DOCSLIB.ORG

Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2016: Taking on Inequality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2016: Taking on Inequality © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, in- terpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Note: The term “country,” used interchangeably with “economy,” does not imply political indepen- dence, but refers to any territory for which authorities report separate social or economic statistics. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2016. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2016: Taking on Inequality. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0958-3. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an offi- cial World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third- party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights @worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0958-3 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0979-8 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0958-3 Cover design: Patricia Hord Graphik Design Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgments xi About the Core Team and the Contributors xiii Abbreviations xvii Overview 1 Notes 19 References 20 1 Poverty and Shared Prosperity: Setting the Stage 23 Concepts, measurement, and data 23 A special focus in 2016: taking on inequality 29 Notes 32 References 33 2 Global Poverty 35 Monitoring global poverty 35 A profile of the poor in the developing world 42 Annex 2A Historical global and regional poverty estimates 46 Annex 2B Technical note: global poverty measurement using 2013 data 47 Notes 50 References 51 3 Shared Prosperity 53 Shared prosperity: where we stand 53 The bottom 40 in relative terms: the shared prosperity premium 56 Incomes of the bottom 40 and the top 10: the Palma premium 57 Who are the bottom 40? 57 Is the poverty goal attainable at current levels of growth and shared prosperity? 59 Conclusions: continued progress, but no room for complacency 62 v Annex 3A Shared prosperity estimates based on the latest surveys, by country, circa 2008–13 64 Notes 66 References 67 4 Inequality 69 Inequality matters 69 Separating fact from myth: what is the evidence on inequality? 75 Concluding remarks 87 Annex 4A Data construction 89 Global inequality database 89 Database of within-country Gini indexes 89 Notes 91 References 95 5 Reductions in Inequality: A Country Perspective 101 Introduction 102 Brazil: multiple policies aligned to redress record inequality 103 Cambodia: new earning opportunities emerging from impressive growth 107 Mali: a vulnerable economy favored by the vagaries of agriculture 110 Peru: equalizing investment despite informality and low human capital 114 Tanzania: sharing prosperity in the midst of diversification 117 Concluding remarks: learning from country experiences 120 Notes 122 References 124 6 Reductions in Inequality: A Policy Perspective 129 Introduction 130 Early childhood development and nutrition 131 Health care and education 135 Conditional cash transfers 140 Rural infrastructure 145 Taxation 148 Concluding remarks 152 Notes 154 References 159 vi POVERTY AND SHARED PROSPERITY 2016 Boxes 1.1 The Welfare Aggregate: Income 4.2 Perceptions of Inequality in the versus Consumption 25 Middle East and North Africa 73 2.1 Measuring Global Poverty and 4.3 Absolute versus Relative Inequality 78 Purchasing Power Parities 37 4.4 Comparison of Levels and Trends in 2.2 Projecting Poverty Rates 43 Income and Consumption Inequality 79 3.1 The Bottom 40 versus the Poor 59 4.5 Comparing Trends in Inequality: 3.2 Simulating Poverty Trajectories 61 Household Surveys and 4.1 Cross-Country Studies of the Effect Administrative Records 80 of Inequality on Growth 71 6.1 Tax Reform and Fiscal Consolidation 150 Figures O.1 Distribution of the Extreme Poor, 2.3 Regional and World Trends, Number the Nonpoor, the Bottom 40, of the Extreme Poor, 1990–2013 38 and the Top 60, 2013 2 2.4 Regional and World Trends, O.2 World and Regional Trends, Poverty Extreme Poverty Headcount Ratio, Headcount Ratio, 1990–2013 5 1990–2013 39 O.3 Trends in the Global Poverty 2.5 Poverty Headcount Ratios and Headcount Ratio and the Number Number of the Poor, by Country of the Global Poor, 1990–2013 5 Income, 2013 40 O.4 Where Are the Global Poor Living? 