage Town. This year's plenary session is entitled '·Exploring Perceptions about Museums and Galleries". The conference will also include the BCMA's AGM, pre-conference training, and member presentations. ,...... __

Contact: BCMA Administration Assistant, Tel.: (250) 387-9315; Fax: (250) 387-1251; Email: [email protected]

No' ember 7-8 Seventh Annual BC Archaeology Forum Mount Currie Indian Band & Creekside Resources Inc.,.· Mount Currie, BC ·

The BC Archaeology Forum is an annual event designed to facilitate discussion between consulting archaeologists, the Archaeology Branch, academics, and First Nations. It provides an opportunity for the BC archaeology community to review the work accomplished each year, and discuss some of the main issues and problems facing the discipline.

Contact: Sue Montgomery, Mount Currie Indian Band, Creekside Resources Inc., PO Box 605, Mount Currie, BC, VON 2KO; Tel. (604) 894-6145; Fax (604) 894-6163; Email: [email protected]

November 12-15 Chacmoor, 31st Annual Conference, "On Being First" Cultural Innovation and Environmental Consequences of First Peoplings " University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta

The 31st Annual Chacmool Conference will focus on the consequences of peopling places that until recently (geologically) were uninhabited by humans. Bringing together researches from North and South America, the Caribbean and the Pacific, it is hoped they will recognize common themes that can be used to better address the problems of archaeological investigation of the peopling process, in light of new analytical techniques and discoveries, and broadening theoretical perspectives.

Preliminary topic suggestions include: Motivation and Exploratory Behaviour: Is the Grass Really Greener?; Technology, Innovation, and Adaptation; Human and Biotic Responses to Environmental Changes; Human Impact on the Biogeography of"Pristine" Environments; Life Without Neighbors: Settlement Patterns on a Non-Human Landscape; Native Perspectives on Origins; Eve of a New Generation OR Sex and the Single Migrant; Context, Site Discovery, and Paradigmatic Constraints; Prehistoric Perceptions: The Relationship between Event and Human Decision-Making; New . Approaches to Interpreting Physical Evidence. Further suggestions are both welcomed and encouraged.

Contact: 1998 Conference Committee, Department ofArchaeology, University ofCalgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4; Tel. (403) 220-5227; Fax (403) 282-9567. .l ~MIDDEN P.O. Box 520 Bentall Station Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3 ------~.. ~------