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Energy from Biomass: Volume 1: Wood Fuel Supplies and Supply Chains

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Energy from Biomass: Volume 1: Wood Fuel Supplies and Supply Chains ENERGY FROM BIOMASS Summaries of the Biomass Projects carried out as part of the Department of Trade and Industry’s New and Renewable Energy Programme VOLUME 1: WOOD FUEL SUPPLIES AND SUPPLY CHAINS ETSU BM/04/00048/REP/1 Edited by Scribe Writing and Editing Service Published October 1998 © Crown Copyright 1998 INTRODUCTION These volumes of Summaries provide easy access to the many projects carried out in the Energy from Biomass programme area as part of the Department of Trade and Industry’s New and Renewable Energy Programme. The Summaries in this volume cover contractor reports on the subject published up to December 1997. This is a summary of work carried out under contract as part of the New and Renewable Energy Programme, managed by ETSU on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry. The views and judgements summarised are those of the various contractors and do not necessarily reflect those of ETSU or the Department of Trade and Industry. 1 REPORTS SUMMARISED IN VOLUME 11 Report No Title Contractor Publ. Page date No 1. SINGLE STEM FORESTRY TRIALS ETSU B 1081 A An experimental study of single stem trees Department of Forestry, 1982 5 as energy crops - Biomass yields of forest University of Aberdeen trees ETSU B 1081 (b) An experimental study of short rotation Department of Forestry, 1984 9 forestry for energy University of Aberdeen ETSU B 1081 Short rotation forestry for energy: single Department of Forestry, 1989 12 stem plantations University of Aberdeen ETSU B 1265 Trials of single stem energy plantations: Wood Supply Research 1992 16 biomass production Group, Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen 2. COPPICE TRIALS ETSU B 1078 Coppiced trees as energy crops Forestry Commission 1990 21 Research Division ETSU B 1291 Coppiced trees as energy crops Forestry Commission 1993 25 Research Division ETSU B 1171 Establishment and monitoring of large- Forestry Department, 1989 28 scale trials of short rotation forestry for Aberdeen University energy ETSU B 1255 Establishment and monitoring of large- Wood Supply Research 1993 31 scale trials of short rotation coppice for Group, Department of energy Forestry, University of Aberdeen ETSU Establishment and monitoring of large- Wood Supply Research 1995 34 B/W2/00126/REP scale trials of short rotation coppice for Group, Department of energy: Phase III Forestry, University of Aberdeen ETSU The continuing study of poplar as an Silviculture (S) Branch, 1996 38 B/W2/00402/REP energy crop Forestry Commission Research Division 3. SHORT ROTATION COPPICE CULTIVATION ISSUES 3.1 Planting, Fertilisation and Root Development ETSU Further evaluation of planting machines for Technical Development 1995 41 B/M4/00487/26/REP short-rotation coppice Branch, Forestry Commission 1 Items in italics are archived 2 Report No Title Contractor Publ. Page date No ETSU Initial spacing of poplars and willows Silviculture and Seeds 1997 44 B/W2/00336/REP grown as arable coppice Research Branch, Forestry Commission Research Agency ETSU Fertilisation of short rotation energy WRc plc 1995 47 B/W5/00215/REP coppice using sewage sludge ETSU Fertilisation of short rotation energy Yorkshire Environmental 1996 50 B/W5/00511/REP coppice using sewage sludge Limited ETSU A study of root development in SRC with Sidney C Banks plc 1996 53 B/M4/00487/39/REP particular attention to field drainage 3.2 Weed Control ETSU Weed control and soil management Avon Vegetation 1993 55 B/W5/00211/REP systems for short-rotation coppice: present Research knowledge and future requirements ETSU Evaluation of residual and foliar-acting Avon Vegetation 1994 58 B/N2/00132/REP herbicides on poplar and willow cultivars Research, Long Ashton Research Station ETSU Report on experiments on weed Avon Vegetation 1996 62 B/W2/00401/REP/1 management in coppice: 1994-1995 Research ETSU Weed management in short rotation Avon Vegetation 1996 67 B/W2/00401/REP/2 coppice: current status and future Research requirements ETSU Mechanical pre-planting weed control in Border Biofuels Ltd 1997 71 B/M4/00532/28/REP short rotation coppice using deep forestry ploughing techniques 3.3 Pests and Diseases ETSU B 1258 Evaluation of the biology and importance Long Ashton Research 1992 74 of diseases and pests in willow energy Station plantations ETSU B 1328 Interactions of rust diseases with willow Long Ashton Research 1994 77 biomass clones at different sites Station ETSU A review of the status and control The Game Conservancy 1994 81 B/M3/00388/10/REP strategies of known and perceived insect Trust pests on Salix and Populus in Northwest Europe ETSU Potential for biocontrol of willow rust with Long Ashton Research 1995 84 B/W6/00230/REP the hyperparasite Sphaerellopsis filum Station ETSU Epidemiology, population dynamics and Department of 1995 87 B/W6/00214/REP management