2.6 Poverty Headcount Ratios, Top 10 The Global Poor, by Region, 2013 6 Countries, 2013 41 O.5 Profile of the Poor, by Characteristics 2.7 Number of the Poor, Top 10 and Region, 2013 6 Countries, 2013 41 O.6 Age Profile of the Poor, 2013 7 2.8 Trends in the Poverty Gap and the O.7 Shared Prosperity, 83 Countries, Global Headcount Ratio, 1990–2013 42 2008–13 8 2.9 Profile of the Poor, by Characteristics O.8 Boosting Shared Prosperity and and Region, 2013 44 Ending Poverty, 10-Year Scenario, 2.10 Profile of the Extreme and Moderate 2013–30 9 Poor, by Selected Characteristics, O.9 Global Inequality, 1820–2010 9 2013 44 O.10 Global Inequality, 1988–2013 10 2.11 Age Profile of the Poor, 2013 45 O.11 Average Within-Country Inequality, 3.1 Shared Prosperity, 83 Countries, 1988–2013 10 2008–13 55 O.12 Trends in the Average National Gini, 3.2 The Bottom 40, Brazil, India, by Region, 1988–2013 11 and the United States, Circa 2013 58 O.13 The National Income Share of the B3.1.1 Distribution of the Extreme Poor, Richest 1 Percent, Selected Economies 12 the Nonpoor, the Bottom 40, O.14 Available Country Poverty Estimates, and the Top 60, 2013 59 Number, by Region and Year 19 3.3 Income Group Composition, the 1.1 Available Country Poverty Estimates, Bottom 40, Selected Countries, by Region and Year 28 Circa 2013 60 1.2 Availability of Poverty Data, by All 3.4 Boosting Shared Prosperity and Possible 10-Year Periods, 1990–2013 28 Ending Poverty, 2013–30 62 1.3 Double and Triple Dips in Growth, 4.1 Growth of the Bottom 40 versus Selected Economies, 2006–15 30 Growth at the Mean, 2008–13 72 2.1 The Global Poverty Headcount Ratio B4.2.1 Actual versus Anticipated Feelings of and the Number of the Extreme Poor, Well-Being, Middle East and North 1990–2013 36 Africa 74 2.2 Where Are the Global Poor Living? 4.2 The Top 1 Percent Income Share, The Global Poor, by Region, 2013 37 Selected Economies 76 CONTENTS vii 4.3 Global Income Inequality, 5.6 Contributions of Growth and 1820–2010 76 Redistribution Effects to Poverty 4.4 Long-Run Changes in the Gini Reduction, Cambodia, 2008–12 108 Index, Selected Developing 5.7 Trends in the Gini Index, Mali, Countries, 1980–2014 77 2001–10 111 B4.3.1 Comparing Absolute and Relative 5.8 Growth Incidence Curve, Mali, Gains across the Distribution 78 2001–10 112 B4.4.1 Levels of Income and Consumption, 5.9 Contributions of Growth and Gini Indexes, 2013 79 Redistribution Effects to Poverty B4.4.2 Trends in Income and Consumption, Reduction, Mali, 2006–09 112 Gini Indexes, Circa 2008–13 79 5.10 Trends in the Gini Index, Peru, B4.5.1 Comparison of Top Incomes and the 2004–14 115 Gini Index, Brazil, 2006–12 80 5.11 Growth Incidence Curve, Peru, 4.5 Global Inequality, 1988–2013 81 2004–14 115 4.6 Average Within-Country Inequality, 5.12 Contributions of Growth and 1988–2013 83 Redistribution Effects to Poverty 4.7 Trends in the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Slovenia Have Been Remarkable
    Mrak/Rojec/Silva-Jáur lovenia’s achievements over the past several years Slovenia have been remarkable. Thirteen years after Public Disclosure Authorized independence from the former Socialist Federative egui Republic of Yugoslavia, the country is among the most advanced of all the transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe and a leading candidate for accession to the European Union Sin May 2004. Remarkably, however, very little has been published Slovenia documenting this historic transition. Fr om Y In the only book of its kind, the contributors—many of them the architects of Slovenia’s current transformation—analyze the country’s three-fold ugoslavia to the Eur transition from a socialist to a market economy, from a regionally based to a national economy, and from being a part of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia to being an independent state and a member of the European Union (EU). With chapters from Slovenia’s president, a former vice prime minister, Public Disclosure Authorized the current and previous ministers of finance, the minister of European affairs, the current and former governors of the Bank of Slovenia, as well as from leading development scholars in Slovenia and abroad, this unique opean Union collection synthesizes Slovenia’s recent socioeconomic and political history and assesses the challenges ahead. Contributors discuss the Slovenian style of socioeconomic transformation, analyze Slovenia’s quest for EU membership, and place Slovenia’s transition within the context of the broader transition process taking place in Central and Eastern Europe. Of interest to development practitioners and to students and scholars of the region, Slovenia: From Yugoslavia to the European Union is a From Yugoslavia comprehensive and illuminating study of one country’s path to political and economic independence.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic Stability and Independence of Appalachian Women
