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The Geographers Presents You the Review of the Month Into a LIMITED EDITION 01 THE GEOGRAPHERS The world through the eyes of the euro class students Environment Culture Economy GET TO KNOW THE USA ! April-May 2021 CONTENTS The Geographers presents you the review of the month into a LIMITED EDITION. We are in Carriat, a modern high school of Bourg-en-Bresse and we are in a european history and geography section. We hope you will enjoy our magazine and the icing on the cake, take a cup of tea to relax. I- The Boswash By Maryem and Flavien II- The Main street By Névine and Siryne III- The Gulf of Mexico By Agatha and Lisa IV- The Silicon In this new edition, we are gonna present you the United Valley States in all its glory ! By Irina and Have you ever wondered how the United states became the Mélina world's leading power? Hang on, we are gonna make you travel through famous V- The Pacific Northwest areas in the United States like Washington until California By Anthony and passes by Chicago and the Gulf of Mexico ending with the Valentin north West of the country. THE DOMINATIVE AREA : THE BOSWASH by Maryem Talhi ... and Flavien VENET For today’s economic article, we will travel to the United States of America, and particularly to the Boswash. This is a megalopolis : a group of metropoles which create an important economic area. There are several megalopolis in the world like in Japan or in Europe, but the Boswash is one of the most important. Situated in a region of the USA called the “center of command” (in the north west), it is the most populated area and one of the richest in the whole country. We are going to explain this in three points : the economic aspect, the flows of different kinds and the famous tourist places. First of all, a tiny bit of history. The Boswash was in the 1960’s, the first megalopolis called in this way. This concept was invented by the french geographer Jean Gottman and is nowadays very used and teached at school. The name “Bashwash” comes from the two cities in the extremities north (Boston) and South (Washington) of the megalopolis. We certainly don’t forget the other important metropoles which are New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Springfield and Providence. The Boswash is so important because in 2019 it was the first megalopolis in the world in terms of economy according to the World Economic Forum. Its Economic Output (EO)(1) was indeed of $3,65B, whereas the EO of the European Dorsal which is the second megalopolis in the world, was of $2,505B. It was also the first in terms of population with 47,6 million of inhabitants and 43,5 for the European Dorsal. Those are mainly due to the importance of the tertiary sector : most of the cities comprise a Central Business District (CBD)(2) which produces a considerable economic activity. The most famous one is Manhattan. Another important thing is education. They are hundreds of renowned(3) colleges and universities among which Harvard, MIT, Brown … This creates a center of excellence : the students work in the CBDs which increase the level of skills and economic capacities. 1 : EO = PIB EN FRANCE 2 : CBD = QUARTIER DES AFFAIRES 3 : RENEWED = FAMOUS / KNOWN BY ALL Be careful, we must not forget that this wouldn't be possible without the international trade. Indeed, the Boswash is one of the most important exchange areas (and that since centuries with the triangular trade). With Northern Europe and Eastern Asia, it creates the major worldwide trade network. Goods can be exchanged : the Boswash is in a great coastal interface (a group of commercial ports on a single coast) which spreads from Miami to Boston. Moreover, there are several international airports as well as railways and highways to the country. On the map on the left, we see clearly the world marine ways and the importance of the eastern coast of the USA as a major center. Information is also exchanged : the internet is necessary for the economy and particularly the stock exchanges. It travels through pipelines under the oceans or by satellites. For example, one single fiber optic cables between the USA and the Western Europe (and they are numerous !) have a capacity of 144 Tb/s. These exchanges, allowed by a fantastic transport network, permit information and humans to travel and migrate to other areas. In fact, according to Census Current Population Survey data, the northeast of the USA lost 350’000 people and 325’000 in 2011. Generally, people leave the Boswash region because life is expensive. However, there are also people who come to this beautiful area. The northeastern part of the USA, is composed of many famous touristic cities such as New York, Boston and Washington DC. This region holds a lot of history, government landmarks (4), beautiful mountains, and natural resources. Some landmarks in the northeastern region of the United States include New York's Statue of Liberty, Empire State Building, Brooklyn Bridge and Times Square. New York City and Boston are situated on the Eastern seaboard and attract millions of tourists from around the world each year. Boston's Colonial roots (5) mark it as the "Cradle (6) of Liberty," while New York City's Statue of Liberty was the first sight many immigrants saw as their ships sailed toward Ellis Island. Boston views itself through the lens of blue-collar pride; it's a collegial, down-to-earth (7) destination that never takes itself too seriously. New York, on the other hand, prides itself on being a busy, bustling hub of culture and arts running over with sophistication.The best time to visit Boston is from late May or early June to October and the best time to visit New York is year round. New York, Boston and Washington DC are cities which attract millions of people from all around the world just to witness (8) their beauty and to get a look into the busy lives of the citizens. After having a look at the economic aspect, the flows of different kinds and the famous tourist places,we can conclude that the Boswash is a very important area in the united states of America, indeed other than being the first Megalopolis, it is also one of the biggest center of economy and density of population of the region. People from all over the world come to visit these beautiful cities and learn about its importance in history. 4 : LANDMARK = MONUMENT 5 : ROOT = RACINES 6 : CRADLE = BERCEAU 7 : DOWN-TO-EARTH = TERRE A TERRE 8 : TO WITNESS = ATTESTER DE Volume 1, Numéro 1 2020 MAIN STREET by Névine and Syrine To begin you have to know that Main Street is an American area which includes Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland and even some Canadian cities such as Toronto for example. Moreover, it extends to 3000 Km and includes over 65 millions of inhabitants. Firstly, according to the Council of the Great Lakes Region, the Mega Region of Chicago to Canada is known for their manufacturing. For instance, automobile and aerospace industries like Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, Bombardier, GE Aviation and Magna International. Other industries that generate business for the region are finance, energy, logistics, agriculture and tourism. Also, the area and its industries are mainly involved in the education and health sector. Nowadays, steel and automobile industry are economic activities in Main Street. There are also big companies which have their headquarters in this area such as MacDonalds for example. Historically, mining industry (coal and iron) and agriculture were the most important activities of Main Street and that is why there is a financial center in Chicago which set the price of the raw material in the world (second world financial center). Secondly, because of being a big area, Main Street needs to be connected with other cities and lands. This connection is possible thanks to all the ways of transport and trade which exists nowadays. In fact, many airports or ferries are built and serve as ways of transport for all the people (students, tourists, employees...). One of these famous and big airports is the Chicago O'Hare which, as indicated by its name is situated in Chicago. This airport allows the flows between Main Street and the rest of the world. Furthermore, ferries exist too to allow the flows between some canadian cities and the area for example. So, we can say that the area needs to be connected with the world because it is a huge area with ressources and goods. And thirdly, let's talk about the density of population in the area. On this map we can see the population density per square mile, the black circle designing Main Street. The areas which are the most populated are the Main Street and the Boswash (Boston to Washington) between 10,000 and 100,000 people per square mile (2.6 sq km). To conclude, we can say that Main Street is an important and popular area in the United States of America connected by trades such as airports or boats (waterways). These trades permit an important economy which is expanding due to the wide expanse of industries (automobile, health, education...). But, is this way of fuctionning the key to success ? Is it the same for other American places like the Boswach for example ? Volume 1, Number 1 2021 THE GULF OF MEXICO by Autin Lisa and Demolliens Agatha The Gulf of Mexico stretches over Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and finally Florida and Cuba. In this article you will see the main aspects of those states such as tourism, economic assets, political conflicts, etc.
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