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African American Historic Context CH V-IX Historic Context U.S. Route 301 Corridor Archaeology of African American Life, St. Georges Hundred New Castle County, Delaware V.0B AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD A.7B PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED AFRICAN AMERICAN SITES IN ST. GEORGES HUNDRED Eleven archaeological sites associated with African American settlement have been identified in St. Georges Hundred (Figure 60). All 11 sites are either farms or rural dwellings dating from the early nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries (Table 49). No African American archaeological sites dating to before 1800 have yet been definitively identified in the Hundred. Seven of the sites have been studied at the Phase I level. The remaining four sites, the Wilson Farm Tenancy Site, the Holton/Cann Site, the Dale Historic Site, and the Bird-Houston Site, were investigated more intensively through either a Phase II evaluation study or a full Phase III data recovery. Of the seven Phase I sites, the Segar Site was an African American owner-occupied farm. Two sites, the Philips Agricultural Complex and the Cann Tenant-Amos Bell Historic Site, were occupied by tenants and owners during different periods of their history. The Philips Agricultural Complex was originally an owner-occupied farmhouse in the early nineteenth century and transitioned to tenant occupation several decades later. Conversely, the Cann Tenant-Amos Bell Historic Site began as a small tenant dwelling when it was built around 1816. By 1838 the house had become the primary residence of its new African American owner. The remaining four archaeological sites were small house and garden properties occupied by African American tenant laborers or property owners. TABLE 49 IDENTIFIED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ASSOCIATED WITH AFRICAN AMERICANS IN ST. GEORGES HUNDRED LEVEL OF SITE NAME (NO.) DATES PROPERTY TYPE OCCUPANT INVESTIGATION REFERENCE Holton/Cann Site 1751-1886 House and Garden Tenant Phase II Liebeknecht and Burrow 2012 (7NC-F-129) Cann Tenant – Amos Bell 1812-1836/ House and Garden/ Tenant/ Phase I Liebeknecht and Burrow 2011 Historic Site (7NC-F-160) 1838-1865 Farm Owner J. Armstrong 3 Site 1820-1900 House and Garden Tenant Phase I Schumer et al. 2011 (7NC-F-159) Samuel Segar Site 1857-1874 Farm Owner Phase I Clark 1993 (7NC-G-118) Dale Historic Site 1830-1837/ House and Garden/ Tenant/ Phase II Bedell and Shellenhamer 2013b (7NC-F-134) 1854-1915 Farm Owner Thomas Bayard Site 1835-1864/ Farm/ Owner/ Phase I Heite 1990 (7NC-G-1-6) 1864-1887 House and Garden Tenant Shallcross & Williams Tenant 1866-1890 House and Garden Tenant Phase I Heite 1990 House (7NC-G-107) Locus 13 Historic Findspot 1866-1890 House and Garden Tenant Phase I Heite 1990 (7NC-G-110) Bird-Houston Site, Locus A 1825-1849/ Farm/ Tenant Phase III Bedell et al. 2016 (7NC-F-138) 1850-1920 House and Garden Robert Grose House 1860-1923 House and Garden Owner Phase I A.D. Marble 2003 (7NC-G-166) Wilson Farm Tenancy Site 1880-1950 Farm Tenant Phase III Affleck et al. 2011 (7NC-F-94) 168 Historic Context U.S. Route 301 Corridor Archaeology of African American Life, St. Georges Hundred New Castle County, Delaware FIGURE 60: Location of Known African American Archaeological Sites within St. Georges Hundred (DEMAC 2012; ESRI World Topo Map 2012) 169 Historic Context U.S. Route 301 Corridor Archaeology of African American Life, St. Georges Hundred New Castle County, Delaware 1. Holton/Cann Site (Site 7NC-F-129) Less than a mile northwest of Middletown, Delaware, The Holton/Cann Site (7NC-F-129) was located close to the historically African American community of Armstrong Corner (Figure 61). Excavations at the Holton/Cann Historic Site indicated quite strongly that the site was likely the residence of both enslaved and free African Americans during its long period of occupation from 1751 to 1886 (Liebeknecht and Burrow 2012). Historical research conducted during a Phase II excavation revealed that the site was likely a farm occupied from 1751 until 1789 by indentured servants or men and women enslaved by the Boyce family. The character of occupancy of the farm was less certain from 1789 until 1838, but the description of its buildings as being in bad repair in 1838 suggested that it had not been greatly improved through the efforts of the owners and likely remained a marginal tenant or servant/slave-worked farm (Liebeknecht and Burrow 2012). The most substantive evidence of the site’s occupation by African American tenants occurred during the mid- to late nineteenth century when the farm was the property of Spencer Holton and his family. Early during the Holton period (1838 to 1865), the site was the residence for a mix of free and enslaved African-American servants and farmhands who