    SOCIO-ECONOMIC STABILITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF APPALACHIAN WOMEN MICHELE DAWN KEGLEY A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership & Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December, 2011 This is to certify that the dissertation entitled: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STABILITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF APPALACHIAN WOMEN prepared by Michele Dawn Kegley is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership & Change. Approved by: __________________________________________________________________ Elizabeth Holloway, Ph.D., Chair date __________________________________________________________________ Laurien Alexandre, Ph.D., Committee Member date __________________________________________________________________ Mary K. Anglin, Ph.D., Committee Member date __________________________________________________________________ Kimberly K. Eby, Ph.D., External Reader date Copyright 2011 Michele D. Kegley All rights reserved. Acknowledgments I was sitting in the pew listening to the pastor quote Woody Allen—“Half of life is showing up.” He went on to talk about how in life we have dreams and ambitions, and sometimes we feel like we are failing to meet these aspirations and wonder if we are meeting the expectations for those who depend on us (sermon 5-29-2011). He said, “‘Half of life is showing up,’ and God provides the other half.” His advice to us was just show up and quit worrying. The people I have to thank have done more than show up. They have impacted my life in ways they will never know. I thank God for getting me through this program and sending these special angels into my life. Let me start with my kids who have learned to wash clothes, cook, and understand my own version of what we call phone sign language—codes for I am talking if you are not on fire or bleeding go away and come back when I am off the phone.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumerism in the 1920S: Collected Commentary
    BECOMING MODERN: AMERICA IN THE 1920S PRIMARY SOURCE COLLECTION ONTEMPORAR Y HE WENTIES IN OMMENTARY T T C * Leonard Dove, The New Yorker, October 26, 1929 — CONSUMERISM — Mass-produced consumer goods like automobiles and ready-to-wear clothes were not new to the 1920s, nor were advertising or mail- order catalogues. But something was new about Americans’ relationship with manufactured products, and it was accelerating faster than it could be defined. Not only did the latest goods become necessities, consumption itself became a necessity, it seemed to observers. Was that good for America? Yes, said some—people can live in unprecedented comfort and material security. Not so fast, said others—can we predict where consumerism is taking us before we’re inextricably there? Something new has come to confront American democracy. Samuel Strauss The Fathers of the Nation did not foresee it. History had opened “Things Are in the Saddle” to their foresight most of the obstacles which might be expected The Atlantic Monthly to get in the way of the Republic—political corruption, extreme November 1924 wealth, foreign domination, faction, class rule; . That which has stolen across the path of American democracy and is already altering Americanism was not in their calculations. History gave them no hint of it. What is happening today is without precedent, at least so far as historical research has discovered. No reformer, no utopian, no physiocrat, no poet, no writer of fantastic romances saw in his dreams the particular development which is with us here and now. This is our proudest boast: “The American citizen has more comforts and conveniences than kings had two hundred years ago.” It is a fact, and this fact is the outward evidence of the new force which has crossed the path of American democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Prosperity Economics Building an Economy for All
    ProsPerity economics Building an economy for All Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil ProsPerity economics Building an economy for All Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil Creative Commons (cc) 2012 by Jacob S. Hacker and Nate Loewentheil Notice of rights: This book has been published under a Creative Commons license (Attribution-NonCom- mercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported; to view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-sa/3.0/). This work may be copied, redistributed, or displayed by anyone, provided that proper at- tribution is given. ii / prosperity economics About the authors Jacob S. Hacker, Ph.D., is the Director of the Institution for Social and Policy Studies (ISPS), the Stanley B. Resor Professor of Political Science, and Senior Research Fellow in International and Area Studies at the MacMil- lan Center at Yale University. An expert on the politics of U.S. health and social policy, he is author of Winner-Take-All Politics: How Wash- ington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class, with Paul Pierson (September 2010, paperback March 2011); The Great Risk Shift: The New Economic Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream (2006, paperback 2008); The Divided Welfare State: The Battle Over Public and Private Social Benefits in the United States (2002); and The Road to Nowhere: The Genesis of President Clinton’s Plan for Health Security (1997), co-winner of the Brownlow Book Award of the National Academy of Public Administration. He is also co-author, with Paul Pierson, of Off Center: The Republican Revolution and the Erosion of American Democracy (2005), and has edited three volumes, most recently, Shared Responsibility, Shared Risk: Government, Markets and Social Policy in the Twenty-First Century, with Ann O'Leary (2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Bovine Benefactories: an Examination of the Role of Religion in Cow Sanctuaries Across the United States
