DOCSLIB.ORG

Bacillus Subtilis – Identification & Safety

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bacillus Subtilis – Identification & Safety Issue 2 March 2009 Bacillus subtilis – Identifi cation & Safety From: Peter Cartwright BA (Hons) MA MSc Human Microbiota Specialist Probiotics International Ltd. Somerset, U.K. 3d rendered close up of Bacillus Subtilis bacteria by Sebastian Kaulitzki Bacillus subtilis is not an obscure or mysterious protection against the effects of antibiotics. B. subtilis. Anything over 99.0% is considered microbe. It is, instead, a very well-studied Such antibiotic-resistant genes are found a species match. Furthermore, every batch of bacterium. It is the ‘type’ (original) species naturally in bacteria, but the question is Bio-Kult is tested by an independent UKAS- of the Bacillus genus(1) and it is viewed by whether they are resistant to antibiotics that accredited laboratory to ensure that it meets microbiologists as a typical example of a are used in the treatment of humans and also the label claims. Every pot of Bio-Kult contains Gram-positive bacterium and an endospore- whether they are the type of genes that can be exactly what the label states. producer. Consequently, B. subtilis attracts transferred to other bacteria. a lot of research and this is why it was one References If such genes are transferrable to other 1. Logan, N.A. (2004) Safety of Aerobic Endospore- of the fi rst organisms to have its full genome bacteria, then they could be taken up Forming Bacteria. In Bacterial Spore Formers: Probiotics sequenced (more than ten years ago). by bacteria in the human gut fl ora and and Emerging Applications (Ricca E. et al., eds.). Horizon So what do research studies tell us about the subsequently passed onto pathogens creating Bioscience, Wymondham, Norfolk, UK.: 93-105. safety of B. subtilis as a probiotic? Last year, a new type of resistant pathogen. 2. Hong, H.A., Huang, J-M., Khaneja, R., Hiep, L.V., Urdaci, three studies(2,3,4) were published on the safety M.C. & Cutting, S.M. (2008) The Safety of Bacillus subtilis All three of the 2008 safety studies tested their of B. subtilis. Four strains were examined and and Bacillus indicus as food probiotics. Journal of Applied B. subtilis strains against a range of antibiotics. none of these strains were found to have any Microbiology 105: 510-520. All the strains were sensitive (not resistant) pathogenic indications. The three studies 3. Sorokulova, I.B., Pinchuk, I.V., Denayrolles, M, Osipova, to all the antibiotics important in medical involved researchers from Canada, France, I.G., Huang, J.M., Cutting, S.M. & Urdaci, M.C. (2008) The treatment, as listed in a report of the European Vietnam and the UK, including Dr Simon Safety of Two Bacillus Probiotic Strains for Human Use. Food Safety Authority(5). Cutting, Professor of Molecular Microbiology at Digestive Diseases and Sciences 53: 954-963. Royal Holloway College, University of London. Accuracy of microbe identifi cation 4. Tompkins, T.A., Hagen, K.E., Wallace, T.D. & Fillion-Forte, V. (2008) Safety evaluation of two bacterial strains used in Given such data confi rming the safety of Pathogenic genes asian probiotic products. Canadian Journal of Microbiology B. subtilis, the major remaining question is Specifi cally, the researchers tested for the 54: 391-400. whether a probiotic product contains the presence of genes responsible for the 5. EFSA (2005) Opinion of the Scientifi c Committee on a species it claims. Sanders et al.(6) reported on production of various toxins, and other harmful request from EFSA related to a generic approach to the safety three studies that examined a total of seven substances such as haemolysin (blood cell assessment by EFSA of microorganisms used in food/feed Bacillus products and found that all of them disruption) and lecithinase (cell membrane and the production of food/feed additives. EFSA Journal were mislabelled as to the species contained. disruption). No such genes were found. 226: 1-12. One product contained Bacillus cereus rather 6. Sanders, M.E., Morelli, L. & Tompkins, T.A. The strains were also added to gut epithelial than B. subtilis, and this is signifi cant because (2003) Sporeformers as Human Probiotics: Bacillus, cells without causing harm, and were fed to some strains of B. cereus can cause food Sporolactobacillus, and Brevibacillus. Comprehensive various laboratory animals (mice, rats, guinea poisoning. Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2: 101-110. pigs, rabbits and piglets) with no adverse The B. subtilis of Bio-Kult has been assessed effects. independently by The National Collection of Next page: Antibiotic resistance Industrial, Marine and Food Bacteria (NCIMB) Another safety consideration for probiotic (www.ncimb.com) and found to be 99.7% Peter Cartwright BA (Hons) MA MSc examines microbes is the presence of DNA that provides identical to genetic database records of the case for multistrain probiotics. Published by: Protexin, Matts Lane, Stoke sub Hamdon, Somerset, TA14 6QE, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 8707 665108 Email: [email protected] Probiotic News Issue 2 March 2009 Single-strain or Multistrain Probiotics? Peter Cartwright BA (Hons), MA, MSc reviews the available studies to fi nd out which works best. probiotics, one was a multistrain (containing effect of milks fermented with different strains of three lactobacilli: L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus L. casei, yoghurt, or a combination of both kinds and Lactobacillus bifi dus) and the other two were of ferment. More protection was provided by the multispecies. One of the multispecies contained mixture of L. casei LAB-1 plus yoghurt, than each two species (L. acidophilus and Bifi dobacterium of the three monostrains, or the yoghurt alone. bifi dum) and the other contained high numbers of 4. Lema et al(12) studied the effi cacy of fi ve nine species. species of lactic acid bacteria in reducing the A total of 51 children received either the antibiotic faecal shedding of the food-borne pathogen of alone (ceftriaxone) or in combination with one of humans, E. coli O157:H7. the probiotics mentioned above. The S. boulardii The two monostrain preparations contained left the microfl ora unchanged and the E. faecium L. acidophilus or E. faecium, and the two did not correct dysbiosis. The L. rhamnosus multispecies preparations contained either two “induced favourable alterations in the microfl ora, species (L. acidophilus and E. faecium) or fi ve but these were less marked than those induced species (L. acidophilus, E. faecium, L. casei, by the multistrain treatments”. Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus Of the multistrain/multispecies probiotics, only plantarum). the two multispecies preparations “signifi cantly L. acidophilus by itself did not affect the amount counteracted the increase in number of stools of E. coli O157:H7 shed. E. faecium did reduce per day” caused by the antibiotic. “Only two the shedding, but the fi ve species multistrain It has been generally accepted that probiotic probiotics, both multispecies preparations, preparation performed signifi cantly better. products intended for the benefi t of more were able to induce a statistically signifi cant pH 5. Van Es and Timmerman(13) compared the than one condition are likely to be more reduction”, which “can be interpreted as a positive protection given by probiotics to rats challenged effect because an acidic environment inhibits the effective as multiple strains than single- by Salmonella enteritidis. The salmonella growth of pathogenic bacteria”. strain products. “Different strains can be innoculation was a sublethal dose; none of the targeted toward different ailments and can 2. Perdigon et al(10) “tested the protective effect of rats died and no signs of disease were seen. be blended into one preparation” was the milk fermented with either L. acidophilus, One monostrain was tested, along with two L. casei or a combination of both strains in mice conclusion of a meeting of experts.(7) multistrains (one with two species of Lactobacilli challenged with Salmonella typhimurium”. “The and one with three species of Lactobacilli), plus There has, however, been little or no public monostrain fermented milks failed to enhance two multispecies probiotics. The multispecie research intended specifi cally to test this belief. resistance towards S. typhimurium”. Only the preparations consisted of one with four species This is due to two reasons: “multistrain fermented milk was effective in (three Lactobacillus and one Lactococcus) and preventing colonisation of S. typhimurium in liver a) Studying a multi-strain product is more one with fi ve species (the four species above, and spleen.” complicated and more expensive than studying plus L. plantarum). a single-strain Twenty-one days after the salmonella inoculation, The results showed that weight gain was highest all the multistrain-fed mice were alive, while b) Most clinical studies are funded by companies for the four-species multispecies probiotic only one-fi fth of the monostrain-fed mice were with an interest in one specifi c strain only. preparation. alive. Among the control mice that received no Timmerman et al(8) have overcome these probiotics, only one-fi fth were alive; the same limitations by carefully searching research proportion as the monostrain-fed mice. literature and fi nding studies that have compared 3. Paubert-Braquet et al(11) used mice orally mono- and multi-strain probiotics. infected with S. typhimurium to test the protective The three types of probiotic product used in the research were defi ned by Timmerman et al as follows: l Monostrain – containing one strain of a certain species l Multistrain – containing more than one strain of the same species or closely related species (e.g. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei) l Multispecies – containing strains of different probiotic species that belong to one or preferentially more genera (e.g. L. acidophilus, Bifi dobacterium longum, Enterococcus faecium and Lactococcus lactis) The comparison studies 1. Zoppi et al (9) tested the effectiveness of six commercially available probiotic products for their effectiveness in reversing the adverse effects of an antibiotic on the gut microfl ora of children.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Faecium CE5-1 Producing A