of rust diseases in willow Agricultural Sciences, energy plantations University of Bristol Institute of Arable Crops Research 3 Report No Title Contractor Publ. Page date No ETSU Phenology and population dynamics of Long Ashton Research 1996 90 B/M4/00487/14/REP willow beetles (Coleoptera: Station Chrysomelidae) in short rotation coppiced willows at Long Ashton ETSU An applied study of clonal resistance to Institute of Arable Crops 1997 93 B/M4/00532/27/REP willow beetle attack in SRC willows Research - Long Ashton Research Station 4. RELEVANT CASE STUDIES ETSU Monitoring the progress of NFFO-3 Sidney C Banks plc 1997 96 B/W2/00527/REP projects: Short rotation willow coppice - agronomy and economics ETSU The Farm Wood Fuel and Energy Project R H and R W Clutton 1997 99 B/W2/00197/REP ETSU Farm Wood Fuel and Energy Project - ADAS 1997 103 B/W2/00199/REP Crop performance monitoring 4 1. SINGLE STEM FORESTRY TRIALS Report No: ETSU B 1081 A Publication date: 1982 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SINGLE STEM TREES AS ENERGY CROPS - BIOMASS YIELDS OF FOREST TREES Department of Forestry, University of Aberdeen Background A 1979 assessment of the potential of forest biomass as a source of energy in Britain identified two fuel sources: • trees grown in energy plantations on 10-20 year rotations • whole trees harvested in early thinnings. However, because trees are not normally harvested in Britain when they are less than 20 years old, there are serious gaps in knowledge relating to their growth. Project Objectives The overall aim of this project was to provide estimates of dry matter production by the whole tree and by its component parts for ten different species with an age range of 12-28 years. Specific objectives can be summarised as follows: • To tabulate, for each site, total above-ground biomass per tree and the division between stem, branches and foliage. • To derive a single-tree model from the mathematical relationship between total biomass and its components and some other easily measured parameter. • To derive a stand model from the mathematical relationship between the production of dry matter in a stand and some other measurable stand parameter. Methodology Ten tree species - alder, birch, Nothofagus, sycamore, Corsican pine, Douglas fir, hybrid larch, Scots pine, Sitka spruce and western hemlock - were selected for their biomass production potential. They were examined at several ages up to 28 years and for several growth rates. Account was also taken of each site’s production potential. Circular plots, each 0.05ha in area, were located at random in each sample stand, and the diameter at breast height (dbh) was measured using calipers for about 100 trees with a dbh of more than 5cm. The data were used to determine basal area per ha, number of stems per ha, 5 and the basal area corresponding to mean dbh. The frequency distribution of tree diameter in the stand was used to weight subsequent sampling for dry weight. Twelve sample trees were then selected in each stand and felled at 10cm above ground level. Measurements included: • weight of live and dead branches • total tree height (including stump) • stem length from the cut stump to the point where the top diameter measured 7cm (conifers) • stem length from the cut stump to the point where the top diameter measured 5cm (hardwoods and conifers) • stem weight. To work out the stem volume, each stem (up to the point where the top diameter measured 5cm) was cut into five equal sections, and the mid-diameter of each section was measured. Subsequent calculations used Huber’s formula. Half the samples were also assessed for moisture content. The procedure involved: • extracting, weighing, cutting into 15cm lengths and bagging up one live branch from each third of the crown, and three dead branches, if present, from the tree • cutting a 5cm disc of stem from the mid-point of each of the five sections used for volume estimation, weighing each disc individually and placing the discs in bags • drying the five stem sub-samples to a constant weight at 100°C in an oven and determining their moisture content • determining the dry weight of the live branches and foliage, and calculating the ratio of branch wood to foliage • splitting the stem discs into wood and bark fractions and establishing the ratio between them • calculating the mean moisture content of the tree from the moisture content of the discs • using the mean moisture contents and derived ratios to calculate the dry weights of all the sample trees. The next step was to derive single-tree models for each site using regression analysis. Biomass yields were predicted for each site by substituting the mean basal area of the 100 6 trees measured in each sample stand in the appropriate single tree models, and multiplying by the stocking rate. Stand models were derived from the single tree models for four populations: Corsican and Scots pine to top diameters of 5cm and 7cm, and other conifers to top diameters of 5cm and 7cm.
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