    BOVINE BENEFACTORIES: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN COW SANCTUARIES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES _______________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board _______________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ________________________________________________________________ by Thomas Hellmuth Berendt August, 2018 Examing Committee Members: Sydney White, Advisory Chair, TU Department of Religion Terry Rey, TU Department of Religion Laura Levitt, TU Department of Religion Tom Waidzunas, External Member, TU Deparment of Sociology ABSTRACT This study examines the growing phenomenon to protect the bovine in the United States and will question to what extent religion plays a role in the formation of bovine sanctuaries. My research has unearthed that there are approximately 454 animal sanctuaries in the United States, of which 146 are dedicated to farm animals. However, of this 166 only 4 are dedicated to pigs, while 17 are specifically dedicated to the bovine. Furthermore, another 50, though not specifically dedicated to cows, do use the cow as the main symbol for their logo. Therefore the bovine is seemingly more represented and protected than any other farm animal in sanctuaries across the United States. The question is why the bovine, and how much has religion played a role in elevating this particular animal above all others. Furthermore, what constitutes a sanctuary? Does
    [Show full text]
  • A Consumers' Republic: the Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar
    A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Cohen, Lizabeth. 2004. A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America. Journal of Consumer Research 31(1): 236-239. Published Version doi:10.1086/383439 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4699747 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Reflections and Reviews A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America LIZABETH COHEN* istorians and social scientists analyzing the contem- sumer market. A wide range of economic interests and play- H porary world unfortunately have too little contact and ers all came to endorse the centrality of mass consumption hence miss some of the ways that their interests overlap and to a successful reconversion from war to peace. Factory the research of one field might benefit another. I am, there- assembly lines newly renovated with Uncle Sam’s dollars fore, extremely grateful that the Journal of Consumer Re- stood awaiting conversion from building tanks and muni- search has invited me to share with its readers an overview tions for battle to producing cars and appliances for sale to of my recent research on the political and social impact of consumers. the flourishing of mass consumption on twentieth-century If encouraging a mass consumer economy seemed to America.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Prosperity Element
    ECONOMIC PROSPERITY LIVE GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND POLICIES GOAL ECP 1 TALENT & HUMAN CAPITAL GOAL ECP 2 INCLUSIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP WORK GOAL ECP 3 INDUSTRY CLUSTERS GOAL ECP 4 BUSINESS CLIMATE & COMPETITIVENESS GOAL ECP 5 EQUITY AND ECONOMIC INCLUSION PLAY GOAL ECP 6 ECONOMIC PLACEMAKING GOAL ECP 7 ECONOMIC LEADERSHIP & PARTNERSHIP GOAL ECP 8 COMMUNITY LIFE GROW Comprehensive Plan | 2019 ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ELEMENT WHAT IS THE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY ELEMENT? The Economic Prosperity Element is new to the City’s Comprehensive Plan and provides context for policy, resource allocation and guidance as to how the City will seek to promote prosperity as the Delray Beach’s economy develops and evolves. The International Economic Development Council defines economic development as “a process that influences growth and restructuring of an economy to enhance the economic well-being of a community.” Community benefits from a successful economic development approach and strategy including: 1) new business activity; 2) higher incomes; 3) wealth-building; and 4) tax revenues to fund public