    Czech J. Anim. Sci., 57, 2012 (11): 529–539 Original Paper Probiotic properties of Enterococcus faecium CE5-1 producing a bacteriocin-like substance and its antagonistic effect against antibiotic-resistant enterococci in vitro K. Saelim1, N. Sohsomboon1, S. Kaewsuwan2, S. Maneerat1 1Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand 2Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand ABSTRACT: A bacteriocin-like substance (BLS) producing Enterococcus faecium CE5-1 was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Thai indigenous chickens. Investigations of its probiotic potential were carried out. The competition between the BLS probiotic strain and antibiotic-resistant enterococci was also studied. Ent. faecium CE5-1 exhibited a good tolerance to pH 3.0 after 2 h and in 7% fresh chicken bile after 6 h, but the viability of Ent. faecium CE5-1 decreased by about 2–3 log CFU/ml after 2 h incubation in pH 2.5. It was susceptible to the antibiotics tested (tetracycline, erythromycin, penicillin G, and vancomycin). The maximum BLS production from Ent. faecium CE5-1 was observed at 15 h of cultivation. It showed activity against Listeria monocytogenes DMST17303, Pediococcus pentosaceus 3CE27, Lactobacillus sakei subsp. sakei JCM1157, and antibiotic-resistant enterococci. The detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the enterocin structural gene determined the presence of enterocin A gene in Ent. faecium CE5-1 only. Ent. faecium CE5-1 showed the highest inhibitory activity against two antibiotic-resistant Ent. faecalis VanB (from 6.68 to 4.29 log CFU/ml) and Ent.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of ESKAPE Pathogens and Clostridioides Difficile in Simulated
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.04.433847; this version posted March 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Detection of ESKAPE pathogens and Clostridioides difficile in 2 Simulated Skin Transmission Events with Metagenomic and 3 Metatranscriptomic Sequencing 4 5 Krista L. Ternusa#, Nicolette C. Keplingera, Anthony D. Kappella, Gene D. Godboldb, Veena 6 Palsikara, Carlos A. Acevedoa, Katharina L. Webera, Danielle S. LeSassiera, Kathleen Q. 7 Schultea, Nicole M. Westfalla, and F. Curtis Hewitta 8 9 aSignature Science, LLC, 8329 North Mopac Expressway, Austin, Texas, USA 10 bSignature Science, LLC, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA, USA 11 12 #Address correspondence to Krista L. Ternus, [email protected] 13 14 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.04.433847; this version posted March 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 15 1 Abstract 16 Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global threat, posing major public health 17 risks and economic costs to healthcare systems. Bacterial cultures are typically used to diagnose 18 healthcare-acquired infections (HAI); however, culture-dependent methods provide limited 19 presence/absence information and are not applicable to all pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Current Trends of Enterococci in Dairy Products: a Comprehensive Review of Their Multiple Roles
    foods Review Current Trends of Enterococci in Dairy Products: A Comprehensive Review of Their Multiple Roles Maria de Lurdes Enes Dapkevicius 1,2,* , Bruna Sgardioli 1,2 , Sandra P. A. Câmara 1,2, Patrícia Poeta 3,4 and Francisco Xavier Malcata 5,6,* 1 Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal; [email protected] (B.S.); [email protected] (S.P.A.C.) 2 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Research and Technology (IITAA), University of the Azores, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal 3 Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; [email protected] 4 Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, 2829-516 Lisboa, Portugal 5 LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 420-465 Porto, Portugal 6 FEUP—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.d.L.E.D.); [email protected] (F.X.M.) Abstract: As a genus that has evolved for resistance against adverse environmental factors and that readily exchanges genetic elements, enterococci are well adapted to the cheese environment and may reach high numbers in artisanal cheeses. Their metabolites impact cheese flavor, texture, Citation: Dapkevicius, M.d.L.E.; and rheological properties, thus contributing to the development of its typical sensorial properties. Sgardioli, B.; Câmara, S.P.A.; Poeta, P.; Due to their antimicrobial activity, enterococci modulate the cheese microbiota, stimulate autoly- Malcata, F.X.