worked on the Holton property. Following the Civil War and until the end of the Holton tenure (1865 to 1886), a number of recently freed African Americans continued to live on the farm as tenants of the Holton family. During Phase II testing a number of features associated with the historic occupation of the site were discovered. They included 30 postholes (Figure 62) as well as a large cellar hole measuring 25x13 feet. The cellar hole was filled with a mix of architectural and domestic objects associated 170 Historic Context U.S. Route 301 Corridor Archaeology of African American Life, St. Georges Hundred New Castle County, Delaware with the mid- to late nineteenth-century abandonment of the site. Building materials from the cellar hole included brick fragments, cut nails, and window glass. The fill also contained ceramics such as redware, pearlware, whiteware, ironstone, American Blue and Gray stoneware, and Chinese export porcelain. Other artifacts from the fill included vessel glass, cast iron cauldron fragments, and a number of other unidentifiable ferrous objects. Some notable objects included a wheel-thrown redware flask and whiteware sherds with dipped annular polychrome decorations, a style that reached its zenith in the 1830s and 1840s (Liebeknecht and Burrow 2011). A large circular shaft feature was also identified during the excavation, just south of the cellar hole (Figure 63). The feature measured approximately 7 feet in diameter and likely represented a well or privy shaft. A quarter of the feature was sampled, and excavation terminated when intact wooden remains were identified. The artifacts recovered from the privy/well feature were similar to those found in the nearby cellar fill. The materials dated to the mid- to late nineteenth century and consisted of vessel glass, oyster shell, and numerous ceramic sherds, including redware, whiteware, and ironstone. Phase II excavations at the Holton/Cann Historic Site revealed an artifact collection and buried cultural features associated with an African American occupation of the farm during the nineteenth century. The historical research associated with the project suggested that the site may serve as an important case study regarding the complex social dynamics associated with white landowners and their transition from enslaved to free African American labor in the decades both before and after the Civil War. 2. Cann Tenant-Amos Bell Historic Site (7NC-F-160) The Cann Tenant-Amos Bell Historic Site (7NC-F-160) was first identified in 2010 during the Phase IB archaeological survey of Section 2 of U.S. Route 301, Section 2, in St. Georges Hundred (Liebeknecht and Burrow 2011). Testing at the site included a pedestrian survey, shovel testing, 171 Historic Context U.S. Route 301 Corridor Archaeology of African American Life, St. Georges Hundred New Castle County, Delaware and limited test unit excavation. Located on the south side of Armstrong Corner Road, the site consisted of a concentration of historic artifacts dating to the early to late nineteenth century (Figure 64). The site was originally worked by an unnamed tenant of the Cann family in the early nineteenth century. In 1838 the 130-acre property was sold to Amos Bell, a free African American farmer. Amos Bell resided in the former tenant house on the south side of the road for several years before building a new home farther west along Armstrong Corner Road by 1853. Until his death in 1865, Bell was one of the largest African American landholders in St. Georges Hundred. Over one thousand artifacts were recovered from the Phase IB study. The artifact assemblage consisted of mostly redware, whiteware, pearlware, and creamware, pointing to an occupation dating from the early nineteenth century. Other material recovered during the survey included glassware, white clay tobacco pipe stems, shell, brass buttons, and a gun flint. Architectural material was recovered, including several brick fragments and window glass (Table 50). A number of sub-surface features were identified during the survey. They included two rectangular, flat- bottom pit features and a number of historic postholes (Figure 65). The assemblage from the Cann Tenant-Amos Bell House Site pointed to an occupation primarily associated with the first half of the nineteenth century, with one or more structures lying near the road. The documentary evidence suggests that the site most likely relates to the occupation by tenants of William Cann from 1816 to 1834 as well as the residence of the African American planter Amos Bell prior to relocating to a new house farther west on Armstrong Corner Road. 172 Historic Context U.S. Route 301 Corridor Archaeology of African American Life, St. Georges Hundred New Castle County, Delaware TABLE 50 ARTIFACTS RECOVERED FROM PHASE IB TESTING OF CANN TENANT/AMOS BELL SITE
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