services and community life investments. Effective economic development involves a coordinated cross-disciplinary approach to business attraction, business development, business retention, workforce capacity-building, tourism, and infrastructure investments, as drivers of economic growth. The City has focused on growing local businesses, business retention and expansion, redevelopment and revitalization, downtown development, tourism and sports, arts and culture, special events, and community development as economic development strategies. While this approach has been effective, investments in people, place, and industry development are necessary to fill gaps in the city industries and economic outcomes. Additionally, Delray Beach’s prior economic success does not yet mean prosperity for all.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Globalization a Source of Prosperity and Progress Or the Main Cause of Poverty? What Has to Be Done to Reduce Poverty?
    Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1):13-17,2012 ISSN:2233-3878 Is Globalization a Source of Prosperity and Progress or the Main Cause of Poverty? What has to be done to Reduce Poverty? Valeri MODEBADZE* Abstract This article analyses globalization process and its positive and negative sides. Globalization is a double-edged phenomenon. This research is based on comparative method. Two contradictory approaches to understanding globalization are compared with each other. On the one hand, advocates of globalization argue that globalization is a positive phenomenon which promotes greater prosperity and increases living standards of people. On the other hand, opponents of globalization see it as the main cause of impoverishment and economic crisis. The problem of describing the effects of globalization is closely linked with these two contradictory approaches to understanding globalization. Keywords: globalization, positive and negative sides of globalization, transnational institutions, environmental degradation, global warming Introduction – Definition of Globalization national trade and international business operations. Thus, economic life has been progressively globalized. National Before we start comparing two contradictory ap- economies have been integrated into global economy and proaches to globalization, we have to define it. Globali- they have become so interdependent that they cannot func- zation refers to the growing interconnectedness of differ- tion separately from each other. One of the consequences of ent parts of the world. It is a process which gives rise to globalization is the emergence of multinational companies a complex form of interaction and interdependency. The and transnational corporations. These are very powerful world is becoming a global village and interdependence organizations that produce output in more than one state.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Security: Implications for Public Health
    © PAHO-WHO KMC/IB-GC July 20, 2012 - H & H S Human Security: Implications for Public Health Technical Reference Document Sustainable Development and Environmental Health Area (SDE) PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office for the Americas of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 2012 Also published in Spanish (2012) as: Seguridad humana: implicaciones para la salud pública. Documento técnico de referencia ISBN: 978-92-75-31692-4 PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Human security: Implications for public health Washington, D.C.: PAHO © 2012 ISBN: 978-92-75-11692-0 I. Title 1. CIVIL PROTECTION 2. SAFETY 3. SAFETY MANAGEMENT 4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 5. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 6. HUMAN RIGHTS 7. PUBLIC HEALTH NLM WA 250 The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to Editorial Services, Area of Knowledge Management and Communications (KMC), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The Area of Sustainable Development and Environmental Health (SDE) will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. © Pan American Health Organization, 2012. All rights reserved. Publications of the Pan American Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights are reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Investing in Children: Independent Experts Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage on Social Inclusion a Study of National Policies