    [Show full text]
  • Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
    Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Over the past several decades, the incidence of resistant gram-positive organisms has risen in the United States. MRSA strains, first identified in the 1960s in England, were first observed in the U.S. in the mid 1980s.1 Resistance quickly developed, increasing from 2.4% in 1979 to 29% in 1991.2 The current prevalence for MRSA in hospitals and other facilities ranges from <10% to 65%. In 1999, MRSA accounted for more than 50% of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates within U.S. intensive care units.3, 4 The past years, however, outbreaks of MRSA have also been seen in the community setting, particularly among preschool-age children, some of whom have attended day-care centers.5, 6, 7 MRSA does not appear to be more virulent than methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, but certainly poses a greater treatment challenge. MRSA also has been associated with higher hospital costs and mortality.8 Within a decade of its development, methicillin resistance to Staphylococcus aureus emerged.9 MRSA strains generally are now resistant to other antimicrobial classes including aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and macrolides.10,11 Most of the resistance was secondary to production of beta-lactamase enzymes or intrinsic resistance with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent cause of nosocomial pneumonia and surgical- wound infections and the second most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections.12 Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have developed rates of MRSA ranging from 25%-35%. MRSA rates may be higher in LTCFs if they are associated with hospitals that have higher rates.13 Transmission of MRSA generally occurs through direct or indirect contact with a reservoir.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Enterocin 1146, a Bacteriocin from Enterococcus Faecium Inhibitory to Listeria Monocytogenes
    497 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 55, No. 7, Pages 497-502 (July 1992) Copyright©, International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians Characterization of Enterocin 1146, a Bacteriocin from Enterococcus faecium Inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes EUGENIO PARENTE1 and COLIN HILL* The National Dairy Products Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, The Irish Republic Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/55/7/497/1661676/0362-028x-55_7_497.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 (Received for publication November 12, 1991) ABSTRACT cultures has been proposed for Cheddar cheese (37), Fontina cheese (6), and water-buffalo Mozzarella cheese (57). Enterococcus faecium DPC 1146 produces a bacteriocin, In this report we describe the characterization of enterocin 1146, which is inhibitory to Listeria monocytogenes. Enterocin 1146 was produced in GM17 and in milk. The bacterio­ enterocin 1146, a bacteriocin produced by E. faecium cin was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Its DPC1146, which is relatively specific to Listeria spp. molecular weight, estimated by SDS-PAGE, was 3.0 kDa. It could be stored at -20°C without loss of activity, but pH had a marked MATERIALS AND METHODS effect on enterocin 1146, which was more stable at both high (up to 120°C) and low temperatures (4°C) at pH 5 than at pH 7 and Strains and media 9. The sensitivity of 57 strains belonging to 35 different species Enterocin 1146 is produced by E. faecium DPC1146. Unless was studied using a critical dilution assay. L. monocytogenes and otherwise noted L. innocua DPC 1770 was used as the indicator L.
    [Show full text]
  • Transfer of Streptococcus Faecalis and Streptococcus Faecium to the Genus Enterococcus Norn
    INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Jan. 1984, p. 31-34 Vol. 34, No. 1 OO20-7713/84/010031-04$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1984, International Union of Microbiological Societies Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the Genus Enterococcus norn. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. KARL H. SCHLEIFER* AND RENATE KILPPER-BALZ Lehrstuhl fur Mikrobiologie, Technische Universitat Miinchen, D-8000 Miinchen 2, Federal Republic of Germany The results of deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid-ribosomal ribonu- cleic acid hybridization studies demonstrated that Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium are distantly related to the non-enterococcal streptococci (Streptococcus hovis and Streptococcus equinus) of serological group D and to other streptococci. On the basis of our results and those of previous studies, we propose that S. faecalis and S. faecium be transferred to the genus Enterococcus (ex Thiercelin and Jouhaud) nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder) comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium (Orla-Jensen) comb. nov., respectively. A description of the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. and emended descriptions of E. faecalis and E. faecium are given. The streptococci belonging to serological group D can be De Ley (4) and were corrected to the value for the reference divided into two physiologically different groups. Strepto- Escherichia coli K-12 DNA. coccus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium were placed in the enterococcus division of the streptococci, whereas RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus equinus were placed in the viridans division by Sherman (21). Kalina proposed (9) The DNA base compositions, serological groups, and that Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium peptidoglycan types of the test strains are shown in Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification, Properties, and Application of Enterocins Produced by Enterococcal Isolates from Foods
    IDENTIFICATION, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATION OF ENTEROCINS PRODUCED BY ENTEROCOCCAL ISOLATES FROM FOODS THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Xueying Zhang, B.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2008 Master Committee: Approved by Professor Ahmed E. Yousef, Advisor Professor Hua Wang __________________________ Professor Luis Rodriguez-Saona Advisor Food Science and Nutrition ABSTRACT Bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria have gained great attention because they have potentials for use as natural preservatives to improve food safety and stability. The objectives of the present study were to (1) screen foods and food products for lactic acid bacteria with antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, (2) investigate virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among bacteriocin-producing enterooccal isolates, (3) characterize the antimicrobial agents and their structural gene, and (4) explore the feasibility of using these bacteriocins as food preservatives. In search for food-grade bacteriocin-producing bacteria that are active against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, various commercial food products were screened and fifty-one promising Gram-positive isolates were studied. Among them, fourteen food isolates with antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogenic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus, were chosen for further study. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis, fourteen food isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecalis, and these enterococcal isolates were investigated for the presence of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance through genotypic and phenotypic screening. Results indicated that isolates encoded some combination of virulence factors. The esp gene, encoding extracellular surface protein, was not detected in any of the isolates.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides Difficile
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Characterization of an Endolysin Targeting Clostridioides difficile That Affects Spore Outgrowth Shakhinur Islam Mondal 1,2 , Arzuba Akter 3, Lorraine A. Draper 1,4 , R. Paul Ross 1 and Colin Hill 1,4,* 1 APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland; [email protected] (S.I.M.); [email protected] (L.A.D.); [email protected] (R.P.R.) 2 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh 3 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; [email protected] 4 School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming enteric pathogen causing life-threatening diarrhoea and colitis. Microbial disruption caused by antibiotics has been linked with susceptibility to, and transmission and relapse of, C. difficile infection. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutics that are effective in preventing C. difficile growth, spore germination, and outgrowth. In recent years bacteriophage-derived endolysins and their derivatives show promise as a novel class of antibacterial agents. In this study, we recombinantly expressed and characterized a cell wall hydrolase (CWH) lysin from C. difficile phage, phiMMP01. The full-length CWH displayed lytic activity against selected C. difficile strains. However, removing the N-terminal cell wall binding domain, creating CWH351—656, resulted in increased and/or an expanded lytic spectrum of activity. C. difficile specificity was retained versus commensal clostridia and other bacterial species.
    [Show full text]
  • Enterococcus Faecium Bacteremia Does Vancomycin Resistance Make a Difference?
    ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION Enterococcus faecium Bacteremia Does Vancomycin Resistance Make a Difference? Valentina Stosor, MD; Lance R. Peterson, MD; Michael Postelnick, RPh; Gary A. Noskin, MD Background: Enterococcus faecium has received in- eters (P=.01). Fifty-nine percent of the patients with VSE creased attention, primarily due to the emergence of van- bacteremia survived vs 24% with VRE (P=.009), despite comycin resistance. The purpose of this investigation was similar severity-of-illness scores. In 62% of the patients to study the epidemiological characteristics of vancomy- with VRE sepsis, death was related to the bacteremia cin-resistant E faecium (VRE) bacteremia and to deter- (P=.01). Patients infected with VRE had longer hospi- mine the clinical impact of vancomycin resistance on the talizations than those with VSE (34.8 vs 16.7 days, re- outcome of patients with this infection. spectively) (P=.004), were more likely to be on the medi- cal service (P=.03), and on the average, had hospitalization Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features costs of more than $27 000 per episode than did pa- and outcome of 53 patients with E faecium bacteremia. tients with VSE bloodstream infection ($83 897 vs $56 707, respectively) (P=.04). Results: From January 1992 until December 1995, there were 32 episodes of bacteremia caused by vancomycin- Conclusions: Vancomycin-resistant E faecium bactere- susceptible E faecium (VSE) and 21 caused by VRE. An mia is a complication of prolonged hospitalization in de- intra-abdominal site was the most common source of bac- bilitated patients. Vancomycin resistance has a negative teremia in both groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Clinically Relevant Streptococcus and Enterococcus
    pathogens Article Identification of Clinically Relevant Streptococcus and Enterococcus Species Based on Biochemical Methods and 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA Gene Sequencing Maja Kosecka-Strojek 1,* , Mariola Wolska 1, Dorota Zabicka˙ 2 , Ewa Sadowy 3 and Jacek Mi˛edzobrodzki 1 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (J.M.) 2 Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-12-664-6365 Received: 13 October 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 11 November 2020 Abstract: Streptococci and enterococci are significant opportunistic pathogens in epidemiology and infectious medicine. High genetic and taxonomic similarities and several reclassifications within genera are the most challenging in species identification. The aim of this study was to identify Streptococcus and Enterococcus species using genetic and phenotypic methods and to determine the most discriminatory identification method. Thirty strains recovered from clinical samples representing 15 streptococcal species, five enterococcal species, and four nonstreptococcal species were subjected to bacterial identification by the Vitek® 2 system and Sanger-based sequencing methods targeting the 16S rRNA, sodA, tuf, rpoB, and recA genes. Phenotypic methods allowed the identification of 10 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains (Leuconostoc, Granulicatella, and Globicatella genera). The combination of sequencing methods allowed the identification of 21 streptococcal strains, five enterococcal strains, and four nonstreptococcal strains.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019
    ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE THREATS IN THE UNITED STATES 2019 Revised Dec. 2019 This report is dedicated to the 48,700 families who lose a loved one each year to antibiotic resistance or Clostridioides difficile, and the countless healthcare providers, public health experts, innovators, and others who are fighting back with everything they have. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019 (2019 AR Threats Report) is a publication of the Antibiotic Resistance Coordination and Strategy Unit within the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Suggested citation: CDC. Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2019. Available online: The full 2019 AR Threats Report, including methods and appendices, is available online at www.cdc.gov/DrugResistance/Biggest-Threats.html. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:82532. ii U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Contents FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................V EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ VII SECTION 1: THE THREAT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ....................................................................1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology, Epidemiology and Virulence of Enterococcus
    Microbiology (2009), 155, 1749–1757 DOI 10.1099/mic.0.026385-0 Review The ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus Katie Fisher and Carol Phillips Correspondence University of Northampton, School of Health, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton Katie Fisher NN2 7AL, UK [email protected] Enterococci are Gram-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria, which usually inhabit the alimentary tract of humans in addition to being isolated from environmental and animal sources. They are able to survive a range of stresses and hostile environments, including those of extreme temperature (5–65 6C), pH (4.5”10.0) and high NaCl concentration, enabling them to colonize a wide range of niches. Virulence factors of enterococci include the extracellular protein Esp and aggregation substances (Agg), both of which aid in colonization of the host. The nosocomial pathogenicity of enterococci has emerged in recent years, as well as increasing resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics. Understanding the ecology, epidemiology and virulence of Enterococcus speciesisimportant for limiting urinary tract infections, hepatobiliary sepsis, endocarditis, surgical wound infection, bacteraemia and neonatal sepsis, and also stemming the further development of antibiotic resistance. Introduction Taxonomy For many years Enterococcus species were believed to be The genus Enterococcus consists of Gram-positive, catalase- harmless to humans and considered unimportant med- negative, non-spore-forming, facultative anaerobic bacteria ically. Because they produce bacteriocins, Enterococcus that can occur both as single cocci and in chains. species have been used widely over the last decade in the Enterococci belong to a group of organisms known as food industry as probiotics or as starter cultures (Foulquie lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that produce bacteriocins Moreno et al., 2006).
    [Show full text]