    EU Network of Investing in children: Independent Experts Breaking the cycle of disadvantage on Social Inclusion A Study of National Policies Romania This publication has been prepared for the European Commission by © Cover illustration: European Union Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission may be held responsible for use of any information contained in this publication. The opinions expressed are those of the author(s) only and should not be considered as representative of the European Commission’s or Member States’ official position. Further information on the Network of independent experts is available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1025&langId=en © European Union, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Investing in children: Breaking the cycle of disadvantage A Study of National Policies LUANA MIRUNA POP COUNTRY REPORT - ROMANIA Add title 2 Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion Country Report - Romania Table of Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................... 7 Summary ......................................................................................................... 9 1. Assessment of the overall approach and governance ....................................... 13 1.1. Institutional arrangement of child protection in Romania: to what extend does Romania have an integrated multi-dimensional strategy? ................. 13 1.2. A children’s rights approach: is there an effective
    [Show full text]
  • Reporting on Nature-Related Risks, Impacts And
    REPORTING ON NATURE-RELATED RISKS, IMPACTS AND DEPENDENCIES ACKNOWLEDGMENT This document is prepared as an input paper to the G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group by UNDP and UNEP FI. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of UNDP and UNEP FI. The development of this knowledge product is with thanks to authors at UNDP: Maxim Vergeichik, Malika Bhandarkar, Midori Paxton and UNEP FI: Jessica Smith, David Carlin and Eric Usher. The authors are grateful for input that strengthened the paper, including from the US Department of Treasury, Peoples Bank of China, Italy’s Ministry of Finance, IWG TNFD Steering Committee (consisting of leadership from BNP Paribas, Banorte, Green Finance Institute, Global Canopy, UNDP, UNEP FI and WWF), OECD’s Simon Buckle and the Secretariat of the Sustainable Finance Working Group. Acknowledgment of contributions does not imply endorsement of this guidance nor of the materials referred to. UNDP and UNEP FI (2021). Reporting on Nature-related Risks, Impacts and Dependencies – Prepared by UNDP and UNEP FI for the G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group. ABOUT UNDP AND UNEP FI The United Nations Develop Programme (UNDP) is the leading United Nations organization fighting to end the injustice of poverty, inequality and climate change. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to build integrated, lasting solutions for people and planet. Learn more at undp.org or follow at @UNDP. The United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) is a partnership between UNEP and the global financial sector to mobilize private sector finance for sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Romania
    USAID’s Approach to Poverty Reduction The Case of Romania Summary overty reduction is not a formal, overarching objective of the Government of Romania or its development donor community. The government’s overwhelm- Ping preoccupation is accession to NATO and the EU, though these goals stand for the economic growth and poverty reduction expected to follow. Poverty reduction has figured in several governmental statements and programs, but there is no well-coordinated effort to implement a poverty reduction program. KEY IDEAS As a middle-income country that does not qualify for debt relief, Romania is not crafting a Poverty ■ Lack of coordination on poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for the interna- reduction at the central level of tional financial community. There is no comprehen- government increases the difficulty sive development strategy that unifies Romanians of coordinating donor initiatives and international partners around a common vision around this theme, even though for the country. Without poverty reduction as a donors are concerned about rising compelling theme or a commonly shared strategy poverty rates. paper, each donor in Romania promotes its own strategic vision, leading to a plethora of strategy ■ The presence of a program econo- papers and lack of coordination. The situation is mist on the mission’s staff is compounded by the absence of the concept of part- required to enable market and nership, wherein the government determines its pri- political economy analysis of poli- orities and invites international donors to contribute cy choices in economic growth, to specific components. democracy and governance, and social service sectors. As Romania struggled in the late 1990s to recover from the legacy of communism, economic growth ■ Funding directives may result in was negative—average annual GDP growth was resource allocations that exceed the –1.5 percent from 1996 through 2000.
    [Show full text]